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JEL

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A - General Economics and Teaching

A1 - General Economics

A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values

B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches

B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925

B4 - Economic Methodology

B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches

B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary

B59 - Other

C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

C0 - General

C00 - General

C01 - Econometrics

C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General

C11 - Bayesian Analysis: General

C12 - Hypothesis Testing: General

C13 - Estimation: General

C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General

C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods: General

C18 - Methodological Issues: General

C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables

C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions

C22 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes

C23 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models

C24 - Truncated and Censored Models; Switching Regression Models; Threshold Regression Models

C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions; Probabilities

C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation

C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables

C30 - General

C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models

C32 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models

C33 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models

C34 - Truncated and Censored Models; Switching Regression Models

C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions

C36 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation

C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics

C41 - Duration Analysis; Optimal Timing Strategies

C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation

C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics

C46 - Specific Distributions; Specific Statistics

C49 - Other

C5 - Econometric Modeling

C50 - General

C51 - Model Construction and Estimation

C52 - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection

C53 - Forecasting and Prediction Methods; Simulation Methods

C54 - Quantitative Policy Modeling

C55 - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis

C57 - Econometrics of Games and Auctions

C58 - Financial Econometrics

C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling

C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis

C63 - Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling

C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models

C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory

C70 - General

C72 - Noncooperative Games

C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games

C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory

C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access

C82 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data; Data Access

C83 - Survey Methods; Sampling Methods

C9 - Design of Experiments

C90 - General

C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior

C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior

C93 - Field Experiments

C99 - Other

D - Microeconomics

D0 - General

D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles

D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact

D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles

D04 - Microeconomic Policy: Formulation; Implementation, and Evaluation

D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics

D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory

D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis

D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation

D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance

D18 - Consumer Protection

D19 - Other

D2 - Production and Organizations

D20 - General

D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory

D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis

D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights

D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity

D25 - Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing

D3 - Distribution

D30 - General

D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions

D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design

D40 - General

D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection

D44 - Auctions

D45 - Rationing; Licensing

D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

D57 - Input-Output Tables and Analysis

D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models

D6 - Welfare Economics

D60 - General

D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis

D62 - Externalities

D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement

D64 - Altruism; Philanthropy

D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

D70 - General

D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations

D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions

D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation

D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

D80 - General

D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty

D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design

D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness

D84 - Expectations; Speculations

D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory

D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory

D89 - Other

D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics

D90 - General

D91 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making

D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice, Investment, Capacity, and Financing

E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles

E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation

E4 - Money and Interest Rates

E43 - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects

F - International Economics

F0 - General

F1 - Trade

F10 - General

F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade

F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies; Fragmentation

F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations

F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade

F15 - Economic Integration

F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions

F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation

F18 - Trade and Environment

F19 - Other

F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business

F22 - International Migration

F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business

F3 - International Finance

F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration

F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies

F47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy

F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions

F54 - Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism

F55 - International Institutional Arrangements

F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization

F61 - Microeconomic Impacts

F62 - Macroeconomic Impacts

G - Financial Economics

G0 - General

G00 - General

G1 - General Financial Markets

G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates

G13 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing

G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading

G15 - International Financial Markets

G2 - Financial Institutions and Services

G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies

G23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors

G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance

G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation

G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance

H - Public Economics

H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

H12 - Crisis Management

H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

H20 - General

H22 - Incidence

H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies

H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies

H27 - Other Sources of Revenue

H4 - Publicly Provided Goods

H40 - General

H41 - Public Goods

H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate

H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions

H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

H81 - Governmental Loans; Loan Guarantees; Credits; Grants; Bailouts

H83 - Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits

I - Health, Education, and Welfare

I1 - Health

I10 - General

I12 - Health Behavior

I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health

I19 - Other

I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty

I30 - General

I31 - General Welfare

I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

J - Labor and Demographic Economics

J1 - Demographic Economics

J10 - General

J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor

J20 - General

J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

J4 - Particular Labor Markets

J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets

J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

J54 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms; Employee Ownership

J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers

J60 - General

J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers

J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility

K - Law and Economics

K2 - Regulation and Business Law

K20 - General

K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

K37 - Immigration Law

L - Industrial Organization

L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

L10 - General

L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms

L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies

L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets

L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks

L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility

L19 - Other

L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm

L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure

L23 - Organization of Production

L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing

L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope

L26 - Entrepreneurship

L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise

L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship

L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies

L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices

L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts

L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation

L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy

L51 - Economics of Regulation

L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods

L59 - Other

L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing

L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits

L8 - Industry Studies: Services

L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce

L89 - Other

L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

L96 - Telecommunications

M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics

M1 - Business Administration

M11 - Production Management

M13 - New Firms; Startups

M14 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility

M2 - Business Economics

M21 - Business Economics

M3 - Marketing and Advertising

M30 - General

M31 - Marketing

M37 - Advertising

M38 - Marketing and Advertising: Government Policy and Regulation

M5 - Personnel Economics

N - Economic History

N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

N50 - General, International, or Comparative

O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth

O1 - Economic Development

O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products

O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology

O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance

O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure

O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations

O2 - Development Planning and Policy

O20 - General

O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy

O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights

O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital

O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

O44 - Environment and Growth

O5 - Economywide Country Studies

O52 - Europe

O54 - Latin America; Caribbean

O55 - Africa

P - Economic Systems

P1 - Capitalist Systems

P13 - Cooperative Enterprises

P14 - Property Rights

P16 - Political Economy

P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies

P22 - Prices

P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population

P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics

P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions

P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture

Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

Q0 - General

Q00 - General

Q01 - Sustainable Development

Q02 - Commodity Markets

Q1 - Agriculture

Q10 - General

Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices

Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets

Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness

Q14 - Agricultural Finance

Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment

Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension Services

Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade

Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy

Q19 - Other

Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation

Q20 - General

Q21 - Demand and Supply; Prices

Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture

Q23 - Forestry

Q24 - Land

Q25 - Water

Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources

Q27 - Issues in International Trade

Q28 - Government Policy

Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts

Q4 - Energy

Q41 - Demand and Supply; Prices

Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources

Q48 - Government Policy

Q5 - Environmental Economics

Q50 - General

Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects

Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects

Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling

Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming

Q55 - Technological Innovation

Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology

Q58 - Government Policy

Q59 - Other

R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

R1 - General Regional Economics

R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes

R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity

R14 - Land Use Patterns

R15 - Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models

R2 - Household Analysis

R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics

R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location

R32 - Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis

R38 - Government Policy

R5 - Regional Government Analysis

R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations

R58 - Regional Development Planning and Policy

Y - Miscellaneous Categories

Y8 - Related Disciplines

Y80 - Related Disciplines

Z - Other Special Topics

Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology

Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification

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JEL: C41 - Duration Analysis; Optimal Timing Strategies

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Irrigation practices, water effectiveness and productivity measurement Get access

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Konstantinos Chatzimichael and others

European Review of Agricultural Economics, Volume 47, Issue 2, April 2020, Pages 467–498, https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbz012

Published: 25 May 2019

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Online ISSN 1464-3618
Print ISSN 0165-1587
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