Volume 221, Issue 12, 15 June 2020

This meta-analysis suggests that HPV is associated with preterm birth and preterm premature rupture of membranes. Associations are also possible for other adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the potential biases and the small number of studies do not allow definitive conclusions.

The asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers are important potential infection sources of COVID-19 and may have a long carrying period of SARS-CoV-2. Patients with normal chest CTs had a shorter period from diagnosis to being SARS-CoV-2-negative than those with typical CT changes.

We report a unique 3-family cluster of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by individuals with asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic infections likely occurred. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in contaminated environments of 1 household.

In South African women who have recently been pregnant, women who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and receiving antiretroviral treatment have a higher pregnancy incidence rate than HIV-negative and untreated HIV-positive women.

This meta-analysis of HIV-2 protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase mutations in sequences from antiretroviral naive and treated persons identified established and novel antiretroviral-selected mutations. These results will improve HIV-2 antiretroviral susceptibility prediction and prioritize HIV-2 resistance mutations for phenotypic studies.

Interstitial lung abnormalities and findings suspicious for the presence of interstitial lung disease were more frequent in people with HIV infection compared to uninfected controls and were not explained by HIV-specific risk factors.

Sensory neurons are important in coordinating the host mucosal immune response to the enteric bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium.

OSM may represent a new biomarker for identification of septic patients with higher risk of mortality. Blocking OSM activity could reduce inflammation and tissue injury, thereby improving outcome. OSM might be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for sepsis.

Neonatal BCG vaccination results in a decreased proportion of infants mounting an IFN-γ response to heterologous stimulation at 7 months of age. Both sex and maternal BCG vaccination status influenced the effect of BCG vaccination on heterologous cytokine responses.

Analysis of the dynamics of anti-PfEMP1 IgG in a cohort of newborns in Benin showed acquisition of antibody to all types of CIDR domains at 12 months of age, with a significantly broader response in children with documented malaria infections.

Neutralizing antibody responses after single-dose vaccination with the yellow fever vaccine 17D remain high 0–3 years postvaccination but fall below a widely used neutralization threshold in a subset of vaccinees 3–12 years postvaccination.

We developed a model to evaluate the risk of urban yellow fever outbreaks. We found that the global risk of outbreaks is highly heterogeneous, and vaccination coverage needed to eliminate epidemics is higher than the recommended 80%, in many regions.

We show that genotypic antiviral resistance testing for HSV-1 can outperform phenotypic testing, which remains the clinical standard. We also demonstrate that HSV-1 can evolve rapidly in an immunocompromised host and that resistant HSV-1 can be transmitted between immunocompromised persons.

Among people with detectable HCV RNA, median time to HCV RNA detection was 32 minutes with the Xpert HCV VL FS test. New strategies to reduce time to detection could reduce waiting times for HCV diagnosis, improving linkage to treatment.

Live respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII attenuated by deletion of the RSV RNA regulatory protein M2-2 had excellent infectivity and immunogenicity, and primed for anamnestic responses, encouraging further evaluation of this attenuation strategy.

NK cells are integral part of antifungal immunity. Whereas Candida albicans is a stronger stimulus than Candida glabrata for human NK cells upon direct contact, only C. glabrata triggers strong indirect NK-cell activation in human blood via IL-12.

Specific mutations in inhA, katG, and rpoB are associated with differences in resistance to other drugs and time-to-sputum-culture-conversion. Molecular testing may make it possible to tailor treatment and assess additional drug resistance risk according to specific mutation profile.