
Contents
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Materializing Identity Materializing Identity
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Diachronic Perspectives Diachronic Perspectives
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Overdetermination and Californio Ethnogenesis Overdetermination and Californio Ethnogenesis
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Within-Group Identification Within-Group Identification
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Distinction from Native Californians Distinction from Native Californians
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Differential Masculinities, Military Campaigns, and Labor Regimes Differential Masculinities, Military Campaigns, and Labor Regimes
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Gender Relations and Sexuality Gender Relations and Sexuality
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El Presidio de San Francisco in Comparative Perspective El Presidio de San Francisco in Comparative Perspective
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Implications for Investigations of Identity Implications for Investigations of Identity
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Limits of Ethnogenesis Limits of Ethnogenesis
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Conclusion The Limits of Ethnogenesis
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Published:March 2015
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Abstract
Drawn into a web of nation building and empire, the Spanish-colonial settlers who established the Presidio of San Francisco in California were subjected to military and religious disciplines and transformed by their new roles and responsibilities. But the settlers were not simply passive cogs in a clockwork machinery of imperialism: they altered the very institutions that had enlisted them. Colonial ethnogenesis—the emergence and articulation of the shared identity, Californios—was one way that the military settlers transformed colonial systems of power. This study investigates the transformation of colonial identities on the micro-scale by closely examining archaeological and documentary evidence. The findings of this study have specific implications for historical, anthropological, and archaeological research on identity. While ethnogenesis provided the military settlers with some relief from Spanish-colonial racial hierarchies, in the end it did not protect them from discrimination after California’s annexation by the United States.
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