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(See the major articles by Bernstein et al on pages 870–8and Sakon et al on pages 879–88.)

The need for a norovirus vaccine may be best described by the figure 200 000, which in round figures is the estimated number of annual deaths attributable to norovirus worldwide [1], mostly in children. As cited in the report of Bernstein et al in this issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases, in the United States there are 800 deaths and 71 000 hospitalizations each year. Although children form a sizeable proportion of the hospitalizations (about 18 000), most of the deaths and costs are among the elderly [2]. Residents of nursing homes and more limited target groups, such as cruise ship passengers or naval recruits, are appealing target populations for norovirus vaccine developers as relatively low-hanging fruit for their return on investment. However, after successful elimination of most of rotavirus gastroenteritis through vaccination in the United States and many other countries, elimination of norovirus gastroenteritis in children is also receiving increasing attention [3].

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