
Contents
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The Advent of the Great Trade Era The Advent of the Great Trade Era
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Development of Trade in Southeast Asia Development of Trade in Southeast Asia
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Ryukyuans in the Words of Portuguese Traders Ryukyuans in the Words of Portuguese Traders
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Sea Trade Routes and Seasonal Trade Winds Sea Trade Routes and Seasonal Trade Winds
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Trade with Korea and Japan Trade with Korea and Japan
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Relations with Korea Relations with Korea
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Ryukyu Seen as a Vassal by the Ashikaga Shogun Ryukyu Seen as a Vassal by the Ashikaga Shogun
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Ryukyu, Korea, and Japan Pursue Independent Diplomatic Courses Ryukyu, Korea, and Japan Pursue Independent Diplomatic Courses
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Old Ryukyu as a Foreign Land Old Ryukyu as a Foreign Land
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Establishment of the Ryukyu Magistrates and the Circulation of Yongle Copper Currency Establishment of the Ryukyu Magistrates and the Circulation of Yongle Copper Currency
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Japanization of Ryukyuan Culture Begins Japanization of Ryukyuan Culture Begins
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Naha Port: Hub of International Trade Naha Port: Hub of International Trade
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Naha, Flourishing Transit Trade Port Naha, Flourishing Transit Trade Port
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Naha in Joseon Historical Documents Naha in Joseon Historical Documents
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Overseas Chinese Monopolize Ministerial Posts; Kai Ki Enters the Stage Overseas Chinese Monopolize Ministerial Posts; Kai Ki Enters the Stage
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Retreat from the Preference Policy Retreat from the Preference Policy
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Trade Brokers in Quanzhou Trade Brokers in Quanzhou
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Public Disorder in Fuzhou Public Disorder in Fuzhou
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A Murder Case Prompts the Restriction of Legation Residency Periods A Murder Case Prompts the Restriction of Legation Residency Periods
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Cessation of Grants of Sea Passage Cessation of Grants of Sea Passage
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The Shadow of Decline Falls Over the Once-Prospering Kingdom The Shadow of Decline Falls Over the Once-Prospering Kingdom
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Prosperity of the Transit Trade and the Development of Centralized Rule Prosperity of the Transit Trade and the Development of Centralized Rule
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Dispatch of the Royal Ship and Satsuma’s “Red Stamp License” for the Sea Crossing to Ryukyu Dispatch of the Royal Ship and Satsuma’s “Red Stamp License” for the Sea Crossing to Ryukyu
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Trade Brings Trouble Trade Brings Trouble
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Portuguese and Chinese Smugglers Appear in Southeast Asia Portuguese and Chinese Smugglers Appear in Southeast Asia
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Smuggling by the Wakō in the Sixteenth Century Smuggling by the Wakō in the Sixteenth Century
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The Decline of the Transit Trade The Decline of the Transit Trade
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Satsuma Gains Ascendancy Satsuma Gains Ascendancy
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Three Ryukyu in the East Asian Trade Sphere
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Published:December 2016
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Abstract
In the 1400s, the East Asia trade sphere stretched to Southeast Asia, with Ryukyu, a key player, relaying luxury goods from there to Japan. Japanese merchants and Buddhist monks began to move into Ryukyu in the mid-fifteenth century. The early 1400s saw the Ryukyu Kingdom unified under the first Shō Dynasty. Ryukyu was recognized as second to Korea among China’s tributary states. Overseas Chinese in Naha became important in the trade system. In the late 1400s, China restricted Ryukyu’s tribute trade to one mission every two years. Japan started to deal directly with China, undercutting Ryukyu. Japan empowered the Satsuma domain to monitor Ryukyu trade activities. In 1470, the second Shō dynasty took power. The Portuguese began to dominate Southeast Asia trade; the wakō pirates grew more successful. By the late 1500s, Satsuma was aggressively controlling Ryukyuan shipping activities, which alarmed China. Ryukyu began to decline.
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