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Jack D. Poland, C. Bruce Cropp,, Robert B. Craven, Thomas P. Monath, Evaluation of the Potency and Safety of Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in US Inhabitants, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 161, Issue 5, May 1990, Pages 878–882, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/161.5.878
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Abstract
In 1981 and 1982, two US citizens died from Japanese encephalitis (JE) acquired in China. In 1983, the Centers for Disease Control initiated an evaluation of a purified, inactivated, mouse-brain-derived JE vaccine produced and used in Japan since 1966. Two doses of this vaccine given 1–2 weeks apart evoked neutralizing antibody titers ≥8 in only 77% of recipients. After three JE vaccine doses administered 1–2 weeks apart, 99% developed titers ≥8. When a third dose was given to 29 participants 6–12 months after the primary series, all developed titers ≥16. Reported adverse reactions included injection site tenderness (18%), erythema (6%), or swelling (3%); headache (9%); and dizziness, fatigue, sleepiness, nausea, chills, fever, or lower back pain (≤5%). On the basis of this study, three doses of BIKEN JE vaccine are recommended for US citizens who may be at risk of exposure to JE virus.