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G. Wallukat, A. Kayser, A. Wollenberger, The β1-adrenoceptor as antigen: functional aspects, European Heart Journal, Volume 16, Issue suppl_O, December 1995, Pages 85–88, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/16.suppl_O.85
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Abstract
The sera of patients with myocarditis and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy contain agonistic autoantibodies that bind to the β1-adrenoceptor. These antibodies recognize epitopes on either the first or second extracellular loop of this receptor and exert in cultured neonatal rat heart myocytes a positive chronotropic effect. This effect is eliminated by β1-adrenoceptor blockade as well as by peptides corresponding to the first or second extracellular loop of the human β1adrenoceptor. The antibodies realize their effects mainly via the β -adrenoceptor-adenylate cyclase-protein kinase A cascade.