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Unemployment and Its Deniers Unemployment and Its Deniers
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The 1870s Depression, Unemployment Ideas, and the Middle Classes The 1870s Depression, Unemployment Ideas, and the Middle Classes
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The Great Depression of the 1890s The Great Depression of the 1890s
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A Convenient Failure of Imagination A Convenient Failure of Imagination
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Unemployment Relief in the 1890s Unemployment Relief in the 1890s
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Full Employment Was Rare, Even in Good Times; Job Tenure for Most Blue-Collar Workers Was Short Full Employment Was Rare, Even in Good Times; Job Tenure for Most Blue-Collar Workers Was Short
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How Progressive Was the Progressive Period on Job Issues? (1900–1916) How Progressive Was the Progressive Period on Job Issues? (1900–1916)
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Efficiency and Soldiering: Workers Fought Unemployment by Direct Action Efficiency and Soldiering: Workers Fought Unemployment by Direct Action
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One Step Forward, No More One Step Forward, No More
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World War I: Bigger Government and Fuller Employment World War I: Bigger Government and Fuller Employment
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1 Discipline for the Unemployed; Laissez-Faire for Business (1873–1920)
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Published:May 2020
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Abstract
There was virtually no federal spending to counteract five major depressions or substantial unemployment in between. Unemployed people received almost no public or private assistance, and they were the target of nasty stereotypes. This chapter analyzes those who promoted negative views, including classical economists who claimed that unregulated markets tended to produce full employment, and charity organization leaders like Josephine Shaw Lowell who believed that poor people needed to be disciplined. The chapter also discusses defenders of the working class, including economist John Commons and reformer Jacob Coxey, who wanted public works for the unemployed. Over time more policy-makers gained a compassionate and scientific comprehension of unemployment, but federal policy in 1920 was not very different from what it had been in 1880.
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