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Helmut Baumgartner, Judy Hung, Javier Bermejo, John B. Chambers, Arturo Evangelista, Brian P. Griffin, Bernard Iung, Catherine M. Otto, Patricia A. Pellikka, Miguel Quiñones, Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice, European Journal of Echocardiography, Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jen303
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Extract
Abbreviations
AR = aortic regurgitation
AS = aortic stenosis
AVA = aortic valve area
CSA = cross sectional area
CWD = continuous wave Doppler
D = diameter
HOCM = hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
LV = left ventricle
LVOT = left ventricular outflow tract
MR = mitral regurgitation
MS = mitral stenosis
MVA = mitral valve area
ΔP = pressure gradient
RV = right ventricle
RVOT = right ventricular outflow tract
SV = stroke volume
TEE = transesophageal echocardiography
T 1/2 = pressure half-time
TR = tricuspid regurgitation
TS = tricuspid stenosis
V = velocity
VSD = ventricular septal defect
VTI =velocity time integral
I. Introduction
Valve stenosis is a common heart disorder and an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Echocardiography has become the key tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of valve disease, and is the primary non-invasive imaging method for valve stenosis assessment. Clinical decision-making is based on echocardiographic assessment of the severity of valve stenosis, so it is essential that standards be adopted to maintain accuracy and consistency across echocardiographic laboratories when assessing and reporting valve stenosis. The aim of this paper was to detail the recommended approach to the echocardiographic evaluation of valve stenosis, including recommendations for specific measures of stenosis severity, details of data acquisition and measurement, and grading of severity. These recommendations are based on the scientific literature and on the consensus of a panel of experts.