Volume 100, Issue 8, August 2022

This review summarizes the major metabolic pathways in skeletal muscle and the associated regulatory pathways.

The results of the current study provide valuable information on the development of temperature manipulation strategies to reduce the fat content in breast muscle satellite cells, which may decrease the incidence of structural defects and improve the breast meat quality of modern commercial poultry.

Combinations of growth factors are required for optimal muscle stem cell activity in vitro.

This study is the first of its kind and answers not only practical questions for the broiler industry regarding the possible benefits of combining maternal and post-hatch dietary 25OHD3 supplementation but simultaneously investigates the mode of action related to stimulation of broiler muscle growth. Although the combination of pre- and post-hatch dietary supplementation did not result in additive effects, inclusion of 25OHD3 in either the maternal or post-hatch diet stimulated a satellite cell (SC)-mediated breast muscle hypertrophic growth response.

A novel in ovo injection supplement influences high-yield broiler embryo myogenesis, also improves high-yield broiler embryo myogenesis.

Beta-adrenergic agonist (β-AA) supplementation may improve the efficiency of muscle satellite cells in part by modifying mitochondrial respiratory activity. Additionally, mitochondrial efficiency is one plausible mechanism underlying the differing physiological responses to β-AA across livestock species.

A combined capsaicin and artificial sweetener supplement provided to growing pigs during heat stress maintained metabolic flexibility, a measure of substrate preference, and metabolic health. Supplementation also improved feed efficiency and weight gain in feed-restricted animals.

The abundance of proteins related to protein synthesis and degradation, stress responses, metabolism, and oxidative stress are altered in the longissimus from offspring of poorly nourished dams.

Mechanisms underlying the link between low birth weight and poor muscle growth must be identified in order to improve outcomes and recover value in low birth weight livestock. This study shows that one mechanism is the enhancement of inflammatory regulation of the stem cells responsible for muscle growth.

Dietary selenium provided at 0.3 mg/kg dry matter offsets mitochondrial deficits induced by reduced vitamin E intake. Optimal dietary vitamin and mineral requirements must be determined to ensure prevention of fatigue in performance horses.

Adult Thoroughbred geldings fed a diet supplemented with calcium butyrate contained a greater percentage of type IIA fibers in the gluteus medius.

Exposure to heat stress and mycotoxin is known to cause alterations in growth and production efficiency. Given the likelihood of simultaneous exposure, we examined how these pathological agents separately and collectively impact outcomes of muscle health in swine.

Predicting and managing meat tenderness is a challenging task for the meat industry, as various factors can influence tenderness. Proteomic profiling provides a global understanding and better insight into the protein changes occurring in postmortem muscle that may potentially impact this important eating quality attribute.

Anabolic implants and cattle breed type interact with each other to cause changes in mRNA abundance in the longissimus thoracis that are related to protein turnover.

Calpastatin expression of the longissimus thoracis is altered by an interaction between cattle breed type and anabolic implants.

• Feeding exogenous alpha-amylases to dairy cows is associated with an increase in starch digestibility, milk protein content, and fat-corrected milk.

• Results from this meta-analysis suggest that lactation stage, dietary starch content, and enzyme dose are the main factors associated with the response to dietary supplementation of alpha-amylases.

• Doses of 600 KNU/kg of exogenous alpha-amylase are associated with a greater starch digestibility, milk yield, and protein content in early lactation dairy cows.

Dietary strategies that enhance gastrointestinal tract function have potential to improve utilization of nutrients and limit negative interactions with the microbial species colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. This study evaluates the use of hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate to modulate gastrointestinal tract function.

The hand-held laser methane detector (LMD) technique has been suggested as a potential method for measuring methane (CH₄) emissions from enteric fermentation of ruminants in the field. The LMD method can be applied to evaluate differences in CH₄ emissions in cattle efficiently using the protocol established in this study.

Using dimethyl carbonate to extract volatile fatty acids from rumen fluid provides a method that can be used to analyze volatile fatty acids using gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer detector. This method avoids hazardous chemicals commonly used in other analytical procedures.

Feeding sows with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii during gestation and lactation affected the fecal microbiota of piglets up to weaning but changed neither performance nor health of piglets around weaning.

Lactobacillus fermentate effectively enhanced intestinal microbiota diversity and intestinal health of newly weaned pigs challenged with F18⁺Escherichia coli fed an antibiotic-free diet.

Alteration of the maternal diet of sheep impacts the CpG methylation of genes related to muscular tissue development in muscle tissue of adult offspring.

This study shows that the feed conversion ratio of farmed rainbow trout has been improved by selective breeding, and hence, the same amount of seafood can be produced with significantly reduced amounts of raw materials and reduced environmental impact.

This study provides a comprehensive estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters of feed efficiency traits in American mink, by which mink breeders can develop a selection program to select for feed-efficient mink.

Urethral catheterization can be successfully applied to evaluate gastrointestinal tract permeability in 1- and 6-wk-old Holstein heifer calves.

This work indicated that the replacement of WWF-GTN by WWS and WRS, along with soluble animal proteins SDP or GL would produce comparable preference by dogs, oxidation rates, product aromatics, flavor, and aftertaste attributes, and, at a lower degree, product texture.

Twelve healthy adult dogs were used to determine differences in oral health measures, breath odor, and oral bacteria populations of dogs consuming wet or dry foods. Our results suggest that dogs consuming dry foods have lower breath odor, less tooth plaque buildup, and an oral microbiota population more closely associated with health than dogs consuming wet foods.

Enhanced post-ruminal supply of methionine can alter mammary metabolism and immune response through transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms.

We used novel techniques to show that prepartum vaccination of dairy cows with a calf diarrhea vaccine increased colostral concentrations of not only vaccine-specific immunoglobulins but also non-vaccine-specific immunoglobulin M. More work is required to confirm these preliminary findings, whether the effect may occur in other immunoglobulin classes, and whether this may be a new tool for improving calf health and productivity through enhanced colostrum quality.

Heavier pork carcasses produce more tender pork. This has been demonstrated previously. However, these data suggest that slower chilling rates accompany heavier pork carcasses particularly during the conversion of muscle to meat. Hot carcass weight explained a significant portion of the variation in chilling rate during the first 5 h postmortem, and carcass temperature at 5 h postmortem explained a significant portion of the variation in instrumental tenderness.