Search Results | Journal of Economic Geography | Oxford Academic

Skip to Main Content

Advertisement

Journals

Books

Sign in through your institution

Navbar Search Filter Mobile Enter search term Search

Issues
JEL
Advance articles
Submit
Purchase
About
Journals on Oxford Academic
Books on Oxford Academic

Issues
JEL

All JEL Expand Expand

A - General Economics and Teaching

A1 - General Economics

A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines

A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values

A14 - Sociology of Economics

B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches

B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925

B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian

B26 - Financial Economics

B4 - Economic Methodology

B40 - General

B41 - Economic Methodology

B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches

B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary

C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

C0 - General

C01 - Econometrics

C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General

C11 - Bayesian Analysis: General

C12 - Hypothesis Testing: General

C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General

C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods: General

C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables

C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions

C23 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models

C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions; Probabilities

C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation

C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables

C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models

C33 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models

C38 - Classification Methods; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Models

C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics

C40 - General

C41 - Duration Analysis; Optimal Timing Strategies

C49 - Other

C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling

C60 - General

C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis

C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium

C9 - Design of Experiments

C90 - General

C99 - Other

D - Microeconomics

D0 - General

D00 - General

D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles

D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact

D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles

D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics

D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation

D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance

D19 - Other

D2 - Production and Organizations

D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory

D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis

D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights

D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity

D3 - Distribution

D30 - General

D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions

D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design

D41 - Perfect Competition

D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection

D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

D53 - Financial Markets

D6 - Welfare Economics

D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis

D62 - Externalities

D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement

D64 - Altruism; Philanthropy

D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions

D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation

D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

D80 - General

D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty

D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design

D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness

D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory

D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics

D91 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making

D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice, Investment, Capacity, and Financing

E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy

E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth

E22 - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity

E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity

E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles

E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles

E4 - Money and Interest Rates

E40 - General

E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies

F - International Economics

F0 - General

F00 - General

F02 - International Economic Order and Integration

F1 - Trade

F10 - General

F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade

F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies; Fragmentation

F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations

F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade

F15 - Economic Integration

F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions

F18 - Trade and Environment

F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business

F20 - General

F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements

F22 - International Migration

F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business

F3 - International Finance

F30 - General

F31 - Foreign Exchange

F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements

F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions

F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems

F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration

F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

F40 - General

F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics

F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies

F44 - International Business Cycles

F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy

F50 - General

F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism

F55 - International Institutional Arrangements

F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization

F60 - General

F61 - Microeconomic Impacts

F63 - Economic Development

F65 - Finance

F66 - Labor

F68 - Policy

G - Financial Economics

G0 - General

G00 - General

G01 - Financial Crises

G02 - Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles

G1 - General Financial Markets

G10 - General

G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions

G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates

G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading

G15 - International Financial Markets

G18 - Government Policy and Regulation

G2 - Financial Institutions and Services

G20 - General

G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies

G23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors

G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies

G28 - Government Policy and Regulation

G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance

G30 - General

G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies; Capacity

G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance

G38 - Government Policy and Regulation

H - Public Economics

H0 - General

H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government

H12 - Crisis Management

H13 - Economics of Eminent Domain; Expropriation; Nationalization

H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H20 - General

H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation

H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies

H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies

H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance

H27 - Other Sources of Revenue

H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

H31 - Household

H32 - Firm

H4 - Publicly Provided Goods

H41 - Public Goods

H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate

H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets

H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

H52 - Government Expenditures and Education

H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs

H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock

H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions

H56 - National Security and War

H57 - Procurement

H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

H70 - General

H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures

H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects

H74 - State and Local Borrowing

H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions

H76 - State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories

H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession

H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

H81 - Governmental Loans; Loan Guarantees; Credits; Grants; Bailouts

H89 - Other

I - Health, Education, and Welfare

I0 - General

I1 - Health

I14 - Health and Inequality

I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

I2 - Education and Research Institutions

I20 - General

I21 - Analysis of Education

I22 - Educational Finance; Financial Aid

I23 - Higher Education; Research Institutions

I24 - Education and Inequality

I25 - Education and Economic Development

I28 - Government Policy

I29 - Other

I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty

I30 - General

I31 - General Welfare

I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

J - Labor and Demographic Economics

J0 - General

J01 - Labor Economics: General

J1 - Demographic Economics

J10 - General

J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts

J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse

J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth

J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination

J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination

J18 - Public Policy

J19 - Other

J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor

J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

J23 - Labor Demand

J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

J30 - General

J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials

J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Retirement Plans; Private Pensions

J38 - Public Policy

J4 - Particular Labor Markets

J40 - General

J41 - Labor Contracts

J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets

J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets

J44 - Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing

J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets

J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

J50 - General

J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects

J53 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence

J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers

J60 - General

J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers

J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility

J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs

J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search

J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings

J7 - Labor Discrimination

J71 - Discrimination

J8 - Labor Standards: National and International

J80 - General

J81 - Working Conditions

J83 - Workers' Rights

K - Law and Economics

K0 - General

K00 - General

K2 - Regulation and Business Law

K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law

K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law

K37 - Immigration Law

K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

K41 - Litigation Process

K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

K49 - Other

L - Industrial Organization

L0 - General

L00 - General

L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

L10 - General

L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms

L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets

L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks

L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices

L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

L20 - General

L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm

L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure

L23 - Organization of Production

L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope

L26 - Entrepreneurship

L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise

L30 - General

L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship

L38 - Public Policy

L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy

L51 - Economics of Regulation

L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods

L53 - Enterprise Policy

L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing

L60 - General

L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment; Related Parts and Equipment

L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment

L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments

L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology

L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits

L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment

L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction

L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels

L74 - Construction

L8 - Industry Studies: Services

L80 - General

L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce

L82 - Entertainment; Media

L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism

L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services

L85 - Real Estate Services

L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software

L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

L90 - General

L91 - Transportation: General

L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation

L93 - Air Transportation

M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics

M1 - Business Administration

M10 - General

M13 - New Firms; Startups

M16 - International Business Administration

M2 - Business Economics

M21 - Business Economics

M3 - Marketing and Advertising

M30 - General

M31 - Marketing

M39 - Other

M5 - Personnel Economics

M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions

M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects

N - Economic History

N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations

N10 - General, International, or Comparative

N13 - Europe: Pre-1913

N16 - Latin America; Caribbean

N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions

N20 - General, International, or Comparative

N25 - Asia including Middle East

N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy

N30 - General, International, or Comparative

N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N33 - Europe: Pre-1913

N34 - Europe: 1913-

N37 - Africa; Oceania

N4 - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation

N44 - Europe: 1913-

N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

N50 - General, International, or Comparative

N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N55 - Asia including Middle East

N57 - Africa; Oceania

N6 - Manufacturing and Construction

N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

N64 - Europe: 1913-

N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

N70 - General, International, or Comparative

N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N73 - Europe: Pre-1913

N74 - Europe: 1913-

N77 - Africa; Oceania

N9 - Regional and Urban History

N90 - General, International, or Comparative

N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N93 - Europe: Pre-1913

N94 - Europe: 1913-

N95 - Asia including Middle East

N97 - Africa; Oceania

O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth

O1 - Economic Development

O10 - General

O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products

O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology

O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance

O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements

O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure

O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations

O2 - Development Planning and Policy

O20 - General

O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy

O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy

O25 - Industrial Policy

O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights

O30 - General

O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital

O38 - Government Policy

O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

O40 - General

O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models

O43 - Institutions and Growth

O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence

O5 - Economywide Country Studies

O51 - U.S.; Canada

O52 - Europe

O53 - Asia including Middle East

O54 - Latin America; Caribbean

O55 - Africa

O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries

P - Economic Systems

P1 - Capitalist Systems

P12 - Capitalist Enterprises

P13 - Cooperative Enterprises

P16 - Political Economy

P18 - Energy: Environment

P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies

P20 - General

P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population

P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics

P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights

P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

P30 - General

P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions

P4 - Other Economic Systems

P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies

P5 - Comparative Economic Systems

P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems

Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

Q0 - General

Q00 - General

Q01 - Sustainable Development

Q02 - Commodity Markets

Q1 - Agriculture

Q10 - General

Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets

Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment

Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension Services

Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade

Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation

Q20 - General

Q24 - Land

Q28 - Government Policy

Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development

Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts

Q38 - Government Policy

Q4 - Energy

Q40 - General

Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources

Q48 - Government Policy

Q49 - Other

Q5 - Environmental Economics

Q50 - General

Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects

Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects

Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling

Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming

Q55 - Technological Innovation

Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

R0 - General

R00 - General

R1 - General Regional Economics

R10 - General

R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes

R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity

R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies

R14 - Land Use Patterns

R15 - Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models

R19 - Other

R2 - Household Analysis

R20 - General

R21 - Housing Demand

R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics

R28 - Government Policy

R29 - Other

R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location

R30 - General

R31 - Housing Supply and Markets

R32 - Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis

R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets

R34 - Input Demand Analysis

R38 - Government Policy

R39 - Other

R4 - Transportation Economics

R40 - General

R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise

R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis; Road Maintenance; Transportation Planning

R48 - Government Pricing and Policy

R49 - Other

R5 - Regional Government Analysis

R50 - General

R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies

R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations

R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock

R58 - Regional Development Planning and Policy

R59 - Other

Y - Miscellaneous Categories

Y8 - Related Disciplines

Y80 - Related Disciplines

Z - Other Special Topics

Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology

Z10 - General

Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature

Z12 - Religion

Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification

Z19 - Other

Browse all content Browse content in
Advance articles
Submit
Purchase
About

Close

Navbar Search Filter Enter search term Search

Advanced Search

AI Discovery Assistant

Skip to results

Modify your search

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

OR

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

OR

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

OR

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

OR

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Select the operation between terms

AND

OR

NOT

Edit your search term, change scope of search Enter search term

Full Text Keywords Title Author/Editor/ORCiD Abstract References/Bibliography

Availability

Availability

All content I have access to

Purchased
Free

NARROW

Format

Facet list

Journal Article (1)

Type

Facet list

Research Article (1)

Section

Find a Section

The list will update as you type

Facet list

Articles (1)

Publication date

Date Range

Published
Updated

Date range

Single date

From Select month

To Select month

Publication date

1-1 of 1

JEL: H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation

Save search

Follow your search

Access your saved searches in your account

saved search image

Name your search

Follow this search

Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search?

Save search

Sort by

Sort Order Select

Journal Article

Anti-congestion policies in cities with public transportation Get access

PDF

Akin C. Buyukeren and Tomoru Hiramatsu

Journal of Economic Geography, Volume 16, Issue 2, March 2016, Pages 395–421, https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu051

Published: 08 January 2015

Advertisement

Email alerts

New journal issues

New journal articles

Sign up for marketing

Perform this search in

Journals Journals

Books Books

Oxford Academic Oxford Academic

Advertisement

Advertisement

Advertisement

About Journal of Economic Geography
Editorial Board
Author Guidelines
Facebook
X (formerly Twitter)

Purchase
Recommend to your Library
Advertising and Corporate Services
Journals Career Network

Online ISSN 1468-2710
Print ISSN 1468-2702
Copyright © 2025 Oxford University Press

About Oxford Academic
Publish journals with us
University press partners
What we publish
New features

For authors
Open access
Purchasing
Institutional account management
Rights and permissions

Get help with access
Accessibility
Contact us
Advertising
Media enquiries

Oxford University Press
News
Oxford Languages
University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

Copyright © 2025 Oxford University Press
Cookie policy
Privacy policy
Legal notice

Close

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

Sign In or Create an Account

Close

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

View Article Abstract & Purchase Options

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

Close