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JEL

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A - General Economics and Teaching

A1 - General Economics

A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists

A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines

A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values

B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches

B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925

B13 - Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Stockholm School)

B15 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary

B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925

B20 - General

B21 - Microeconomics

B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian

B3 - History of Economic Thought: Individuals

B31 - Individuals

B4 - Economic Methodology

B40 - General

B41 - Economic Methodology

B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches

B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary

C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

C0 - General

C00 - General

C01 - Econometrics

C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General

C10 - General

C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods: General

C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables

C20 - General

C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables

C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models

C32 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models

C33 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models

C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics

C40 - General

C42 - Survey Methods

C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics

C46 - Specific Distributions; Specific Statistics

C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling

C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models

C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory

C72 - Noncooperative Games

C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

C80 - General

C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access

C9 - Design of Experiments

C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior

C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior

C93 - Field Experiments

D - Microeconomics

D0 - General

D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles

D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact

D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles

D04 - Microeconomic Policy: Formulation; Implementation, and Evaluation

D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics

D10 - General

D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory

D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance

D18 - Consumer Protection

D2 - Production and Organizations

D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory

D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis

D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights

D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity

D29 - Other

D3 - Distribution

D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions

D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design

D40 - General

D42 - Monopoly

D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection

D45 - Rationing; Licensing

D47 - Market Design

D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

D50 - General

D6 - Welfare Economics

D60 - General

D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis

D62 - Externalities

D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement

D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations

D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption

D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation

D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design

D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness

D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory

D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory

D87 - Neuroeconomics

D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics

D91 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making

E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

E4 - Money and Interest Rates

E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems

E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers

E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook

E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination

F - International Economics

F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business

F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business

F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization

F68 - Policy

G - Financial Economics

G1 - General Financial Markets

G10 - General

G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates

G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading

G18 - Government Policy and Regulation

G2 - Financial Institutions and Services

G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

G23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors

G28 - Government Policy and Regulation

G29 - Other

G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance

G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance

G38 - Government Policy and Regulation

H - Public Economics

H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government

H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies

H4 - Publicly Provided Goods

H40 - General

H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods

H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

H57 - Procurement

H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

H70 - General

H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

H83 - Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits

I - Health, Education, and Welfare

I0 - General

I00 - General

I1 - Health

I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets

I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

I2 - Education and Research Institutions

I20 - General

I23 - Higher Education; Research Institutions

I24 - Education and Inequality

I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty

I30 - General

K - Law and Economics

K0 - General

K00 - General

K1 - Basic Areas of Law

K10 - General

K11 - Property Law

K12 - Contract Law

K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability; Forensic Economics

K14 - Criminal Law

K2 - Regulation and Business Law

K20 - General

K21 - Antitrust Law

K22 - Business and Securities Law

K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law

K24 - Cyber Law

K29 - Other

K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

K30 - General

K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law

K33 - International Law

K39 - Other

K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

K40 - General

K41 - Litigation Process

K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

K49 - Other

L - Industrial Organization

L0 - General

L00 - General

L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

L10 - General

L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms

L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies

L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets

L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks

L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility

L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices

L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

L20 - General

L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm

L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure

L23 - Organization of Production

L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing

L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope

L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise

L30 - General

L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship

L32 - Public Enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises

L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out

L38 - Public Policy

L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies

L40 - General

L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices

L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts

L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation

L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations

L49 - Other

L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy

L50 - General

L51 - Economics of Regulation

L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods

L59 - Other

L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing

L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics

L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment; Related Parts and Equipment

L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment

L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology

L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits

L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction

L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels

L8 - Industry Studies: Services

L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce

L82 - Entertainment; Media

L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism

L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services

L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software

L87 - Postal and Delivery Services

L88 - Government Policy

L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

L90 - General

L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation

L93 - Air Transportation

L94 - Electric Utilities

L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities

L96 - Telecommunications

L97 - Utilities: General

L98 - Government Policy

M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics

M2 - Business Economics

M21 - Business Economics

M3 - Marketing and Advertising

M37 - Advertising

M38 - Marketing and Advertising: Government Policy and Regulation

N - Economic History

N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations

N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions

N24 - Europe: 1913-

N4 - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation

N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

N45 - Asia including Middle East

N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

N54 - Europe: 1913-

N6 - Manufacturing and Construction

N60 - General, International, or Comparative

N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

N70 - General, International, or Comparative

N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth

O1 - Economic Development

O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements

O2 - Development Planning and Policy

O25 - Industrial Policy

O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights

O30 - General

O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital

O38 - Government Policy

O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

O43 - Institutions and Growth

P - Economic Systems

P1 - Capitalist Systems

P14 - Property Rights

P16 - Political Economy

P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

P35 - Public Economics

P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior

P4 - Other Economic Systems

P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid

P5 - Comparative Economic Systems

P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies

Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

Q4 - Energy

Q48 - Government Policy

Q5 - Environmental Economics

Q58 - Government Policy

R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

R1 - General Regional Economics

Z - Other Special Topics

Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology

Z18 - Public Policy

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Journal Article

THE FAILING FIRM DEFENSE—AN EQUITY-BASED APPROACH Get access

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Adi Ayal and Yaad Rotem

Journal of Competition Law & Economics, Volume 15, Issue 4, December 2019, Pages 468–499, https://doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhz020

Published: 28 January 2020

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