Index

Due to the use of para id indexing, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52–53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages.

Note: Tables and figures are indicated by t and f following the page number.

4Chan, QAnon conspiracists848

15M movement (Spain)462, 463, 524, 887–88

Abbott, A.186

Abramson, P.552

abstention See costly abstention

Acik, N.563–64, 569

Ackermann, K.623–24

action mobilization176, 176f

action research See participatory action research

active citizenship381–82

Acton, B.849

actor–network theory186

Adler, R. P.381, 382

Adya, Meera27

affect See emotions

affective autonomy512

Affective Intelligence Theory (AIT)669–70, 672, 673
and rational choice theory145–46

African National Congress (South Africa, ANC)211–12

age factors13–14, 545, 554–55
biographical effects of political participation800–1
cleavage theory471, 477, 478, 479–81
democratic and authoritarian regimes, comparison of mass political participation in870–71
development of political orientations
impressionable/formative years545–46
socializing agents546–47
endurance of political orientations throughout lifespan
aging, cohort, and period effects548
habit vs. lifelong plasticity547–48
and gender566
identifying effects of553–54
and personality623–24
political consumerism and lifestyle activism419
political inequality915n.3
political psychology156
protest participation402, 550
values551–53, 552f, 553f
voter turnout549–50, 549f
and partisan participation, linking364, 365, 370–73, 371t, 376
sociology47
voting rights913 See also elderly people; See also young people

agenda-setting783–84

aging effects548
measurement problem553–54
values551

agreeableness615, 616t, 617, 618, 620–22
and cognition676–77 See also Big Five personality traits

Ahenakew, C.338–39

AhKwon, S.904

Aid for Family and Dependent Children (US, AFDC)605–6

Ajaps, S. O.382

Alamdari, M.383

Albertson, B.671

Alexander, R.579

Alford-Index474

Algeria861

algorithmic accountability844

Alimi, E. Y.190

Allais, Maurice137n.3

Almond, G. A.12, 174, 241, 506–7, 860

Alt, J.582–83

Alternative für Deutschland (Germany, AfD)924–25

Altheide, D. L.436

Amazon532

Amelung, N.884

Amenta, E.784–85, 786–87, 819

Ameri, Mason27

American Citizen Participation Survey399

American National Election Studies (ANES)
cognition and emotions, bridging676
efficacy821
intersectionality731–32
political inequality919
race and ethnicity600, 601

American Political Science Review (APSR)252

Amnå, E.10, 234, 384, 385–86, 745

Amnesty International863

analytic relationalism188–90

Anani, K. al-655

anchoring effects146–47

Anderson, C. J.581

Andretta, M.402

Andrews, K. T.442

anger
and cognition670–73, 674–75
costly abstention772, 773, 775
and identity655–56, 657, 658, 659, 661
political psychology158, 160
protest participation405
social psychology171, 172, 172f, 174

Anoll, A. P.260

anonymity, life history interviews290–91

Anstead, N.436

anthropology5–6, 101–3, 110–11
effects of participation108–10
imagining the polity106–8
many faces of the political103–4
norms of legitimate participation104–6
participatory action research330–31, 335

anti-austerity protests
biographical effects of political participation802
class and education inequality590
globalization879, 880–81, 885–88
institutional context493–94
sociology53–54, 56

anxiety
and cognition670–71, 672, 675
political psychology158–60
socialization690–91

Arab Spring
democratic and authoritarian regimes, comparison of mass political participation in859, 873
digital networks713
identity and emotions654, 656
media847
mobilization713
online political participation442
and repression654
sociology54–55, 56

Arce, M.95–96

Arceneaux, K.255

arena bridging11, 451–52, 462–63
context458–62, 460t, 461f
individual level452–58, 455f, 456f, 457t

Arendt, H.108, 902, 907

Argentina210–11, 271, 657, 862, 867–70

Armingeon, K.579

Arrow, Kenneth138

Arrow problem138–39

Artificial Intelligence (AI)57

asylum seekers175–76, 177, 882

Attac877

Aung Sang Suu Kyi863

austerity measures524
vs. Covid-19 pandemic210
globalization881
institutional context493–94 See also anti-austerity protests

Australia
compulsory voting36n.28
dark political information675
identity and emotions657
political inequality921–23
social psychology171
types of activism867–70
young people904–5

Austria578–79, 883, 921

authoritarian–libertarian values630, 631–32, 637–38, 638f
contextualizing the relationships646, 647f
and left–right values637–38
and traditional values640

authoritarian regimes
bridging rationalist, structuralist, and culturalist approaches224–25
comparing mass participation with democratic regimes858, 871–73
new evidence864–71, 866t, 867t, 868–69f, 871t, 872t
theories859–64
culture514
democratization788–91
disengagement and political trust747–48, 749–52, 749f, 751f, 758–59
individual-level dynamics753, 754f, 755–57, 756f
ethnography275
Marxist approaches209–10, 211, 212–13
media845, 863
political science25–26n.2
protest participation396–97, 407
repression443
risks and rewards of political participation861
socialization691
and values645–48, 646f

autocracy See authoritarian regimes

automated crawling303, 304

autonomous motivation624

autonomy206
affective512
culture512
intellectual512

Auyero, J.271

availability heuristic146–47

axiomatic rationality136, 137

Aytaç, S. E.769

Azerbaijan867

Azzolini, L.589, 590

Baccini, L.529–30

Baiocchi, G.267n.1, 268, 270, 272n.2

Baldez, L.569

Banaszak, L. A.568

band-of-brothers dilemma660

Banducci, S. A.676

Banerjee, Abhijit149

Barker, C.211, 336–37

Barnes, S. H.10, 49–50, 239, 397, 399, 407, 451, 507n.2, 514, 816, 865

Barnes, T. D.568

Barney, D.899, 905

Barnidge, M.438

Barrett, M.745

Bar-Tal, D.671

Bartels, L. M.546, 548, 816

Bartolini, S.471, 472–73

Basky, E.713

Bassel, L.802

Bastos, M. T.846–47

Baumgarten, B.884, 887

Baumgartner, F.925

Bean, L.270, 276

Beauregard, K.567–68

Becker, H.286–87

Becker, J. C.658

Bedolla, L. G.604

Beissinger, M.884–85

Belarus703, 861

Belgium
compulsory voting36n.28
political inequality921–23
populism883, 924–25
protest participation787–88
social psychology176–77

Bell, L. A.336

Belle, L. B.320–21

Belli, R. F.238

belonging, social155, 156–57
experiments259–60

Benford, R.52, 176

Bennett, W. L.803, 846–47

Bentham, J.136, 148

Benzecry, C.267n.1, 268

Beramendi, P.581

Berelson, B. R.580

Berger, B.382–83, 386, 387–88

Berthelsen, A.320

Bessant, J.903

Best, S. J.670–71

Bharatiya Janata Party (India)209–10

Bhatti, Y.546

bias
limitations of qualitative research350
non-response237
social desirability237–39
authoritarian regimes865
experiments embedded in surveys254
surveys233–34, 237–39, 254
visual analysis315–16

Big Data8–9, 298–300, 303, 309–10
epistemological proactivity306–8
media849
methodological creativity308–9
ontological awareness303–6
between ontological definitions and research-related properties300–3
protest participation400
sociology57
and visual analysis325

Big Five personality traits615–18, 620–22, 621f, 623–24
Five-Factor Model (FFM)615–18, 616t
political psychology155
political science31–32
voting and conventional political participation66–68, 66f

Binder, M.389–90

Binmore, Ken148

biographical effects of political participation16, 797–98, 803–7, 808
boundary-crossers, careers, and professionalization804–6
burnout and its prevention806–7
collective identity, moral careers, and sense of self804
costs798–800
researching807–8
varieties of political participation800–3
conventional forms801
online803
prefigurative politics802–3
self-help, mutual aid, and empowerment802

biographical interviews284n.1, 398–99 See also life history interviews

biological citizenship271

biopolitics271, 495–96

Bishop, C.383

Bishop, R.338

Bizer, George Y.68

Black, Duncan136, 139–40

Black Lives Matter (BLM)
costly abstention774
flash activism442
intersectionality729
online political participation442
psychology75
sociology55
visual analysis314–15, 316–23, 325–26
citizenship319
media321–22

black Marxism206

Black Power317–18

Blair, T.142, 352–53, 586, 587–89, 587n.4

Blais, A.48–49, 87–88, 124, 363n.2, 476–77, 579, 768

Blee, K. M.292, 807–8

Blockupy887–88

Bobo, L.604–5

Boekkooi, M.177

Bolsonaro, J.211, 673, 846

Bonapartism202, 204

Bond, R. M.154, 156–57, 258, 259–60, 439–40

Bonham, J.582

Boomgaarden, H.675

Borbáth, E.453

Bornschier, S.482–83

Bosi, L.190, 285

bots
social305
user cues845

Boulianne, S.235–36, 437–38, 444, 676, 714, 841

Bourdieu, P.46, 108–9, 192–93, 194, 271, 275–76

Bovens, M.920, 924

Box, G.135, 136

boycotts417–18, 429
democracy and collective decision-making processes, contrasting conceptions of428–29
economy533–34
gender564, 565f
individualized–collective actions’ trajectories419, 420
online political participation444
social change and the ever-expanding market422, 423–24

Boyd, D.300

Boyte, H. C.334, 804

Braconnier, C.48–49, 261

Brader, T.158, 669–70, 671–72

Brady, H. E.3–4, 241, 580, 602, 603–4, 614, 703, 706

Brandt, W.318–19

Brant, J.847

Braun, D.453

Brazil
Bolsonaro211, 673, 846
compulsory voting36n.28
corruption862
ethnography270, 273
intersectionality726–27
macro-level effects of political participation790
Marxist approaches210–11
media846, 847
protest participation
costly abstention764, 771–72
media847
relational approaches192

breakdown theories of protest50–51
economy526–27, 528–29, 530

Brecht, B.201

Breiger, R. L.192, 303–4

Breines, W.802–3

Brians, C. L.675

Brighenti, A. M.274

Briscoe, F.531

British Election Study (BES)582–83, 585, 589

British Household Panel Survey (BHPS)242, 389–90

Britt, L.659

Brockington, D.581

Brooks, C.579

Brown, N. E.567, 730, 731

Brown, R.170

Brown, W.427

Bruns, A.851

Bruter, M.369n.8

Bryman, A.352–53

Buckles, D. J.332–33

Bucy, E. P.842

Buechler, S. M.526

Bulatov, D.767

Bulgaria862

Bunce, V. J.884–85

Bunnage, L.443

Burchard, S. M.568

burnout661, 806–7

Burns, N.563, 567

Busse, B.352

Butler, D.369n.8, 583–84

Butler, R.142

buycotts417–18, 429
democracy and collective decision-making processes, contrasting conceptions of428–29
individualized–collective actions’ trajectories419, 420
online political participation444
social change and the ever-expanding market422, 423–24

Byrne, J.383

Caciagli, C.274

Cambridge Analytica844, 849

Campbell, A.364, 367n.4, 588, 821

Campbell, D. E.709–10

Canada
Black Lives Matter729
ethnography270
intersectionality729, 730
personality and motives620–22, 621f
voter turnout48–49, 67

Candipan, J.274

Cannon, L. W.589

Cantijoch, M.235, 438

capitalism
double movement of525
economy523–24, 530, 535–36
institutional embeddedness525
political engagement, new forms of530–35
strain/breakdown theory526–27
intersectionality729–30
young people903

Caprara, G. V.67–68, 615

Caren, N.442, 788

Carlos, J.317–18

Carlos, W. C.534

Carneiro, T. L.385

Carnes, N.588–89

Carreras, M.85

Carson, A.675

Carver, C. S.671

Cary, M. A. S.725–26

Casa Pound Italia54

Castañeda-Angarita, N.85

Castelli Gattinara, P.883–84

Castells, M.905

Catholicism205

Caul, M.476–77

censorship
online443
surveys864–65

Center for Social Media and Politics829

certainty effect146–47

Chabris, C.146

Chadwick, A.436

Chan, M.437, 658

Chandra, B.207–8

Chatterjee, P.104–5

Chen, H.-T.437

Chenoweth, E.819, 820–21

Chettiah, M.894

Chevalier, J. M.332–33

Chicago School50–51, 285

Chile
internet neutrality844
Marxist approaches210–11
protest participation764, 774, 847
types of activism867

China
democratic and authoritarian regimes, comparison of mass political participation in859, 861, 865, 870
Marxist approaches205, 211
media845
online political participation437
political science26n.3
sociology54–55
student movement (1989)173
types of activism870

Cho, A.383

Christensen, H.923

Cicognani, Elvira71

citizen panels/deliberations926

citizenship
active381–82
anthropology106–8, 109, 111
arena bridging453–54
biological271
critical citizens420
culture507
equality principles913
ethnography274
India209–10
institutional context492, 493, 495
intersectionality726–27, 729, 737
political consumerism and lifestyle activism419
political engagement744, 757–58
political inequality915–16
protest participation409
race and ethnicity605
socialization687–88, 689–90, 691
US726–27
visual analysis317, 319–21
young people903, 904

Citrin, J.747

Ciudadanos (Spain)462

civic culture507

civic engagement10–11, 390–91
age factors549
cleavage theory477
definitions381–82, 383
democratic and authoritarian regimes, comparison of mass political participation in865–70, 867t, 868f, 873
empirical findings388–90
macro-level effects781–82
online political participation444
an overstretched concept?382–84
personality and motives618–19, 620, 623–24
psychology69–70
thin notion of384–88, 387t
civil participation385–86
social involvement386–88, 387t

Civic Platform (Poland)460–61

civics deficit333–34

civic skills29

civic voluntarism model (CVM)27
context11
determinants and processes13
personality and motives618–19, 625
political inequality914
race and ethnicity602
sociology48

civil participation385–86

civil rights movement
biographical effects798–99
bridging rationalist, structuralist, and culturalist approaches223
gender567
intersectionality725–26
macro-level effects790
mobilization705
race and ethnicity603
sociology46–47

civil society
conceptualization784
culture511, 511t, 516, 517f, 518t
effectiveness of political participation820
institutional context495–96, 789, 790–91
macro-level effects of political participation784, 785, 789, 790–91
political inequality915

Clamshell Alliance802–3

class factors13–14
arena bridging453, 456n.2
biographical effects of political participation798–99, 801, 804–5
bridging rationalist, structuralist, and culturalist approaches222–23
cleavage theory471–74, 475, 476, 477–81, 483
economy524
and geography119–21, 122
globalization879–80, 881–82
inequality578–79, 589–90, 915, 917, 918f
addressing the problem924
cross-national patterns921–23
over time919–21
representation581–82
UK582–90, 583f, 584f, 586f, 587f, 588f
voter turnout581
intersectionality725–26, 728, 729–30, 737
macro-level effects of political participation790–91
Marxist approaches200, 201
development202, 203, 204–5
India, struggles for political participation in207–8, 209–10
political science32–35
protesters402
psychology72–73
race and ethnicity603
relational approaches183, 188
role in political participation579–80
socialization546
sociology46–47
values633, 634, 635

cleavage theory12, 471–72, 475–78, 482–83
definition472–73
modes of participation476
comparison478–82, 480t, 482f
electoral and partisan476–77
non-electoral477–78
old and new cleavages473–75

clientelism
anthropology104–5
democratic and authoritarian regimes, comparison of mass political participation in861–62
ethnography271

climate change
cognition and emotions, bridging672
economy527, 532
identity and emotions654, 659
protest participation408
mobilization713
young women893, 895–98, 901

Climate Strike408

Clinton, H.736

Cloward, R.50–51

coercion861, 862–63

Coffé, H.567

cognition
and emotions, bridging14–15, 668, 676–77
direct effects668–73
mediating role673–76
political inequality915 See also political information

cohabitation123, 258, 708

Cohen, C.728

Cohen, R.307

cohort effects548, 553–54

Cole, E. R.76

Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey (CMPS)600–1, 607, 731–32, 736

collective identity See group identity/consciousness

collectivism vs. individualism509, 511, 511t

Collin, P.896, 904–5

Collor de Mello, F.192

Colombia565, 570

colonialism104–5, 319–20, 321

Colston, E.319–20

Columbia School48, 695–96

Combahee River Collective725–26

Communist Party
China861
India208–9
Italy270

community
anthropology106–7
citizen panels/deliberations926
civic engagement381, 382, 383, 386, 390–91
contextual geography of participation121–25
critical173
discursive168
economy526–27
ethnography273–74
of identity274
imagined656–57
immigrants337
of interest274
mobilization713
political consumerism and lifestyle activism420, 422
protest communities404
psychology71, 72
US vs. French understanding273
values634

Comparative Manifest Project (CMP)768

Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES)241–42, 825–27

compassion657

compatibility thesis, mixed methods research350–51

competition theories527–29

complementarity, mixed methods research352–53

compositional geography of participation119–21

compulsory voting (CV)
gender567–68
political inequality921–23
political science36
voter turnout and partisan participation, linking365

concurrent mixed methods research353–54

Connolly, J.205

Connor, B.267n.1, 268, 272n.2

Conover, P. J.554

Conroy, M.712–13

conscientiousness615, 616t, 617, 618, 620–22 See also Big Five personality traits

consensus formation167–68

consensus mobilization167–68, 176

consequences See biographical effects of political participation; See effects of political participation; See macro-level effects of political participation

Conservative Party (UK)
class and education inequality582, 583–85, 586, 587, 587f, 588f, 589
left–right ideology positioning141f, 142
miner’s strike122

conservative shift hypothesis159

conservative values551–442

constituency marginality125–27

constructionism345, 346–47, 351

constructive relationalism190–93

consumerism See political consumerism

contact activities384

contagion658

contempt171

contextual geography of participation119, 121–25

contributor rights106

controlled motivation624

convenience samples255

conventional political participation9–10

Converse, P. E.579, 630

Conway, M. M.234

Cook, R.586–87

Cooke, B.337

Cooper, A. J.725–26

Cooper, R. N.877

Cooperative Congressional Elections Study (CCES)600, 601

Coppedge, M.516

Coppock, A.254

Corbyn, J.142

Corcoran, K.169

Córdova, A.567–68

Core Civil Society Index (CCSI)516

core motivations model624

corporations523–24, 530–36
counter-mobilization as political participation534
institutional embeddedness525–26
intermediary roles of media, investors, and consumers533–34
new tactics of political engagement532–33
political actors and targets531–32
strain/breakdown theory527

Corrigall-Brown, C.400, 406–7, 800, 804

corruption
anthropology105
Brazil192
culture513
democratic and authoritarian regimes, comparison of mass political participation in861–62, 870
young women’s political participation901

Costa, P. T.614, 615

costly abstention15–16, 763–65
as driver of political participation765–67
evidence767–74
protest participation771–74
voter turnout768–71
implications774–75

Cote d’Ivoire861, 862

Coulombe, M.48–49

Covid-19 pandemic
anti-lockdown protests703
arena bridging463
vs. austerity politics210
costly abstention774
digital media850
effectiveness of political participation829
India209–10
institutional context489
intersectionality737
Marxist approaches209–10, 211–12
online political participation803
political psychology160
sociology57
US presidential election116–17
values633–34

Cowley, P.588

Cox, L.336–37

Crawford, K.300

Crenshaw, K.725–26

Creswell, J. W.351, 353

Crewe, I.582–83

criminal justice system
anthropology106
political science35
race and ethnicity606

critical citizens420

critical communities173

critical Marxism490–91

critical theory332

Crossley, N.185–86, 192–93

cross-sectional surveys241–42

crowdfunding845–46

crowding-out thesis424

Cruces, G.259

Cuba205, 636

cultural liberalism458–59

cultural studies206

culture12, 505–6, 509, 518–19
anthropology106–7
Black Lives Matter movement322–23
and the body653
definition505, 507–8, 519
economy531–32
effects of political participation785–88
political legitimacy and trust785–86
public opinion and attitudes786–88
globalization877–78, 882–84
Hofstede’s approach509–11, 510f, 511t
Inglehart and Welzel’s approach513–17, 515f, 516f, 517f, 518t
institutional context492
life history interviews289–90
Marxist approaches199, 202, 206–7
media436
nature and importance of506–8
Schwartz’s approach512–13
socialization691
sociology49–50, 52
traditional values639
visual analysis319–20, 322–23 See also rationalist approaches, bridging with structuralist and culturalist approaches

Cyberball paradigm157n.3

cyborgs845

Cyprus887–88

Czech Republic886–87

Dadusc, D.274

D’Agostino, S.729

Dahl, R.860, 913

Dahlgaard, J. O.579

Dalton, R. J.10, 96, 169, 261–62, 397–98, 407–8, 453–54, 477–78, 507, 507n.2, 633, 645, 646, 923, 924n.12

Dardeli, A.900–1

dark politics673–77

Dark Triad of personality624

Das, V.105

Dasgupta, K.277

Dassonneville, R.579

David, C. C.676

Davies, J.50–51

Davis, A. Y.725–26

Dawkins, R.136–37

Dawson, M. C.603

Dawson, R. E.689

Day, N.241

Dayan, D.786

Debus, M.581

deduction348

Deegan-Krause, K.471, 473–75, 482–83

definitions of political participation3–5, 152, 860
anthropology101–2
Big Data298
civic engagement381–82
ethnography268–69, 272
experiments250
participatory action research330
sociology45
surveys234

De Graaf, N. D.584n.3

Deibert, R.443

Deichert, M.254

De La Garza, R. O.602n.3

della Porta, D.285, 287–88, 292, 422, 807–8, 879, 883–84, 885, 886, 887–88

De Lourdes Quintana, J.570

demand of politics167
building stones of168–72, 172f
dynamics of167–68

Demetriou, C.190

Democracia Real, Ya! (Spain, Real Democracy Now)462

democracy2
anthropology101, 103–4, 105–6, 108–9, 110
biographical effects of political participation801
bridging rationalist, structuralist, and culturalist approaches223–25, 226–27
civic engagement382–83, 388–90, 391
comparing mass participation with authoritarian regimes17–18, 858, 871–73
new evidence864–71, 866t, 867t, 868–69f, 871t, 872t
theories859–64
concerns about future of235–36
costly abstention769, 773–74
culture506–7, 513, 514
deliberative709
“diploma”920, 924
disengagement and political trust745–46, 747–48, 749–52, 749f, 751f, 757–59
individual-level dynamics753–57, 754f, 755f, 756f
economics84–85, 95
effectiveness of political participation815, 816–17, 829
gender567
globalization886, 888
institutional context495, 496
macro-level effects of political participation
cultural785–86
institutional790
policy783
Marxist approaches201, 211, 212–13
development202, 203
overarching questions207
media845
online political participation440
personality623–24
political consumerism and lifestyle activism417, 418, 424–30, 425f
political engagement744, 757–58
and political inequality912–13
addressing the problem923–26
cross-national patterns921–23, 922t
equality principle913–14
over time919–21, 920f
in participation916–19, 918f
social status and participation914–16
political science25–26, 38
importance of political participation37
individuals in context33
mobilization32
political institutions35–36
psychological orientations31
resources30
protest participation396–97, 407
race and ethnicity605
rational choice theory138, 139
risks and rewards of political participation860
socialization687–88, 690–91, 694
sociology46
surveys240
and values645–, 646f, 647–48 See also democratic values
voter turnout and partisan participation, linking366–67, 368
workplace706
young women’s political participation894, 900, 901, 903

Democracy Barometer622

Democratic Party (US)116, 119, 529–30, 589, 893n.1

Democratic Republic of the Congo862

democratic spillover thesis706

democratic values118, 630, 631–32, 641–42, 642f, 648–49
contextualizing the relationships648, 648f

democratization
globalization878
macro-level effects of political participation788–91
third wave era859

demonstrations See protest participation

de Moor, J.419, 895

Denmark
Black Lives Matter314–15, 317, 319–23
class and education inequality579, 580
cleavage theory482–83
immigrants314–15, 323–26
political inequality921
political science29–30
types of activism867

Dennis, J.688–89

Denny, E. K.159

Denzin, N.338–39

Depelteau, F.185–86

dependence105

deprivation
biographical effects of political participation800–1
double168–69
economy526–27, 529
institutional context490–91, 492
protest participation96–97, 407–8
relative deprivation theory168–69, 222–23
social psychology168–69

de Rooij, E. A.250, 257, 258

descriptive representation587–89, 925

Deutsch, F.406, 508, 514, 642

development, mixed methods research352

De Vreese, C. H.675

Dewey, J.194

Diani, M.404, 422

digital media841–42
agents of information sharing844
business models, crisis of843–44
changing habits of use843
content creators844
influence on political participation845–50
protest participation846–48
public role of private platforms848–50
voter turnout845–46
information overload842–43
mobilization703–4, 710–15, 715t, 716
user cues845

digital trace data244, 245

Dille, S.567

DiMaggio, P.194

Dinas, E.554

Dinesen, Peter Thisted29–30

“diploma democracy”920, 924

disability27

discourse analysis315

discursive communities168

Discursive Opportunity Structure (DOS)52

disengagement and political trust15–16, 744–46, 757–59
burnout806
in different political systems746–48
global patterns748–52, 749f, 751f
identity and emotions654–55, 660–61
individual-level dynamics752–57, 754f–55f, 756f–57f

distribute denial of service (DDoS) actions441–42, 445

distributive justice169

distrust See disengagement and political trust

Djupe, P.566

Dollard, John50–51

domestication processes885

Dormagen, Jean-Yves48–49

double deprivation168–69

Downs, A.84, 136, 137, 139–40, 143, 363, 703

Driscoll, K.440

Drost-Hansen, M.324n.5

Drury, J.656, 658

Dryzek, J.581

dual identity170–71

dualisms, rejection of185–86

Duárez-Mendoza, J.570

Dubai274

Duflo, E.149

Duncan, L. E.64–65, 70, 72, 74, 405

Durkheim, E.45, 657–58, 688–89

Duterte, R.673

Duyvendak, J. W.174

Dynamics of Contention (DoC) model189–90

Earl, J.439

Easton, D.688–89

Eckles, D.713

ecological Marxism206

ecological rationality147

ecology201

economic liberalization95

economic perception93–94, 94t

economics5–6, 83, 97–98
Marxist approaches199, 202, 207
and political science26
protest participation95–97
rational choice theory145, 148–49
theories of participation84
voter turnout
empirical approaches87–88
focus on84–85
meta-analysis of individual-level studies93–95, 94t
meta-analysis of macro-level studies89–93, 90t, 91t, 92f–93f
meta-analytic strategy and coding88–89
theoretical expectations85–87, 86f

economy12–13, 523–24, 535–36
activists and corporations530–35
corporate counter-mobilization as political participation534
intermediary roles of media, investors, and consumers533–34
new tactics of political engagement532–33
political actors and targets531–32
class inequality585–86
costly abstention770–71
forms of political participation528–30, 534–35
and gender566, 567
globalization877–78, 879–82, 884
institutional embeddedness524–26
materialist–postmaterialist values641
perception of, and voter turnout93–94, 94t
socialization690–91
strain/breakdown theory526–27
threat and competition theories527–28

education
and age550
arena bridging453
biographical effects of political participation798–99, 806
burnout806
civic engagement383–84
cleavage theory471, 474, 475, 477, 478, 479–81, 482–83
democratic and authoritarian regimes, comparison of mass political participation in870–71
ethnography275–76
experiments257–58
and gender566, 570
globalization879–80
inequality13–14, 578–79, 589–90
representation581–82
UK582–90, 583f, 584f, 586f, 587f, 588f
voter turnout581
Marxist approaches201, 206, 209
participatory action research330–31
political consumerism and lifestyle activism420
political inequality915, 916–18, 918f
addressing the problem923, 924, 925, 926
cross-national patterns921–23, 922t
over time919–21, 920f
political science29–30, 33–35, 38
protest participation401, 402–3
Chilean student movement847
psychology69, 72, 73–74
race and ethnicity602, 605–6
role in political participation579–80
socialization547, 688–89, 690–91, 694–95
socioeconomic geographies of participation119–21
sociology46–48, 49–50
surveys237
values633, 635, 637–38, 645 See also schools

effectiveness of political participation16, 815–17, 827–29
categorization of forms of participation817–18
efficacy820–21, 822f
new data, challenges, and opportunities823–27, 824f, 826t, 828f
non-institutionalized participation, theoretical framework for researching821–23, 823f
participation–representation connection818–20

effects of political participation
anthropology108–10
bridging rationalist, structuralist, and culturalist approaches225, 226
participatory action research333–34
protest participation400
social psychology172 See also biographical effects of political participation; See also macro-level effects of political participation

efficacy
arena bridging453
biographical effects of political participation801, 808
class and education inequality580
effectiveness of political participation820–21, 822–23, 822f, 825–27, 826t, 827f, 828f
and gender566
identity and emotions658
mobilization174, 706, 708
motives618–19, 620, 623–24
political inequality917
protest participation401, 405
quantitative approaches347
social psychology168, 169–70, 171–72, 174

egalitarianism512

Egede, H.320

Eggert, N.477–78, 482

ego-networks187

Egypt
Arab Spring54–55, 654, 713, 847
backlash protests764
identity and emotions654
mobilization713
protest participation885–87
types of activism867–70

Ehlers, J.320–21

Ehrlich, T.382

Eisinger, P.491–92

Ekkekakis, P.157

Ekman, J.10, 234, 384, 385–86, 745

Ekström, M.349

elderly people See older people

Eldersveld, S.252

elections
agenda-setting783–84
anthropology105–6
and gender567–68
online political participation439–41, 445
polling stations118–19, 126–27 See also voter turnout

electoral register121

electronic voting441

Elff, M.584n.3

Elias, Norbert55

Eliasoph, N.269–70, 272–73, 276

Elizabeth II149

Ellinas, A. A.673

Ellis, C.669–70

Ellison, N. B.803

emancipative values513–17, 515f, 516f, 517f

embeddedness
culture512
institutional524–26, 528–29, 530

Emejulu, A.802

emigrants See immigrants

Emirbayer, M.185, 194

emotional stability See Big Five personality traits; See neuroticism

emotions14
affective intelligence theory145–46
and cognitions, bridging14–15, 668, 676–77
direct effects668–73
mediating role673–76
costly abstention764–65, 770–71, 772, 773, 775
and economy526
and identity652–53, 661–62
avoiding654–55
joining655–57
quitting660–61
staying657–60
mobilization716
motivated reasoning146
political psychology157, 160–61
anger, fear, and anxiety157–59
social identity theory153
threats159–60
protest participation404, 787
reciprocal653
shared653
socialization694–95, 697–98
social psychology168, 171
solidarity, politics of898–99

empathy
costly abstention772, 773
and identity657

employment
biographical effects of political participation798–800, 804–5
status566 See also occupation; See also workplace

empowerment802

Encyclopedia Britannica383

Engels, F.50, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206, 213

English Defence League799

Englund, H.105

enthusiasm670–71, 672, 675

environmental movement
arena bridging458–59
bridging rationalist, structuralist, and culturalist approaches223
economy524, 526–27
ethnography275–76
Fridays for Future school strikes385
political consumerism and lifestyle activism417–18
protest participation408

Enyedi, Z.472, 473

epistemology344–27
and methodology, relationship between346–47
mixed methods research351

equality principles913–14

Erickson, B. H.705

Espinal, R.564

Estonia441

Estrada, J.275

ethics
Big Data309–10
corporate targets531
experiments715–16
life history interviews290–91
media849
political consumerism564
young women’s political participation902, 906

Ethiopia867–70

ethnicity See race and ethnicity

ethnography8, 267–68, 279
boundaries of the political277–79
definition of political participation268–69
intellectual groundings269–71
intersectionality737
and life history interviews293
meanings and practices272–75
mobilization715
political ideas and actors, relations between275–77
voter turnout48–49

Eubank, N.703

European Central Bank (ECB)887–88

European Citizen Consultations884

European integration458–59, 474–75, 881–82

European Parliament (EP)56

European Social Forum399–400, 878

European Social Survey (ESS)241–42, 299
arena bridging452, 454–56, 455f, 456f
civic engagement389, 390
cleavage theory478–82
comparability239–40
effectiveness of political participation823–27
gender563–64
personality and motives622
protest participation399
race and ethnicity601
voter turnout by age549f

European Union (EU)
class and education inequality585–86
economy525
globalization878, 879, 885

European Values Survey (EVS)241–42
arena bridging452, 454–55, 455f, 457–58
comparability239
culture514, 518
democratic and authoritarian regimes, comparison of mass political participation in858, 864, 865
disengagement and political trust746, 748–50, 752
gender564
protest participation399
social liberalism552f, 553f

Evangelical Protestants270, 276

Evans, G.554, 582, 584n.3, 585–86, 587, 587n.4, 589, 590

Evans, S.804

Eveland, W. P., Jr.676

executive compensation531

existential threats159

expansion, mixed methods research352, 353

expectancy-value model624

experiments8, 250–51, 261–62
mobilization715–16
pitfalls and promising avenues260–61
political science33
protest participation400
recent insights256–60
information257–59
social belonging259–60
social norms and social pressure259
use in social science251–56
growth252–54, 253f
types of experiments254–56

externalization processes885

Extinction Rebellion (XR)895, 897

extraversion615, 616–17, 616t, 618, 620
and cognition676–77 See also Big Five personality traits

Facebook See social media

fair trade422–24, 423f, 429

fake news57, 299, 305, 436, 900

Fals-Borda, O.329, 330–32, 338–39

family
contextual geography of participation121–25
immigrants323–24
mobilization708–9
political science33–34
socialization633, 693–96
sociology48–49
visual analysis9 See also households; See also parents

Fantasia, R.804

far-right ideologies
globalization882–84
Marxist approaches210–11
online political participation442
sociology54
visual analysis314–15

fascism204

fear
and cognition672, 675–76
and identity654
political psychology158–59, 160
social psychology171

Featherstone, D.899

Fédération des Femmes du Québec (FFQ)729

Feezell, J. T.712–14

femininity vs. masculinity509, 511, 511t

feminism
biographical effects of political participation803
India208–10
intersectionality725, 726, 728, 729, 737
participatory action research332
personal is political maxim334
socialist206
sociology46–47
“third wave”894n.2

Ferguson, James105

Ferrucci, P.390

field (ethnography)271

field experiments251, 254, 261
growth253–54, 253f
lab-in-field255
outcome measurement256
social belonging260
social norms and social pressure259
subject pool255
voter turnout257

Fillieule, O.804–5

Finkel, S. E.406, 619

Finland578–79, 581, 582, 921

Finns Party582

Finseraas, H.579

Fiorina, M. P.820

Fisher, D. R.404

Fisher, R.848

Fisker, C.324n.5

Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality615–18, 616t

Five Star Movement (Italy)54, 459

flash activism441–42, 445

Floyd, G.317–18, 321–22, 774

Foard, N.350

focus groups
intersectionality737
limitations349–50
mixed methods research352

Fominaya, C. F.660

food activism409

Foos, F.257, 258

foreclosure93–94, 94t

formal political participation384–85

Foster, M. D.168–69

Foucault, M.108–9, 271

Fourcade, M.782

Fox, T.582–83

Fraga, L. R.729

fragmentation, political789–90

Fraile, M.567

framing (ethnography)276–77

France
arena bridging454–57, 455f, 456f, 457t, 460–62, 460t, 461f
biographical effects of political participation802
Bonapartism202, 204
boycott against nuclear testing419
“Charlie Hebdo” terrorist attacks670–71
class and education inequality578–79
corruption862
economics96
ethnography273
identity and emotions656–57
Marxist approaches201, 202, 210–11
Paris Commune (1871)188, 201, 203
populism883, 924–25
protest participation886–87
macro-level effects787–88
sociology50–51, 52, 55, 56
race and ethnicity604
Revolution319, 634
socialization689, 691–92, 693–94
sociology
protest participation50–51, 52, 55, 56
voter turnout46–47, 48–49
types of activism870
Yellow Vest movement55, 56, 524

Francisco, V.337

Frankfurt School205–6

Franklin, M. N.365, 366, 367, 367n.4, 368–70, 373–76, 377n.16, 554

Fraser, N.272

Frasure-Yokley, L.731–32, 736

Freedom House748, 749–50, 752

Freedom Party
Austria (FPÖ)883
Netherlands924–25

Freedom Summer campaign798–99

Freelon, D.436

freezing hypothesis, cleavage theory472, 473–74

Fridays for the Future movement385, 408

Friedman, M.137

friends
contextual geography of participation121–25
mobilization703, 708–10
online political participation439–40
political psychology154, 156–57
social psychology175

Front National (France)883

Fu, D.54–55

Fung, A.428

G8399–400

G20881–82

Gadarian, S.671

Gaitskell, H.142

Galais, C.48–49

Gallego, A.601

Galston, W. A.669

Gamer Gate443–44

game theory136

Gamson, W. A.167–68, 173, 404–5

Gandhi, I.109

Gandhi, M. K.207–8

Ganesh, S.844

García Albacete, G.239–40, 550

Garrido, M.275, 279

gay rights movement See LGBTQ movements

gaze heuristic147

GDP See gross domestic product

Gelman, A.546, 555

gender13–14, 562–63, 571–72
biographical effects of political participation798–801, 804–5
civic engagement390
cleavage theory471, 475, 477, 478, 479–81
democratic and authoritarian regimes, comparison of mass political participation in870–71
differences in political participation563–65, 565f
contextual influences567–68
individual-level explanations566–67
globalization882
grassroots participation and social movements569–71
identity572
intersectionality725–37
life history interviews290–91
and personality623–24
political inequality915, 924, 925
protesters402
psychology72–73
quotas568
socialization695–96
sociology55–56 See also women

gender studies46–47

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)844

general incentives model618–19

generational factors13–14
arena bridging453–54
cleavage theory474
cohort effects548, 554
and gender567
geography122
institutional context493–94
mobilization707
protest participation550
socialization689, 690–92, 693–94, 695
sociology47, 55–56
values551, 633–34
voter turnout47, 549–50
and partisan participation, linking368, 370

genopolitics57

geography5–6, 116–17, 126–27
friends, neighbors, and the contextual geography of participation121–25
intersectionality737
mapping political participation117–19, 118f
of mobilization125–26
participatory action research330–31
and political science26, 35
socioeconomic geographies of participation119–21, 120t

Gerbaudo, P.846, 847

Gerber, A. S.250, 251, 257–58, 259, 580, 616–17

German Internet Panel555

German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES)242

German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP)242

Germany
arena bridging454–57, 455f, 456f, 457t, 460–62, 460t, 461f
biotechnology innovations, commercialization of532
Black Lives Matter317, 318–19
class and education inequality578–79, 588–89
cognition and emotions, bridging671
double voting system913
economics96
gender566
macro-level effects of political participation785–86, 789
personality and motives620–22, 621f
populism924–25
protest participation886–88
surveys235, 242
types of activism867–70