... requirement. At the same time, the encounter between immigrants and the “natives,” the key aspect of American nativism, is fulfilled as well. Thus, Bakumatsu sonnō-jō’i presents Japanologists with an opportunity to eliminate conceptual confusion and even competition between these variant forms of nativism...

..., ideas and events associated with sonnō-jō’i conform more closely to how the historiographical category of nativism is used outside of Japanese studies. At the same time, one of the salient characteristics of Kokugaku, the assertion of Japanese superiority, is reminiscent of what Americanists call...