... systems based on Ovshinsky’s new “Ovonic” proprietary materials did not succeed, however, and ECD struggled to survive. Its fortunes dramatically improved a decade later when its new photovoltaic program, aimed at developing and producing thin-film amorphous silicon solar cells in large quantities...

...This chapter describes the development of machinima into a film production tool. In 1996, machinima began as an art form that could only be produced and viewed by dedicated gamers, and whose subject matter was of interest only to gamers. Since then, three important developments have taken place...

...This chapter focuses on how machinima remains limited in its reach towards professional film production. It considers the history of machinima as a series of many possible subhistories, and also as an account of a medium partly responsible for the rise of an attitude toward digital media...

...This chapter examines the ways that machinima captures and presents the reality of games and virtual worlds. It begins by looking at how film theory has engaged with the problem of realism. It then situates this theory relative to machinima, whose “reality”is presumably distinct from the reality...

... or films is also discussed. The projection of a creative visual production has now shifted to a larger circle due to mass screenings of films in theatres and film festivals. Audiences were no longer challenged by geographical difficulties in watching a live play or opera. The chapter ends...

...Ovshinsky was not the inventor of thin-film amorphous silicon solar cells, but under his direction ECD greatly improved their efficiency and dramatically lowered their cost through Ovshinsky’s invention of a system for mass-producing the cells “roll-to-roll” in a continuous process. While Ovshinsky...

... of language and subjectivity to literary texts, films, and video games....

... of an individual voice and the social and cultural forces that shape it. This book offers interdisciplinary perspectives on these topics from history, philosophy, cultural theory, film, dance, poetry, media arts, and computer games. Many chapters demonstrate Lewis Mumford’s idea of the “cultural preparation” which...

...This chapter discusses media literacy in greater detail, touching on its impact and necessity in video game cultures, and particularly the modding scene. Machinima and modding are special cases of the use of digital games. When turned into a machinima film or a mod, games are diverted from...

...This chapter starts with a discussion on the example of radical subcultural deconstruction, the Puszta Cowboy short video made by the Budapest-based Lesbian Film Collective, a group of semiprofessional lesbian filmmakers. It further investigates the two ways of conceiving identity...

... is dry eye, a disorder of the tear film that bathes the corneal surface. The lens, containing some of the oldest cells in the body, is subject to loss of clarity with age. By 50-60 years of age virtually every lens has developed some opacities. When affecting vision, the opacity is known as a cataract...

...This chapter explores the use of new voice technologies in film sound design and shows how the affordances of three-dimensional sound are fully used in computer animation, allowing voices to travel to space. In other films, 3D technology is used more moderately, and always narratively motivated...

...Over the last decade, the role of the spectators’ body has become considerably more important in theoretical as well as experimental approaches to film perception. However, most positions focus on how cinema has adapted to the spectator’s body over time, that is, to the basic principles of human...

... of Lawrence Kubie and Jacques Lacan. The second half of the chapter situates the shifting narrative and visual form of films from the 1970s to the present in relation to a notion of programmable subjectivity that shifts from character to viewer. This section includes close analyses of films including Alan...

..., multilateral) and argues that the cultural sector must be supported without causing undue distortions to international trade. After tracing trade disputes in the audiovisual sector, it discusses the current international trading regime for the cultural industry and looks at the status of the film industry...