... Academy Binford James Richmond Colored Normal School American Missionary Association Broad Street Academy Emerson Institute Mobile Alabama normal schools public schoolteachers racial uplift In reflecting on the history of the educational work of the American Missionary Association in Alabama, L...

... education Tuskegee Institute Washington Booker T Armstrong Samuel Chapman Blair education bill curriculum white recognition Constitution of 1875 Alabama Mobile Daily Register African American public schools African American schoolteachers Mobile Alabama quality school campaigns racial uplift...

... white recognition Berry Lawrence S Caraway John Constitutional convention Alabama Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Gregory Ovide Mobile County Board of School Commissioners Bradford C A petitioning as protest strategy Harper R D Stone Street School Peabody Education Fund Sears Dr Barnas Gillette...

... the unresolved Alabama Claims. Michigan Senator and Detroit resident, Zachariah Chandler, led the annexation chorus. For decades beforehand—and thereafter—Detroit residents, living along the U.S.-Canadian border, had followed Canadian affairs more closely than most U.S. residents...

...This chapter shows how the continuation of violence linked to political activity also characterized Alabama, where Unionists found themselves “indelibly marked in a ruined land.” The withdrawal of most federal forces by the summer of 1865 left the Unionists on their own to defend themselves against...

...Chapter 13 describes Daniel’s role in Alabama after the war. It begins with him describing how the enticingly beautiful plantation landscape had been marred by slavery. On one plantation he visited, he discovered the graves of a recently murdered slave family. Daniel condemned the planter class...

... curriculum Emerson Normal School racial uplift as protest strategy Blair education bill Readjusters Washington Booker T African American education Mobile Alabama public schools Reconstruction Richmond Virginia urban South Wallace Turnage, a former slave from Mobile, Alabama, opened his personal...

...Michael Fitzgerald’s chapter discusses the role of extra-legal violence and armed self-defense as a means for asserting and maintaining Black freedom. By focusing on the local successes in rural western Alabama the chapter challenges an overly simplistic understanding of Reconstruction where whites...