.... This study aims to provide a chain of tools useful for determining the contribution of tree roots to soil reinforcement. Methods Three-dimensional digitizing in situ was used to obtain accurate root system architecture data for mature Quercus alba in two forest stands. These data were...

... selected from the test panel. Mean faces with representative facial dimensions as well as face models (mannequins) were made by the Rapid Prototyper (RP; Z400, Z Corps, USA). These were reshaped to fit the mean faces by clay-modeling. The face models were digitized to recheck the fit of the facial...

... nipulating shelter wood and seedling densities, may enhance m2. A three-dimensional digitizing device was used to acquire seedling vigor, morphology and growth rates. the spatial position and orientation of all leaves within the European oaks require high solar irradiances, especially at seedlings...

... scales. These within- and between-scale constraints are used to reduce the number of measurements when digitizing plant architecture and to implement the geometrical parameters that are not specified. Different solutions for simplifying plant architectural descriptions are proposed. The method...