... from outside or separate from the self and person to inside or intrinsic to the self and person. Through the concept of xing (human nature), such texts began to naturalize idealized, often divine, agency as an inherent part of the self, rather than as something apart or distinct from...

... of the structure of the universe. Finally, it views the belief in rebirth and karmic retribution in relation to human behavior. It suggests that the study of rebirth and karmic retribution in India offers important insights not only about Indian culture, but also about human nature. Christian Egypt Gnosticism...

...This chapter revisits the debate between capitalism and socialism that followed from contradictory claims about human nature by focusing on how cultural anthropology has emerged to contest the problematic isolation of a simple and unitary human nature committed to personal gain as a defining source...

... of social ritual. Finally, the chapter returns to the ancient debate between Mencius and Xunzi about whether human nature at birth was incipiently good (Mencius said “had the capacity to be good”) or bad (Xunzi). civil service examinations Fang Xiaoru Five Classics Ming Dynasty Mongols Cheng Zhu school...

... to the Chasŏngnok by providing six interrelated sections: “Philosophy of Principle”; “Human Nature and Emotions: Heaven’s Principle and Human Desires”; “Against Buddhism and Daoism”; “True Learning”; “Self-Cultivation”; and “Reverence and Spiritual Cultivation.” Each section focuses on an essential theme. Indeed...

..., the chapter turns to the three components that made its doctrines new: the reshaping of what constituted the Confucian canon of texts; the metaphysical assumption that there are underlying principles existing independently of the knower, in all things, affairs, and our innately good human nature...