... of Rosewood’s destruction in the past and present. The attention encouraged the state legislature to compensate the survivors and descendants of the massacre; that compensation represents the primary example of reparations granted to African Americans in the United States. To better understand the events...

...This chapter describes the shift of some of the major groups of the Black Power movement towards aggressive violence and even guerilla warfare in the second half of the 1960s. Since the late 1950s, Malcolm X and like-minded radicals had called upon African Americans to abandon nonviolence. Deeply...

...During the 1960s, the public sector became a critical source of employment for African Americans. Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs, often critiqued for lacking a jobs-creation component to combat structural male unemployment, nonetheless dramatically expanded the public sector. In Baltimore...

...This chapter outlines the book’s mission to serve as a lens into the political activity of African Americans during the first half of the twentieth century by focusing on the strategies that Robert R. Church Jr. used to organize and empower black people through the vote. The book argues...

...This introduction provides a brief summary of the events of 1914 to 1919 to establish the key events, controversies, triumphs, hostilities, and humiliations the African Americans faced during the war. The Great War and its aftermath disclosed the worst in the American racial attitudes; however...

...Laws regulating the movement, residence, employment, and labor of the poor, and especially of poor African Americans in states with burgeoning free populations, demonstrate how mobility, when enacted by the poor and by non-whites, was classified as a criminal action in the eighteenth...

...This chapter considers the labels African American Muslim women living polygyny place on themselves and the extent to which these labels represent a form of womanist action. Central to the book's explorations, the chapter also articulates the use of dialogical performance as an ethnographic tool...

...Germans, Irish, and African Americans profoundly influenced municipal politics during the Reconstruction period. African Americans, Germans, and Irish immigrants took advantage of universal suffrage to run for political office and exercise their right to vote. The majority of African Americans...

... McGill Ralph Nashville Tennessean Petersburg Progress Index Racial violence Tampa Tribune Ashmore Robert Legislation Civil Rights Politicians African American Russell Richard Voter registration civil rights bill Kingsport News Williams John Bell African Americans anger Carter Hodding...

... on black America. It analyzes the national and regional economies in which Washington worked and focuses on his advocacy of black business development as the key to economic uplift for African Americans. The result is a revisionist book that responds to the skewed literature on Washington, even...

...From the late eighteenth to late nineteenth centuries, an early social justice movement formed around the idea that agricultural products, including maple sugar, produced by free labor could strike directly at the institution of slavery. The Perkins and Dennis families, free African American...

... party. In the chapter, the GOP's neglect of the African Americans is chronicled from the vantage point of its widening problems, internal conflicts, and the looming party divisions during the early years of the New Deal. Elections 1932 African American voters in Republican Party African American...

... alternative to the New Deal. Although some of the Republicans showed concern regarding the welfare of African Americans, most were unable or unwilling to address even in a rhetorical manner such problems, causing the preservation of the African American vote by the Democrats—a fact that did not unduly concern...

...Legend has it that the GOP was formed to abolish African American slavery, fought the Civil War to achieve this end, and then protected the newly enfranchised former slaves in its aftermath. This was a powerful legend to African Americans during the days of the Redemption in the South, and many...

...This chapter discusses the political history of African Americans in Atlanta after they emerged as free men and women from the reigns of bondage. African Americans who emerged from the chains of bondage shared the same faith with the freed persons of the south. Most of these newly freed people were...

...This chapter focuses on the quest for education by black Atlantans. Like other African Americans who were awarded greater freedoms after the civil war, the black Atlantans recognized the significance of education. Recognizing the potent power of education, black leaders made education and learning...

...This chapter focuses on the color line that Du Bois saw as the central challenge of the twentieth century. At the 1900 Paris l' Exposition Universelle, Du Bois fired a major salvo in what became a war of images over the representation of African American life in the United States...

... transportation and protected their right to serve on juries. This chapter presents Fortune's first editorial on the subject, which captures the feeling of much of the African American community whom he claimed felt as though they “had been baptized in ice water” and told they were “aliens in their own land...

... Sandford Evans John Gary O'Ferrall Charles T Taney Roger B Fortune Sr Emanuel father African Americans lynching Ida B. Wells-Barnett apathy essays In the summer of 1897, Fortune wrote “Mob Law in the South” for the Independent, appealing to the nation for assistance in ending...