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Myron M. Levine, Robert E. Black, Claudio Lanata, Precise Estimation of the Numbers of Chronic Carriers of Salmonella typhi in Santiago, Chile, an Endemic Area, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 146, Issue 6, December 1982, Pages 724–726, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/146.6.724
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Abstract
As part of a program to control endemic typhoid fever in Santiago, Chile, an assessment was made of the magnitude of the reservoir of chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi. The availability of an accurate census and reliable data on the prevalence of biliary disease and of S. typhi carriage among persons with cholecystitis allowed an unusually precise estimate of the number of carriers. In 1980 there existed 25,019 female and 4,575 male carriers in a population of 4,264,514, yielding a crude prevalence of 694 carriers per 105 population. Because of the magnitude of this human reservoir, which includes many females of <40 years of age, it is recommended that a typhoid control program include the identification of carriers followed by health education and therapeutic interventions.