Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2017

The ACIP adopted new language regarding revaccination of infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers who are unprotected with the initial vaccination series to indicate that these infants now should receive 1 additional dose (rather than 3), followed by retesting.

The majority of circulating influenza strains are Influenza A, and of those, the vast majority are H3N2 viruses; current influenza vaccines are well matched to circulating strains, with an interim vaccine efficacy of 48%, which is fairly typical for H3N2-predominant seasons

In multivariable analysis, prolonged antimicrobial treatment was a predictor of infant colonization with antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacilli within 7 days of discharge from a neonatal intensive care unit.

In this study, Gram-negative bacilli that cause infections had variable rates of gentamicin resistance among different neonatal intensive care units, whereas the rates of carbapenem resistance were low.

In the era of widespread rotavirus vaccine use, toxigenic Clostridium difficile, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, and viruses (particularly norovirus) are commonly detected among children with infectious gastroenteritis in the United States by using a multipathogen molecular panel.

Children frequently had multiple respiratory viruses detected. Although common, children with multiple viruses more frequently had cough and rhinorrhea. Children with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus were hospitalized most frequently. Routine screening and cohorting are recommended only for those with common respiratory pathogens.

Real-time antimicrobial stewardship decision support for rapid blood culture diagnostics is associated with improved times to optimal and effective antimicrobial therapies and decreased unnecessary antimicrobial use in children. The unsolicited intervention incorporated with result reporting was well accepted and resulted in high provider satisfaction.

The frequencies of fever in young children after live attenuated influenza versus inactivated influenza vaccine were low during the 2013–2014 influenza season and did not differ among vaccine types. Results from text message–only data were similar to those from all sources.

Postdischarge readmission and outpatient illnesses are frequent in children with severe malarial anemia or cerebral malaria. Trials of postdischarge malaria prophylaxis in children with severe malaria should be considered.

By expanding a case-control specimen-set analysis to include polymerase chain reaction for noroviruses, novel astroviruses, human bocaviruses, and Malawi and St. Louis polyomaviruses, we found a definite or plausible pathogen in 79% of case stools.

The majority of patients experienced improvement in pulmonary function and a return to their baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 second while achieving a vancomycin trough concentration in the range of 10 to <15 µg/mL. No correlation between markers of vancomycin exposure and change in pulmonary function test results were identified.

We describe the clinical presentation, management, and medical and surgical outcomes and associated morbidities of 24 school-aged children with invasive odontogenic Mycobacterium abscessus infections that occurred after municipal water exposure during a restorative dental pulpotomy procedure at a pediatric dental practice.

The purpose of this review was to summarize the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of the most common pediatric fungal infections of the central nervous system.

An analysis of 138 patients with disseminated Lyme disease revealed that children who received parenteral therapy had a higher rate of treatment-related complications than those who received oral therapy. Oral therapy should be used when possible to limit treatment-related complications.