Index

Note: Tables and figures are indicated by an italic ‘t’ and ‘f’, respectively, following the page number. QM = quantum mechanics/quantum theory

α-particle tracks in cloud chamber213

acausality
and Forman Thesis896
and science journalism in Japan691–3

acousto-optic modulators598

action-angle formalism, Stark effect83

adiabatic principle83

Adler, SL42

aether911

Agar, J871

agential realism1031, 1041–4
interpretation of quantum physics1044–8
worldly intra-actions1032

agential separability1053

Aharonov, Y28, 672, 1087

Aharonov-Bohm
correlation genesis of EPR741
effect1087
principal citations743t

AHQP projectsee Archives for the History of Quantum Physics

Albareda, G33

Albert, D69, 70, 1120

Alekseev, IS681

algebras439, 442, 484

Allahverdyan, A29

Allen, HS923–4

Allori, V77

Amaldi, E643

America
Cold War497, 609, 670, 736, 756–7, 759, 847–8, 888, 896–7
new experiments on Bell’s theorem830
Vietnam war644–5, 657, 830, 890

American Institute of Physics (AIP)653, 864, 888

American Philosophical Society889

American textbooks722, 725

analysers
for γ-rays598
for low-energy photons595–7
time-varying597f

Andrade e Silva, E236, 649, 653

angular correlation of Compton-scattered annihilation photons745–6

angular momentum, diatomic molecules82

annihilation radiation
angular correlation between two photons738, 745–6
experiments736
photons590
positrons589–90, 736

anthropic principle, Wheeler406, 1192

applications
articulation of the theory178
defined in QM174
extending range of validity of theory177
foundational184–93
‘sharp’178
vs foundations175–80

approximation181
Born–Oppenheimer101, 1166
classical mechanics’s continuity1062
common electric dipole1253
Copenhagen interpretation of QM1191
dBB theory33
decoherence hides interference1055
justification for290–1, 362
linearity1094
non-relativistic1253
and Stefan–Boltzmann law100
thermodynamic815
in treatment of a measurement process14
WKB411

Archive for the History of Quantum Physics (AHQP project)833, 888–90

Arrhenius, S620

artificial radioactivity590

Aspect, A3–4, 424, 510, 593–8, 609, 772, 791, 828–32
Bell inequalities175, 344, 743
CHSH inequality violation967

astronomical random number generators (ARNGs)354, 360f

atom See hydrogen atomphysics of the atom

atomic beams591

Auffèves, A23

Auletta, G14, 15

Austria-Hungary, post-World War 1891–2

avalanche process, reduction289

Axiom of Choice, with Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory1146

axiomatic field theory387

axiomatic reconstructions, quantum mechanics418–19

axiomization of QT
functional analysis473–94
in terms of Hilbert spaces (and operators)482

axioms
CDP464–7
five, operational approach22, 422–4, 452–60

Bacciagaluppi, G
and Crull, E220, 224, 273, 528, 571, 577, 579, 852, 857, 1171
and Valentini, A60, 63, 203, 226, 271, 630, 827, 958, 1104, 1110, 1206

Badino, M4, 97

Balibar, F27

Balian, R29

Ballentine, L28, 412, 516–17, 526, 1223, 1225, 1228, 1238, 1242–3

Balmer lines80

Banach algebras484

Banach spaces478

band theory of free electrons669

Baracca, A647–9, 656–7

Barad, K1031

Barchielli, Lanz, Prosperi (BLP)1112

Bari, Italy, Selleri’s group652–5

Barkla, CG922, 924, 930

Barrett, JA67

Bassi, A42

Bauer, E12, 287, 425

Bayesian probabilities23–4, 1007–8

Bayesianism1008

Bedingham, DJ65

Bell, JS14, 20, 343f
conclusion of EPR–Bell argument1205
entanglement3
Erice School659
experimental metaphysics791–2
Forman Thesis899
‘impossibility proofs’965–9
misunderstandings1212–15
non-locality of QM1085
quantum gravitation in QM413
solution of EPR dilemma1202–4

Bell test341f

Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem1044

Bell’s dilemma (measurement problem)63–6

Bell’s inequalities65, 175, 340–60, 516, 779, 1078
Cosmic Bell tests359–61
crowd-sourcing (Bellsters)358
experiments (BIEs)588–601
Fine and764
forbidden local hidden variables1014–15
freedom-of-choice loophole and tests356–61
Leggett and514–15
local hidden variable theories (LHVT)499, 588
locality and fair-sampling loopholes340, 352–6, 358, 361, 758, 966
non-classicality417
simple form341–2f
Tsirelson’s bound682
violation454, 772, 791, 1123, 1171

Bell–CHSH (Clauser, Horne, Shimony, Holt) parameter343–58, 966

Beller, M135, 157, 165, 184–6, 207–8, 212, 629, 712–16, 785, 789, 828, 835

Belot, G69

Beltrametti, E451, 660

Benatti, F68, 1110, 1120–1

Bennett, C831

Benseny, A33

Bergia, S656–7

Bethe, H1, 373, 378, 716, 864, 900

bi-orthogonal decomposition theorem1164–6
degeneracy1165

Bijker, WE258

Birkhoff, G
and Kreyszig, E479–80
and von Neumann418, 423, 444–6, 482–6, 660

BKS See Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory (BKS

blackbody radiation77, 79, 96, 99–101, 235, 241
spectral density235

Bloch, F668
early QM183–4, 190

Bloch wave190

Blokhintsev, DL675, 679–81, 782–3, 847, 899, 1228–40
Mandelstam controversy677, 1230, 1240–3

BLP See Barchielli, Lanz, Prosperi

Blum, A137, 144, 146, 192, 206, 383, 395, 400, 404, 844

Bohm, D31, 672
causal interpretation of QM1076–7
on causality violation1082
emigration from US and idealogical Soviet campaign783
entanglement3
EPR-type experiments341, 1088
on incommensurability834
indeterminism of QM1082
philosophy1088–91
principal citations743t
Rosenfeld contra788
two-state system1081–2

Bohm’s theory
(1952)1157
complementarity, and instrumentalism784
and dialectical materialism782–3
emergence of scientific realism783–5
empty valleys1086
equivalence1084
existence theory783
guiding field1083–4, 1086
hidden variable theories499, 778, 788, 977–82
denunciation851
holomovement1087
as modal interpretation1157
non-locality1085, 1087
quantum gravity34–6
relativistic covariance1168–70
responses
impossibility proof, von Neumann851–5
Pauli and Heisenberg850–3
on Schrödinger equation1083
and scientific realism783–5
trajectories33 See also de Broglie–Bohm theory

Bohm–Aharonov hypothesis, and Furry’s hypothesis741–3t, 747, 1087

Bohm–Bub hidden variable theory968, 973–82

Bohr, N18–21, 988
1913 classical description915–19
angular momentum quantum number78
aphorism820
atom modeling77, 78, 80, 84
and zero-point energy (ZPE)120–1
Bohr frequency condition84
classical background813–18
on communicability and reproducibility425, 1037, 1043
Como lecture on complementarity424, 535, 688–9, 812
complementarity argument21, 31, 145–65, 273–4, 556–7, 658, 827–8
complementarity and uncertainty159, 798–801, 809
constitutive role of experimental contexts811
contexts, constitutive role808–13
Copenhagen interpretation543–66, 977, 988
correspondence principle78, 85, 124, 138, 178, 438, 917–19, 919
dialectical materialism673
early work915–19
Einstein–Bohr debate43, 306, 321, 561, 630, 634–7, 635, 1045
epistemology
lesson from QM787–820, 827
vs ontology557–8
EPR paradox, correlation genesis741
EPR semantics802–8
human presence as observer537–8
‘inadequacy of classical electrodynamics’916
indefinability thesis, semantics808
indeterminacy of the measurement interaction1034
on information (two-slit interference)1045
instrumentalism812
measurement matters1032
non-epistemic interpretation, of uncertainty relations798
‘ordinary electrodynamics917
philosophy-physics, reconstruction1032–40
planetary model of atom945–8
position and momentum, mutually exclusive1033
QED395
QFT, measurement379–84, 395–7, 670
QM, classical vs macroscopical382–3
quantization conditions77–89
quantum atom, and classical electrodynamics915–19
and Rosenfeld, on QED382, 395
stationary states555–6
on uncertainty relations of Landau and Peierls381
wave mechanics as a corrective vs uncertainty relation165
wave–particle duality165–6
ZP vacuum infinite energy density376

Bohr–Balmer quantization, hydrogen87

Bohr–Einstein debates674

Bohr–Heisenberg–Copenhagen interpretation, burying of creativity175

Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory (BKS)137, 152, 161, 260, 902, 1226–7

Bohr–Rosenfeld argument121, 383, 399, 401, 559

Bohr–Sommerfeld planetary theory of atom945–8

Bohr–Sommerfeld quantum theory of atom84–5, 241–2
defects138
stationary states and their energies137

Bologna, Bergia, S656–7

Bolshevik regime667 See also communism

Bolshevik Revolution673

Boltzmann, L
combinatorial models, thermal equilibrium97–100
continuity principle99
Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics99, 260
quantum theory82
statistical mechanics96–9, 104
Stefan–Boltzmann law100

Bonsack, F763–4, 772

Boolean frame978–81

Bopp, F850, 858

Born, M670
α-particle tracks in cloud chamber213–14
commutation relation79
correspondence with Einstein857–8
correspondence principle178
deterministic completion of QM855
doubts on completeness of QM862
and Heisenberg, statistical interpretation of wavefunction, phase-1205–9
on merging of Heisenberg’s and Schrödinger’s ideas211
new quantum theory78–9, 87
probabilistic interpretation of transformation theory147–60, 185
ψ interpretation308
radiation/light and matter178–9
on Schrödinger857
wave mechanics extended to aperiodic phenomena184
Waynflete Lectures in Oxford857

Born probability, von Neumann482

Born rule (1926)13–18, 29, 33, 35, 36, 65, 79, 813, 957, 1009, 1207
probability assignments810
rational justification (Schrödinger)802

Born–Oppenheimer approximation101

boron oxides, half-integral quantum numbers127

Borrelli, A852

Bose, SN243
Planck’s radiation law259

Bose–Einstein condensation244

Bose–Einstein statistics99, 111–12, 186, 243, 258–60, 275

bosons243, 275
and fermions, indistinguishability256

Bragg, WH, ‘paradox of quantity’283

Brans, K, local-realist model357

Brassard, G831

Brazil, Marxist physicists848

breakthroughs, experiment-led vs theory-led1073

Brewster angle595–6f

Bricmont, J34

Brillouin, L426

British perspectives, classical physics910–15
ether, classical physics912
McLaren910–12

Bronstein, M671

Brooksby, C33

Brownian movement289

Brukner, C14, 460–2

Bub, J14, 957, 1166
modal interpretations of QM1156–7

Burgers, J83

Busch, P23

calculus473
history of functional analysis473–4

Caldeira, A496, 503–9, 527

Camilleri, K136, 158, 163, 165, 268, 273, 496, 635, 849, 884

canonical commutation relations55

canonical genres of QM709–22

Carlip, S44

Carnap, R779, 781

Carney, D44

Carrier, M, on application-oriented research180

Cartesian coordinates, order and1089

Cartesian product assumption68

Casimir energy377

Casimir, H
renormalization programme378
ZPE131, 376–8

Cassinelli, G660

causal interpretation1076

causal locality, outcome and parameter independence65

causal perturbation theory485

causality
causal order429–30
common cause principle64–6
principle of local causality65 See also acausality

Caves, CM24, 1007

cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED)607–8

cavity radiation, using Planck’s law105

CDP See Chiribella, D’Ariano, Perinotti (CDP

Chapel Hill conference396, 404, 407

‘characterization’ problem287–9

chemical bond, Heisenberg’s concept of resonance/exchange189

Chen Ying Yang852

Chicago, History of Science Society, Forman Thesis895

Chien-Shiung Wu
angular correlation of Compton-scattered annihilation photons745–6
career awards735
experimental philosophy735–50
Kasday–Ullman–Wu (KUW) experiment735, 744–50
letter to Bell746f

Chiribella, D’Ariano, Perinotti (CDP), axioms464–7

Chiribella, G464–7

Christov, IP33

CHSH theorem/inequality (Clauser, Horne, Shimony, Holt)340, 343–58, 966–7
apparatus used in proof of Bell’s inequality589f
Bell tests593, 963
quantum archaeology609

Cini, M645, 648, 657–8

classical determinism, rescue by Bohm740

classical ‘distinguishable’ vs quantum ‘indistinguishable’255–8

classical electrodynamics
Germany919–22
and quantum atom915–19

classical mechanics77, 1062

classical phase space77–8

classical physics1075
1911–20, Germany919–22
Bohr (1913)915–19
co-creation with modern909–25
communicability, concepts425, 525–7

classical thermodynamics (1890s)909

classical vs quantum mechanics, non-Booleanity977–8

classical vs quantum probability, impossibility theorem217, 227

Clauser, J3, 343–58, 347f, 744, 748–9, 757, 829, 832 See also CHSH

Clausius, R82

Clifford algebra1091, 1100

Clifton, R65, 69

closed theory, defined856

Colbeck, R and Renner, R973, 982

Cold War497, 609, 670, 736, 756–7, 759, 888, 896–7
attack on ‘Copenhagen school’ by Soviet physicists847
‘quantum dissidents’562, 642, 648, 830, 847
Zhdanov’s speech847–8

collapse postulate1105–6
theories1075
wavefunction collapse1110

collapse process, strength of1113–14

collapse of state vector60–1
dynamical collapse theory programme63–4

Colston conference, Bristol (1957)291, 789, 850, 858

common cause principle64–5

common sense interpretations of QM10–13, 44

communicability425, 1037, 1043

communism561, 658
dialectical materialism672, 782–3,  See also MarxismSoviet Union

commutation relation, Heisenberg’s quantization condition86

commutator55, 87

Como lecture See Bohr, N, Como lecture on complementarity

complementarity
argument21, 31, 145–65, 273–4, 556–7
banishment561
Copenhagen interpretation of QM523–5, 1224
interpretation306–11
Nishina Yoshio on688–91, 698–9, 706
as paradigm785–8, 835
principle556–7, 587
tests601–5
and uncertainty159, 798–801 See also Bohr, N

completeness of QM528–31

compositional role for systems419–20, 423, 455

Compton, AH, on photons/‘light bullets’236, 271

Compton effect239

Compton scattering
annihilation photons, angular correlation745–6
distribution formula598
Klein–Nishina formula739

configuration space problem1120

Conroy, C, modal interpretations of QM1156–7, 1160

consistent histories24–7, 1188–93
families of24–7

consistent/decoherent histories approach to QM1175–93
formalism1176–80
Gell-Mann and Hartle1188–93
Griffiths and Omnès1187–8
historical context1180–7
information gathering and utilizing systems (IGUSes)1176, 1192

contexts, constitutive role808–13

contexts, systems, modalities (CSM) interpretations23

continuity, defined455

continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) theory64–5, 1113
identical particles1114
probability rule39, 41
relativistic invariant, Bell1123

continuous wave function31, 87

continuum wave theory, matter waves87

convivial solipsism (ConSol), comparison with QBism1023–5

Copenhagen interpretation of QM16, 21–2, 175, 400–7, 424–5, 521–42, 992
approximation1191
attack on847–8
Bohm and740, 977
Bohr and543–62, 977–82
classical concepts525–7
communism and561, 847
complementarity523–5
completeness of QM528–31
defence of848
Dirac and859
Everett and987–8
first/original531–3
Göttingen–Copenhagen184, 309
Institute for Theoretical Physics546–7
Landau/Lifschitz1012
materialism and antireductionism672
measurement-induced wave-packet collapse534–5
myth of848, 849
NO unitary interpretation539
objective indeterminacy531–2
orthodoxy and heterodoxy, postwar era847–60
paradigm (Hanson)778
philosophical challenges to784
postwar response to new ideas560–2
quantum indeterminacy535–6
quantum postulate553–5
Russian branch670–2, 671
subject observer role522, 536–9
thought experiments558–60
wave–particle duality532–3 See also Heisenberg

‘Copenhagen observer’1061

Copenhagen perspective, quantum probabilities1175

Copenhagen variant of modal interpretation, van Fraassen1162

corpuscular theory of light104–5, 237, 246, 260, 263, 268, 271, 273, 283–4, 311, 575, 647, 799, 1260

correlation function341

correlation interpretation13

correspondence principle78, 85, 124, 138, 178, 438–9, 919

Cosmic Bell tests359–61

cosmological constant Λ131–2

cosmology See also universe

Coulomb’s law946

coupled three-dimensional oscillators1256–7

Cox, RT23

Crull, E, and Bacciagaluppi220, 224, 273, 528, 571, 577, 579, 852, 857, 1171

CSL See continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) theory

CSM See contexts, systems, modalities (CSM) interpretations

Curie–Langevin law123, 125

Cybernetics Group1183–4, 1186

cybernetics and measurement1193–7

D-ontology96–9, 103, 111

Dakic, B460–2

Dalla Chiara, ML452, 660, 1149

Daneri, A643

Daneri, Loinger, Prosperi282, 290–1, 643, 647, 815, 828

D’Ariano, GM464–7
Chiribella, D’Ariano, Perinotti (CDP) axioms464–7

dark energy131–2

Darrigol, O8, 78–9, 373
formalism of quantum mechanics22

Davies-Unruh effect1259

de Broglie, L22, 31
matter-wave theory267, 283–4
tragedy of1216–17

de Broglie–Bohm theory22, 31–5, 65, 77, 1205–8
contextual measurements1207
equivariance1207
lack of appreciation for1215–19
merits of1208
no hidden variables1208
preferred relation of distant simultaneity65
reactions to1215–17
reactions to Bohm1217–19
world wave function412 See also pilot-wave theory

de Finetti, B23

de Witt See DeWitt, B

Debye, P119, 123, 125, 266, 598, 629, 918, 1256, 1258

decoherence9–10, 12, 62, 304
birth of507–9
concept described830–1
decohering-worlds1013–14
defined496
eation605–8
environment-induced296, 605
experiments605–8
facts are stable1057–8
grounding the proper assignment of probabilities to histories1194
Károlyházy on413
Schrödinger equation and1012–13

decoherent/consistent histories approach to QM1175–93
information gathering and utilizing systems (IGUSes)1176, 1192

definitions (Δ) and axioms (A)455
matrix density representation of states456

degrees of freedom, defined455

Dehmelt, H606–7

Del Santo, F641, 654–5, 830, 835

delayed-choice experiment601f, 1082

Delbrück, M259

Denmark
International Education Board (IEB)547–50
Rask-Ørsted Foundation545 See also Copenhagen

density matrix1112

density operator9, 1166

d’Espagnat, B8, 21, 646, 648
Erice School659

detection sets, photomultipliers and electronic circuits599

determinate observable, choices1166

determinate record problem993

determinism, classical, rescue by Bohm740

deterministic linear dynamics992

Deutsch, D413, 516, 831

DeWitt, B649, 828, 988
on Everett interpretation of QM394, 407–13, 416, 988, 996, 1001–3, 1160
‘false problem’30, 383, 1192
incompatibility between QM and gravitation828
quantization of gravitational field383, 396–401, 404
Wheeler–DeWitt equation410, 1190

di Francia, TG648, 651, 660, 1145, 1149

dialectical materialism673, 678
and Bohm’s theory782–3

Dickson, M35, 65

Dieks, D35, 36, 63, 258, 1164
modal interpretations of QM1156–7

Dieudonné, J474–81, 485

differential equations, linear, Sturm–Liouville theory474

differential-space theory, Wiener and Siegel (1955)973

Dijksterhuis, EJ473

Diósi, L42
QMUPL1114

Diósi-Penrose (DP) theory1116, 1119

Dirac, P14, 79
and Born, doubts on completeness of QM862
commutation relation, Poisson brackets86
delta-function485
deterministic completion of QM859
hole theory668
indistinguishable particles272
magnetic monopole paper192
nature of scientific progress859
q-number theory87
quantum phenomena, state probabilities211
reductionist declaration272
relativistic theory190
to Bohr, renormalization of QM859

Dirac–Jordan statistical transformation theory87

Dirichlet problem474

discernability1151

disciplinarity876–8

discreteness1061
defined455

dispersion theory for elastic scattering of light78, 79, 84–5, 88

displacement operators1090

dissipative effects1115–16

distinguishability, and individual identity95

distribution theory485–6

Doppler-shift, tuneable laser606

Dorling, J235, 872, 873, 879, 880

down-conversion, spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC)594–5, 1261

Drude, P83

Drude–Lorentz metal model668

Duhem–Quine thesis of underdetermination827, 833, 840

Duncan, A77, 79

dynamical collapse mechanism1110

dynamical collapse theory63–4, 68

dynamical equations10, 32

dynamical law, Schrödinger equation535

dynamical state35–6, 1162

dynamical variables of quantum theory58–60

Dyson, F, renormalization programme378–9, 387

ε = hv78, 79

earliest quantum conditions79–80

early debates on future of QM135–72, 181–93

Easlea, B, measurement problem500

‘Eastern thought’687

Eckart, C87

Eckert, M82

Ehlers, J255

Ehrenfest, P79, 81, 83, 104–6, 110–11, 119, 260–2, 265, 270–1, 627f, 874, 901, 918–19, 922–3
adiabatic invariants83
entropy and radiation law79–80, 104–5, 259
Lorentz–Ehrenfest calculation206

eigen-oscillations, crystal lattice130, 205

eigenfunction, description of a ‘pure ensemble’675

eigenstate–eigenvalue link56, 68, 218

eigenvalues, Born rule16

Einstein, A
1921 Nobel prize925
1922 lecture ‘Geometry and Experience’777
analogy between gas and radiation104
Bose–Einstein statistics99, 111–12, 186, 256–66
correspondence855–8
criticism of Bohm’s theory855
on epistemological problems in atomic physics1045
‘God does not play dice’306–7, 317, 1223
misunderstandings1208–12
modern/classical physics920–1
non-independence interpretation269
pilot-wave theory633–4
on Planck’s quantum hypothesis234, 241
QM an incomplete theory of individual process855–6, 859
QM criticism303–30, 914
QM, dissatisfaction with802
QM, ‘most complete possible theory compatible with experience’855–6
QM, subsequent advances328–30
on radiation
corpuscularization104–5
emission and absorption of911
state vector qua set of prescriptions, and ‘physical’ state of quantum systems802
on statistical interpretation of wavefunction204
terminology used235t
zero-point energy (ZPE)122–4 See also Bose–Einstein statistics

Einstein, Bohm and Bell
‘comedy of errors’1197–219
‘history for students’1197
summary/conclusions1219

Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, (EPR) article/argument14, 43, 190, 306–10, 320–5, 341, 588, 597, 609, 742, 803–8, 827, 828, 1077–8, 1212–13
challenge1044
dilemma1200
discussion of experimental proof (Bohm)740
EPR singlet pair, spin measurement experiment1169
EPR-type paradox1257
falsifiying alternatives to QT1110
misunderstandings1208–12
and non-locality1014, 1110

Einstein and Schrödinger, doubts on satisfactoriness of QM862–3

Einstein–Bohr debate43, 306, 321, 561, 630, 634–7, 1045

Einstein–de Haas effect123

‘elastic quantum’ (phonon)669

electrodynamics
conceptions of Maxwell and Hertz940–4
problem of interpretation938

electromagnetic fields
multi-fields69
quantizing130, 235, 374–5
quantum nature?374
ZPE122, 376–8

electromagnetism
bidirectionality941
Maxwell’s study940–4
separation between formalism and physical content942

electron impact spectroscopy592

electrons
anomalous magnetic moment g371
band theory669
bombardment, and optical pumping591
Fermi statistics186
free, band theory669
indiscernibility1145
infinite self-energy395
microscope thought experiment535
wavefunction1117

electron–positron annihilation, Wu–Shaknov experiments736

electrostatic unity of charge (esu)1145

Ellis, Hagelin, and Nanopoulos1117

empirical immediacy/veracity438

empirical interpretation of QM1223

empty waves33

energy transfer Compton effect239

enfolding, folding-unfolding1088, 1091

Englert, B15, 33

ensemble interpretation of QM1227–9
and Copenhagen interpretation of QM1224
criticism by Fock1240–2

ensembles See also statistical/ensemble interpretation of QM

entangled photons, sources591, 595

entanglement See quantum entanglement

entropy101–2
competing definitions266
extensivity106–8

episteme1182, 1184

Epistemological Letters
1970s755–71
association with Ferdinand Gonseth762–4
Bonsack’s pamphlet772
historical context756–61
informality of770–1
list of recipients765–6t

epistemology
definitions1233
lesson from QM, Bohr787–804
vs ontology557–8

EPR See Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, (EPR) article/argument

Epstein, P82, 920–1

equilibrium constant, defined106

equivalence proof
matrix and wave mechanics181, 443
pure states481

equivariance1084
de Broglie–Bohm theory1207

Erice School of 1976659–60

ether911

Eucken, A, ZPE122

Euclidean geometry1090

Everett, H2, 29–30, 64, 848, 987–1107
content of deduction1009–11
Copenhagen interpretation of QM and987–8
formulation of QM987–8
interpretation of QT, and Wheeler400–7
measurement problem989–92
observable, of which memory states are eigenstates1166
‘Relative State’ Formulation of Quantum Mechanics987–8
relative-state interpretation of QM296, 1156, 1158–62
Theory of Universal Wave Function988
on von Neumann formulation of QM988
world wave function412

evolution equation1112

exchange symmetry267–9, 271–2

exciton669

exclusion principle, integration into QM186–7

experimental metaphysics791–2

experimental outcomes of quantum mechanics53

extensionality axiom1146

Fabry–Perot superconducting cavity608

facts of QM, defined1057–8

families of histories24–7
consistency condition26
evolution of isolated system26–7
using probabilities1193

Farady, M938–9

Fein, YY9

Fermi, E, QED378

fermions, Fermi–Dirac statistics186, 257, 271

Ferretti, B641

ferromagnetism
collectivist alternative669
and QM190

Feyerabend, PK290–1, 522, 778, 781, 784, 786–91, 833, 835, 849

Feynman diagrams245, 378
perturbation theory245

Feynman, R, two-slit experiment213

Fick and Kant259, 260

Finetti, B23

Fock, V
antireductionism672–5, 679
and Blokhintsev controversy675, 679–81
and Bohr680–1
ensemble interpretation of QM679, 1240–2
space formalism658, 670–2, 1149–50
visit to Copenhagen561

form and meaning709–22
textbooks709–10

formalism
action-angle formalism, Stark effect83
consistent/decoherent histories approach1176–80
demarcation from interpretation174, 194–5
Hilbert space419, 1166
historical context1180–7
information theory1185
as a style of reasoning1182

Forman, P
Archive for the History of Quantum Physics (AHQP)833, 888–90
on Heidelberg273–4
reference point for science study905

Forman Thesis (1971)891–900
and acausality896
examples901–4
impact and controversy895–900
rebuttals by Hendry872–4, 879, 880, 897–8, 900, 902
reception, modernity and postmodernity871–86
Weimar Culture, Causality, and Quantum Theory (1918–27)828, 872–86, 891–5

foundational applications184–93

foundations vs applications175–80

Fourier analysis474

Fowler, RH269–71, 712, 925–6

France, Marxist physicists848

Frauchiger and Renner, modal interpretations of QM1156–7

Freedman, S346–50, 745, 829, 967,  See also CHSHClauser

Freire Jr, O4, 825–42

French, S11, 55, 247, 256, 274, 1067, 1135–47

Frenkel, Y668–9

Friedrichs, K, new mathematical physics385–7

Fries, JK569
reconceptualization of Kant570

Frisch, O744–5

Fuchs, C15, 24, 1007
positive operator-valued measure (POVM)427–8
on QBism1009, 1013

functional analysis473–5, 486
axiomization of QT473–94
distribution theory485–6
Hilbert and475
history473
since 1932483–7
unexpected application to QT475
von Neumannn and475

Furry, W289, 1226
hypothesis741–2
and Bohm–Aharonov hypothesis747

fuzzy link69

Gabrielse, G44

Galilean realist tradition of physical theory59, 784

Gamow, G, Thirty Years that Shook Physics888

Gao, S, tension between standard unitary QM and relativity1171

gas
ideal gas, quantum theory104, 106–12
monoatomic gas, yearly energy increase1113
undulatory theory105, 191, 263, 266, 271, 283

Gasbarri, G42

Gaussian distribution362

Gaussian wave32

Gavroglu, K7

GBG See Ghirardi, Benatti, Grassi

Gedankenexperiment debates, Einstein and Bohr617, 633, 1044, 1046

Geiger–Müller counter600

Gell-Mann, M24, 645, 1175–81
consistent histories approach1188–93
and Hartle, J645, 1175–81, 1187–93

general relativity7–8, 34, 42–3
Einstein’s special theory238
quantization401, 404

general states with density operators482

geons, Wheeler on402–3

Germany
‘Appeal to the Civilised World (1914)’616
classical physics (1911–20)919–22
post-World War 1891–2
quantum theory and classical electrodynamics919–22,  See also Forman Thesis (1971Weimar Culture, Causality, and Quantum Theory (1918–27), Paul Forman

γ-ray absorption experiments590

Ghirardi, Benatti, Grassi1120–1

Ghirardi, G655–6, 1110, 1120–1
measurement problem831
objective collapse model642

Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber theory37–41, 64–6, 297, 656, 1106, 1111–12, 1121
collapse rule1112
dynamical collapse mechanism1112
hittings1112
non-linear stochastic equation, density matrix1112
QMSL1106
wavefunction behaviour1112

Gifford Lectures, Eddington910

Gindensperger, E33

Ginzburg, V501, 677

Gisin, N1110
non-linear deterministic theory1110

Giustina, M355f

Gleason, AM23

Gleason theorem, CSM interpretations (contexts, systems, modalities)23

‘God does not play dice’ (Einstein)306–7, 317, 1223

Gonseth, F760, 762–4

Gooday, G716, 910, 912

Göttingen quantum mechanics214, 475
von Neumann on QM214, 475
ZPE130

Göttingen–Copenhagen physicists86, 184, 309

Grangier, P23

Grassi, R41, 66, 1120–1

Gravitational effects of light quanta, Rosenfeld, L394–400

gravitational field43, 159, 376, 379, 394–402, 413, 636, 778, 1066, 1116–17, 1125
measurement397
quantization394–402

gravitational wave detectors1119

gravitation–induced collapse theories41–2, 1125

gravity8, 34

Green functions, QFT378, 1090–1

Green, HS290

Greene, B44

Griffiths, R24, 27, 1175–81, 1194
consistent histories approach1186–91

Grinbaum, A419, 423, 429–30, 464

GRW See Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber

guiding equation1083, 1084f

guiding field1083, 1084–5, 1084f

Haag, R, new mathematical physics385–7

haecceity1144

half-integral quantum numbers126

Halpern, O260, 264

Hamilton, WR87, 941

Hamiltonian term
modal–Hamiltonian interpretation1166
Poisson algebra of infinitesimal evolutions439–43
Schrödinger evolution and1113

Hamilton–Jacobi theory82, 87, 442, 480, 740, 834, 1061

Hanson, complementarity as paradigm785–8

Hardy, L, reconstruction452–60
five axioms for probabilities22, 422–4, 467–8
‘five reasonable axioms’458–60, 467
one-half spin system452–5
shut up and contemplate!460
variant455

harmonic oscillator
coupled oscillators1256–60
one-dimensional78
in SED1252–4

Haroche, S496, 503, 606–8, 831, 1152

Harrigan, N66

Hartfield, B43

Hartle, J24
and Gell-Mann, M, consistent histories approach645, 1175–83

Hartz, T199, 371–92, 407, 684

Hawking, S408, 413, 1190, 1213
evaporation of a black hole413
wave function collapse413

Healey, R24, 36

Heilbron, J394, 590, 626, 695, 709–16, 722, 878, 889–90, 895–6, 900
AHQP project889

Heisenberg picture, Weyl–Wigner formalism1260

Heisenberg, W13, 16, 21, 25, 675
Anschaulichkeit137–47, 163, 379
concept of resonance/exchange189
‘Copenhagen interpretation’ coined848
equation of motion59
ferromagnetism190
collectivist alternative669
half-integer quantum number243
indeterminacy principle283–4, 531–2
notion of ‘closed theory’856–7
QM a ‘closed theory’856
quantization condition, commutation relation86
quantum indeterminacy535–6
restrictions on reality of particles273
and Schrödinger379
spacetime ‘pictures’59, 137–47
redefinition163
statistical interpretation of wavefunction phase-2209–14
Umdeutung reinterpretation of amplitudes78, 85, 88, 137–8, 180
uncertainty principle127, 157–67, 211, 798–9
wave mechanics949
wave-packet collapse142–3, 152, 159–61, 166–7, 534–5
wave–particle duality532–3
ZPE376

Heisenberg–Pauli quantum electrodynamics670

Heitler, W189, 287–8, 548

helium
liquefaction126
spectrum187

helium-3, superfluidity of500–1

Henderson, J, on orthodoxy839, 848

Hendry, J, on Weimar (WCC)872–4, 879, 880, 897–8, 900–2

Hentschel, K, photon concept236–7, 244, 248, 592

Herbert, N, Flash experiment652–3, 656

Hermann, G567, 828
Kantian interpretation of QM567–83
mathematics, philosophy, and physics567–83

Hermitian operators37, 39, 962

Hertz, H, theory of electrodynamics940–4

Hesse, M, on particles257

Hessen, B1228
Social and Economic Roots of Newton’s Principia694, 887, 896, 897

hidden parameters222–3, 226–7, 854, 960, 1078

hidden variable theories63, 65, 150, 221, 788, 828, 957–80, 1078, 1198–9, 1213
alternatives to QM1075–6
Bell’s model499
Bohmian mechanics499, 778, 850–2, 1084–5
Bohm–Bub theory968, 973–6
contextual, of environmental type968
Italy647
Kasday–Ullman–Wu (KUW) experiment735, 744–9
stochastic hidden variables969–73 See also impossibility proofs

Hilbert
axiomatic method476–7
functional analysis475–8
Sixth Problem475

Hilbert space9, 41, 87
associated probability distributions437
capacity57
defined9
formalism174, 419, 827
observables determined by total state1166
generalization484
of infinite dimension449–52
operators423–4
non-commutative structure1167
structure468–70
transformation theory167

histories
consistency24–7
families of histories24–7, 1193
functional analysis473
Karl Popper’s interpretation of QM1224–5
Kuhn’s model905
milestones424–8
overview of physics (1960s/1970s)756
quantum field theory (QFT)373–9
science and technology887
textbooks175, 712–16, 727–8 See also consistent/decoherent histories approach to QM

historiography, quantum, and cultural history887–905

hittings1112
wavefunction evolution (Schrödinger equation)1112
wavefunction evolves linearly1113

Hohenberg, P24

Holevo, AS682

Holland, P31, 33

holomovement, hologram1087

Holt, R343 See also CHSH

Hörmander, L, microlocal analysis485

Hornberger, K9

Horne, M343–58 See also CHSH

Howard, D21

Hund, F, applications extending range of validity of theory177

hydrogen atom
application of matrix mechanics186
Bohr–Balmer quantization87
Einstein–Stern model122
Lamb shift378
spectrum187
Stark effect82, 186, 945
test for validity of SED1259

hydrogen molecule, theories189

hyperplane-dependent collapse1169

ideal gas, quantum theory106–12

identity
discernibility and re-identification1151
first-order logical axioms1142
individual, vs distinguishability95
logical relation of identity1142
Schrödinger on1151

impossibilities
micro-causality464
quantum cryptography464–5

‘impossibility proofs’
Bell965–9
Kochen and Specker962–5
von Neumann958–62

impossibility theorem
classical vs quantum probability217, 227
proof, von Neumann, J217, 227, 528, 851, 958–62

incompatibility27
between QM and gravitation828

indeterminacy, disturbance analysis535–6

indirect measurement, as third way676–7

indiscernibility1142, 1144–5

indistinguishability
bosons and fermions256
defined255
particles1114

indistinguishable properties1150

individuality1141–3
defined by discernibility and re-identification1151

individuation principle1142

information, emphasizing14–15, 418

‘information’ concept1182

information gathering and utilizing systems (IGUSes)1176, 1192

information theory1185

information-theoretic postquantum models428–31

informational quantum theory15

instrumentalism784, 1009
and Bohm complementarity784

instrumentation, complementarity principle556–7

instrumentation and quantum foundations587–610

integral equations474

interference, as a many-particle effect9–10, 209

interferometry9–10, 27
experiments604–6

internal model of measurement993–4

International Solvay Institute for Physics (ISIP)625

internationalization of science See Solvay Councils

interpretation
debate and quantum gravity (QG)393–413
pluralism723
problem of1074
of theory, defined8

interpretation of QM937–52
the claim937–8
the argument938–40
electromagnetism (case1, 940–4
physics of the atom (case2, 945–8
Schrödinger’s wave mechanics948–53
summary/conclusion953

interpretation–ontology–non-individuality shifts1135

ion trapping, laser cooling606–7

Ishiwara, J82

Italy, postwar FQM641–61
1960s643–4, 830
1970s–1980s651–60
1988 effect644–51
quantum dissidents642, 648

Jacobi82, 87, 442, 474, 480, 740, 834, 1061

James, RW, on ZPE125

Jammer, M1, 4, 8, 18, 826, 829, 842
on applications177
on like particles256
Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics, The829

Jánossy, L848

Janssen, M77, 79

Japanese reactions to QM 1927–1943687–702
1920s689–91
acausality and science journalism691–3
Bohr’s visit697–701
complementarity, Sakai on690–1
dialectical materialism and QM693–6
Kyoto School philosophy and Marxism693–6
QM in 1920s689
responses to EPR paper696–7
RIKEN690
summary701–2

JASON group645

Jeans, J104, 266, 692, 910–14
Rayleigh–Jeans law128, 1239

Joffe, A82, 236, 259, 903–4

Joliot-Curie’s experiments590

Joliot–Curie, I and F590, 625

Jones and Clifton982

Jordan, P
on applications79, 176
on measurement288, 670
philosophical anxieties over QM859–61
Schrödinger function, state probabilities211

Jost, R, new mathematical physics385–7, 714

Julia, B44

Kaiser, DI385–7, 589, 641–2, 652–6, 716, 722–7, 756–60, 830, 898, 900
Bell’s inequalities, loopholes758
US quantum physics teaching722

Kant, principle of causality567

Kant, I552

Kantian interpretation of QM569–83, 700, 800, 833, 1039, 1186, 1243

Károlyházy, F1116

Kasday, LR745

Kasday–Ullman–Wu (KUW) experiment735, 744–9

Kato, T, Schrödinger operators484

Keesom, W, ZPE and125

Kelvin, Lord (aka W Thomson)941–2

Kenji Ito, Japanese reactions to QM 1927–1943687–702

Khinchin, A, founder of Moscow probability school676–7

Kiefer, C44

kinetic energy, and temperature117–20

Kirchhoff, G100, 942, 952

Klein–Nishina formula, Compton scattering739

Klyshko, D594, 681

knowledge transfer/applications, bidirectionality180

Kochen, S36

Kochen–Specker theorem1150
‘impossibility proofs’962–5
non-classicality417

Kojevnikov, A682, 887

Koyré, A897

Kramers, H78, 84–5
BKS theory137, 152, 161, 260
Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory (BKS)137, 152, 161, 260, 902, 1226–7

Kramers–Heisenberg, dispersion theory for elastic scattering of light78, 79, 84–5, 88

Kreyszig, E479–80

Kronecker delta79

Krutkow, G106

Krylov, N671

Kubetsky, L599

Kuhn, TS
Archives for the History of Quantum Physics833, 889–90
Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity890
complementarity as paradigm785–8, 835
model905
Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The833, 889

Ladenburg, R, classical dispersion theory84–5

Ladyman, J1067, 1138

Lafontaine, C1183–4, 1186

Lagrange, L180, 474, 941

Lakatos, I785, 835

Laloë, F2, 7, 33, 562, 825

Lamb, W
Lamb shift, hydrogen atom378
on photons234

Landau, L
analyses of field measurements380–4
Lifshitz and424, 669–70, 727, 1012
solid-state physics669

Landsman, K473

Langevin, P273

Lanz, L1112

Laqueur, W879–81, 885

laser
continuous wave (CW) tuneable laser593
Maiman241
principle of242f
spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC)594–5, 1261
tuneable606

laser cooling606–7

laser fields, quantum Monte Carlo methods33

lattice
definition446
irreducible vs complemented446

law of identity1146

law of indiscernibility of identicals1142

law of total probability356–7

Lebedev Institute, Moscow674

Leggett, Sir A30, 495–519, 842
The Problems of Physics514

Leggett–Garg inequalities516

Leibniz
metaphysics837, 1143
principle of indiscernibles95

Lemaitre, G, cosmological constant Λ131–2

Letertre, L, operational reconstruction422–4

Lewis, GN, on ‘photon’ use237

Lewis, P69

Lifshitz, EM424, 679, 727, 1012

Lifshitz, IM669

light
Newton’s corpuscular theory237, 246
wave–particle duality31, 165–6, 241

light quantum/photon See photons

light/radiation
corpuscular theory104–5, 237, 246, 260, 263, 268, 271, 273, 283–4, 311, 575, 647, 799, 1260
projective elements1098
scattering, inelastic86

Lindblad form40

Lindemann, F124

linear deterministic1109

linear dynamics of QM992

linear operators on Hilbert space, diagonizability217

linear space of states (Hilbert space)9, 41, 57, 87, 167

linearity condition56, 62

local-realist theories/models342, 344, 357

locality condition of relativity1110

localization theories, spontaneous1123

Loewer, B69

logical positivism, and logical empiricism777–9

Lombardi, O35, 63

London, F12, 287, 425

London theory of van der Waals forces1256

loop quantum gravity393

Lopreore, CL33

Lorentz, HA83
Chair, Solvay Councils622–5, 627f
transformations1097 See also Drude–Lorentz metal model

Lorentz invariance852

Ludwig, G289, 295, 297, 452, 467

Luft, KF, electron impact spectroscopy592

McCormmach, R720, 877, 890, 896

Mach, E27, 403–4, 411, 952, 1232–3, 1239
Mach’s principle411
integration into quantum gravity403–4

Machida, S295

Mackey, G419, 451–2, 486
probabilities, states and evolution451

McLaren, SB, on new physics910–15

macromolecule, loss of coherence1119

Madelung, E173

Maiman, T, laser241

Mandelstam, LI671–2, 1228–36, 1239–40
indirect measurement676–7
von Neumann’s 1932 analysis of QM1229

many-worlds interpretation of QM848, 987, 1002–4, 1062, 1106, 1169
measurements as acts of conscious activity1138

Margenau, H281, 294, 761, 1231, 1233, 1235–6
ensemble approach to QM1225, 1227

Markov, AA, Markov processes39–41, 1115, 1249–50

Markov, MA
dismissal678
on ‘modest role for observer’1242

Marxism897
France848
Japan693–6 See also communism

Masanes, L463–4

mass density field M, defined1114

materialism and antireductionism672

mathematical physics, new (1950s)385–7

mathematics
of nonindividuality1145–8
quasi-sets1147–9
set-theoretic perspective1146

matrix and equivalence proof87, 181

matrix mechanics86, 140, 210
Born, Heisenber, Jordan86
equivalence proof181, 443
transformation theory147–57
and wave mechanics135
Zeeman effect83, 187

matter waves603–4
continuum wave theory87
wave–particle duality112, 165–6

Maxwell, G938

Maxwell, JC839, 938–48, 953–4, 1074, 1157
distribution of particles98
electromagnetism940–4
equations253, 911, 921
Hertz and940–4, 953

Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics99, 260

‘meaning’, demarcation from interpretation194–5

measurement1009
Bohr on1049
and cybernetics1193–7
defined1105
human presence as observer537–8

measurement problem10, 57, 61–4, 281–98, 989–94, 1059–60, 1074
1950s and 1960s282–3, 860–1
determinate record and probability problems992
Easlea500
Everett989–92
insolubility proofs292–3
and interpretation problems1074
Jordan and Wigner on859–61
legitimising heterodoxy861
nested measurements990
nonlinearity in Schrödinger equation831
objectivist approaches295–7
Omnès on1186
‘paradox of quantity’283
pre-1970s293–5
pre-von Neumann period283–5
providing a dynamics to QT1138
QBism1011–14
resolution (Barad)1044, 1049–54
subjectivist approach287–8
‘characterization’ problem287–9
‘completeness’ problem287–8
thermodynamic amplification (TDA) progamme288–91
von Neumann, wave–particle duality285–6

Mehra, J7, 8, 79

Meissner, KW, electron impact spectroscopy592

Mermin, ND20, 24, 1007

mesons275

metaphysics
according to Einstein863
experimental791–2
of individualism1032
of non-individuality1143
and physical sciences1182
profile of elementary particles1139–41

Michelson–Morley experiment, electronic theory of matter912

micro-mechanics, Schrödinger950

microlocal analysis485

microscope, resolving power535

microscope thought experiment535

military applications, positron–electron studies736

Millikan, R, on light as electromagnetic waves236, 239

Minkowski, R, electron impact spectroscopy592

Mitchell, D716, 910, 912

Möbius transformation1097

modal interpretations of QM31, 35, 1155–75
based on bi-orthogonal decomposition of total state (ψ)169
Copenhagen variant1162–4
non-Copenhagen variant1164–6
perspectival properties of observables1166–8
relatavistic covariance1168–71
summary1171