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Issues
JEL

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A - General Economics and Teaching

A1 - General Economics

A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines

A14 - Sociology of Economics

C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General

C11 - Bayesian Analysis: General

C13 - Estimation: General

C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables

C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions

C23 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models

C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables

C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models

C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics

C44 - Operations Research; Statistical Decision Theory

C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling

C63 - Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling

C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory

C70 - General

C72 - Noncooperative Games

C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games

C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory

C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access

C9 - Design of Experiments

C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior

C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior

C93 - Field Experiments

D - Microeconomics

D0 - General

D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact

D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles

D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics

D10 - General

D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation

D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance

D18 - Consumer Protection

D2 - Production and Organizations

D20 - General

D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory

D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis

D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights

D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity

D3 - Distribution

D30 - General

D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design

D44 - Auctions

D6 - Welfare Economics

D62 - Externalities

D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement

D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations

D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption

D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions

D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation

D79 - Other

D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty

D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design

D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness

D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory

D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory

D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics

E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy

E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity

E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy

F - International Economics

F1 - Trade

F10 - General

F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations

F15 - Economic Integration

F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy

F50 - General

F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions

G - Financial Economics

G0 - General

G2 - Financial Institutions and Services

G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies

G28 - Government Policy and Regulation

G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance

G30 - General

G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies; Capacity

G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation

G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance

G38 - Government Policy and Regulation

H - Public Economics

H0 - General

H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

H10 - General

H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government

H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation

H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; includes inheritance and gift taxes

H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

H4 - Publicly Provided Goods

H40 - General

H41 - Public Goods

H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods

H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs

H56 - National Security and War

H57 - Procurement

H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

H70 - General

H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures

H74 - State and Local Borrowing

H76 - State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories

H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession

H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

H83 - Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits

I - Health, Education, and Welfare

I1 - Health

I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets

I12 - Health Behavior

I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

I2 - Education and Research Institutions

J - Labor and Demographic Economics

J1 - Demographic Economics

J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse

J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination

J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor

J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

J30 - General

J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials

J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods

J4 - Particular Labor Markets

J41 - Labor Contracts

J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets

J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets

J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

J50 - General

J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects

J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining

J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers

J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers

J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility

J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs

J8 - Labor Standards: National and International

J83 - Workers' Rights

K - Law and Economics

K0 - General

K00 - General

K1 - Basic Areas of Law

K10 - General

K11 - Property Law

K12 - Contract Law

K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability; Forensic Economics

K14 - Criminal Law

K16 - Election Law

K2 - Regulation and Business Law

K20 - General

K21 - Antitrust Law

K22 - Business and Securities Law

K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law

K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

K31 - Labor Law

K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law

K33 - International Law

K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law

K36 - Family and Personal Law

K37 - Immigration Law

K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

K40 - General

K41 - Litigation Process

K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

K49 - Other

L - Industrial Organization

L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

L10 - General

L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies

L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets

L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks

L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility

L19 - Other

L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

L20 - General

L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm

L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure

L23 - Organization of Production

L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing

L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope

L26 - Entrepreneurship

L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise

L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship

L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out

L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies

L40 - General

L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices

L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts

L49 - Other

L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy

L50 - General

L51 - Economics of Regulation

L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing

L60 - General

L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction

L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels

L8 - Industry Studies: Services

L82 - Entertainment; Media

L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services

L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software

L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities

M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics

M1 - Business Administration

M12 - Personnel Management; Executives; Executive Compensation

M14 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility

M15 - IT Management

M2 - Business Economics

M21 - Business Economics

M4 - Accounting and Auditing

M40 - General

M5 - Personnel Economics

M50 - General

M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions

M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects

M53 - Training

N - Economic History

N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations

N13 - Europe: Pre-1913

N14 - Europe: 1913-

N15 - Asia including Middle East

N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions

N24 - Europe: 1913-

N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy

N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N4 - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation

N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N43 - Europe: Pre-1913

N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

N50 - General, International, or Comparative

N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

N70 - General, International, or Comparative

N9 - Regional and Urban History

N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth

O1 - Economic Development

O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance

O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements

O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights

O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

O35 - Social Innovation

O5 - Economywide Country Studies

O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries

P - Economic Systems

P1 - Capitalist Systems

P16 - Political Economy

P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies

P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights

P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior

P4 - Other Economic Systems

P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid

P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies

Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts

R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

R1 - General Regional Economics

R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity

R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location

R30 - General

Z - Other Special Topics

Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology

Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature

Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification

Z18 - Public Policy

Z2 - Sports Economics

Z20 - General

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Journal Article

Backscratching in Hierarchical Organizations Get access

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Valeria Maggian and others

The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Volume 34, Issue 2, May 2018, Pages 133–161, https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewy006

Published: 27 February 2018

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