Role of autoantibodies against atrial and ventricular ion channels in cardiac arrhythmias and their therapeutic potential. Autoantibodies targeting various cardiac ion channels can have inhibitory (−) and stimulatory (+) effects on depolarizing (purple: INa,peak and ICa,L) and repolarizing (green: IK) ion currents, contributing to pathogenesis of various cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation (AF). Additionally, autoantibodies may offer opportunities to develop specific and personalized antiarrhythmic therapeutic approaches. For a detailed explanation, please refer to the text. INa,peak, peak sodium current; ICa,L, L-type-calcium current; IK, potassium current; QTc, corrected QT-interval; Tdp, Torsades de pointes tachycardia.
Graphical Abstract

Role of autoantibodies against atrial and ventricular ion channels in cardiac arrhythmias and their therapeutic potential. Autoantibodies targeting various cardiac ion channels can have inhibitory (−) and stimulatory (+) effects on depolarizing (purple: INa,peak and ICa,L) and repolarizing (green: IK) ion currents, contributing to pathogenesis of various cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation (AF). Additionally, autoantibodies may offer opportunities to develop specific and personalized antiarrhythmic therapeutic approaches. For a detailed explanation, please refer to the text. INa,peak, peak sodium current; ICa,L, L-type-calcium current; IK, potassium current; QTc, corrected QT-interval; Tdp, Torsades de pointes tachycardia.

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