...This chapter discusses the Japanese immigration to Hawai‘i after the Sino-Japanese War. The wave of migration started in 1885, when 945 Japanese permanently settled in Hawai‘i due to overpopulation and unemployment. The number of Japanese immigrants steadily increased, so that by 1909 there were...

...Starting in 1908, Japanese immigrants arrived as coffee colonos in São Paulo state. Required to immigrate in family units, the Japanese settled down among themselves in rural São Paulo. In the 1930s and early 1940s they were challenged greatly by Brazilian nationalism under President Getúlio Vargas...

... reciprocity treaty US Hawai‘i Kalākaua David Chinese Americans Wahiawa settlement Chinese migrants Homestead Act Hawai‘i Japanese Americans Naturalization Act 1790 Native Hawaiians Portugal Reis Manuel subaltern Hawaii Japanese immigration Portuguese immigration Whiteness Sanford Dole Lorrin...