Index

For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52–53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages.

Abba, N. J.687

Abba Serapion168

Abdel-Kader, A. H.874–875

Abhidhamma226, 228, 232, 748–749, 773

Abhidhamma Piṭaka (basket of higher teaching)548–549, 552–554

Abhidharmakośabhāṣya892–893

Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣāMahāvibhāṣā

Abhinavagupta90–93

abhiniveśa (fear of death)559

Abi-Rached, J. M.926, 938

Abrams, A. I.829

absorbed consciousness See samādhi (mental equipoise

absorption (chan)890–892, 897–898

absorptive meditation411–416, 887–888

abstraction (dijudicatio)388–389

Abulafia, Rabbi Abraham10, 129–130, 132

acceleration600–601

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy686

accounts574

acrobats analogy226

Action Tantra273

activism
for diversity783
ecological784–785
feminism783–784
Occupy protests771, 781–782
peace networks780
racial issues784
social change780–782

Activist’s Ally, The: Contemplative Tools for Social Change (CMind)779

adaptive killing602

addiction448
substance use702–703, 735–736

adolescents
attention control468
emotion processing469

Advaita Vedānta35, 84–85, 114–115, 794

adverse effects of meditation865–866
bewilderment and annihilation873–875
Catholicism869–870
Centering Prayer867–869
chaos and liminality879–880
dark night866–867
descent for the sake of ascent875–876
expanded and constricted consciousness876–879
Judaism875–880
night of the self869–870
perceptual changes844–845
polishing the heart870–871
Sufi meditation873–875
Yo-Yo syndrome872–873

affective changes from meditation845–847

affective phenomena (AP)484

affective prayer390

affirmations534–535

affliction See duḥkha (suffering

age
cellular aging708–709
cognitive decline446–448
and meditation preferences64, 592–593
meta-regression518–519
and Transcendental Meditation (TM)733

agency408–410, 417

Agent Intellect130

agnihotra (fire sacrifice)103–104

Ahadith, Mohammed525

ahaṃkāra (ego mind)559

Aitken, Robert Baker780

Akṣobhya275, 278

albuminuria701–702

alchemy, internal (Neidan)8–9, 314–316, 322–325

alcohol703, 735–736

Alderton, Lindsay784–785

Alexander, C. N.717–718, 720–722, 733, 829

Alfeyev, H.10, 170–171

Alive church178

Allah193 See also God

Allen, K.827

Allison, John347–348

Alpert, Richard (Ram Dass)539–540, 778–779

alpha power443, 952–953

altered states of consciousness (ASC)27–29, 43–44, 65–67

Altered States of Consciousness (Tart)542

altruistic mind270

Amaravati monastery, Hertfordshire656

Amatākaravaṇṇanā228

Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji774

ambivalence646

ambivalent emotions489–490

American College of Physicians698

American Heart Association723

American Psychologist journal61–62

Amida Order785

Amitābha275, 278, 280

Amitāyus Visualization Sūtra378–379

Amoghasiddhi275, 278

Amṛteśa (Lord of Immortality)88–89

amygdala927–928

Anālayo, Venerable226–227, 364–365, 362n5

analgesic effects of meditation953–954

Analysis of the Six Intellectual Lineages (Sima Tan)291–292

analytical techniques11

Anand, B. K.953

Ananda751–752

Anapana meditation633

Ānāpānasati Sutta (Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing)321

anattā (no self)489–490, 493, 552, 633 See also non-self

Anban shouyi jing (Scripture on Mental Restraint through Breathing)892–893

Ancient (Nyingma) School263–265, 273, 282

ancillary beliefs43–44, 48–49, 59

ancillary practices43–44, 48–49, 54, 58–59

Anderson, T.64

Andrew of Crete, St.163

an˙ga (steps)389–392

angelic names, recitation (Merkabah)8, 10, 128

Angot, Michel116

An˙guttara Nikāya889–890

anicca/annica (impermanence)489–490, 493, 552, 633–634, 900

añjali mudrā (prayer position)798, 801

annihilation (fana)873–875

anomalous cognition (AC)946–947, 955–957

Ansari, Khwaja ʿAbdullah198

Anscombe, Elizabeth404–405

Anselm, B.410

An Shigao368, 891–893

antenatal care340–341

Anthology of Transmitting the Dao (Chuandao ji)314–316

antibodies701–702

anti-structure573, 584

Anuyoga273

anxiety disorders506–507
and Transcendental Meditation (TM)729–730
whole-person perspective684–685

Anzaldua, Gloria783

apatheia (dispassion)168

aperture of God (brahmarandhra)85–86

apophatic meditation (inner cultivation)4–5, 8–9, 290–302, 314
ideas303
psychological techniques296–297
resultant states297–300
resultant traits300–302

Apophthegmata Patrum164–166, 168–170

appropriation31–32

apps600–601

apramāṇas896

Aquinas, St. Thomas172–174, 597, 609

Arabi, Muhyiddin Ibn al-881

Archer, Frances340

Aristotle129, 597

Ariyaratne, A. T.774, 786–787

Arntz, A.682

arousal levels50

Art of Relaxed Living, The (Hewitt)343

As a Matter of Course (Call)337

āsana (posture)92, 102, 111, 390, 483–484, 557–558

Asan˙ga897

ascetic movements110, 119–120
Upaniṣads104–110

ascetic practices99–102, 410–411

ASCs See altered states of consciousness (ASC

ashtanga yoga See astanga yoga (Eight-Limbed Yoga

Asia See also Eastern traditions
encounter with Western world19–21
psychologization of traditions27–32
recontextualization of meditation34
religion in26–27
secular adaptation36–37
Western conceptions30–31

Asia-Pacific War (1937–1945)908, 910–911

áskēsis (training)102

asmaʾ (meditation on God’s names)191–194

asmitā (erroneous identification of the self with the mind)559

assault167–168

assessments
effects of meditation803–807
meditation experiences in context855–856

assimilation778–779

Association for Contemplative Mind in Higher Education779

astanga yoga (Eight-Limbed Yoga)58, 112, 797–799

Aṣtạ sāhasrikā prajnāpāramitā (The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines)375–376, 899–900

asthma703–704

Astin, J. A.492

Aśvaghoṣa897–898

Atharvaveda, Vrātyakaṇḑa (fifteenth book)102

Atiśa Dīpaṃkara Śrījnāna266, 270

Atiyoga273

Atlantic Monthly, The346–347

attachment style509

Attar, Farid ad-Din873–874

attention5, 416, 492
adolescents468
Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)55–56
and plasticity407–408
in prisoners826–827
and self-creativity405–410
training42–43
in Vipassana practices224
voluntary forms408–409

attention blink467, 473

attention control468–469

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)725

attention-focusing facilitation956

attitude483

auditory oddball task468

Augustine of Hippo145

austerities (tapas)99–100, 102, 105–106, 110

Autogenic Training (AT)337–338, 344–345

autonomic system activation471–473

Avalokiteśvara mantra285–286

Avalon, Arthur90

aversion against anything unpleasurable (dveṣa)559

avidyā (ignorance)391, 559

awakened states44, 67

awakening752, 766

awareness91, 93–94, 416–417

awareness-being278

awe488

Awrad-e Fathiya or Litanies of Divine Opening (Hamadani)200

Baal127

Baal Shem Tov (Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer)132–133, 876–877, 879, 948–949

Ba’al Teshuva (BT) Jews139

babbling meditation193

back pain698

backsliding893–894

Baer, R. A.58–59

Bailin Chan Monastery252

Bali539

bama (high place)127

Bandura, A.526

baqa (subsistence)874–875

Barber, T. X.951

bardo279–280

Barker, K. K.582

Barker, Kristin784–785

Barlaam of Seminara171–174, 176

Barlow, D. H.684

Barnes, V. A.723–725

Barnhart, Bruno621–622

Barrett, L. F.485

basic emotions model484–485

Basil of Caesarea164–165

baskets/Pali Canon (Tipiṭaka)213–214, 548–549, 552–554

bast (expansion)872

Bataille, G.608–609

Batchelor, Stephen555, 675, 925–926, 933–934, 940–941

Bazzano, M.598

Beach Boys (group)346

Beatles (group)47, 346, 348n11

Becchetti, C.229

Beck, A. T.486, 681

behaviour, and Transcendental Meditation (TM)735–736

behaviours of mind482

Being Black: Zen and the Art of Living with Fearlessness and Grace (Williams)782

Being Still: Reflections on an Ancient Mystical Tradition (Leloup)622

beliefs634, 638
cognitive changes851

Bell, S.655

Bellah, Robert99, 103

Bellavin, Tikhon178

Bender, C.578–579

Benedictine monasticism617, 619

benediction (salawat)194–197

Benedict XII, Pope172–174

benefits of meditation50–51

Benson, Herbert48–49, 67, 335–336, 345, 347–351, 952–953

Bentor, Y.283

Berdyaev, Nicolas410–411

Berger, Peter636

Bernard of Clairvaux, St.617

Besancon, Rabbi Israel Isaac139–140

beta power441–444

bewilderment873–875

Bhagavad Gītā18–19, 42, 108–109, 111, 525
Western antipathy towards21

bhāvanā (mental training)28–29, 654–655

bhavan˙gas553–554

Bhāvaviveka266

bhikkhu (monks)653
ordination652

Bhikkhu, Pyosobhon229

bhikkhunī (nuns)653, 656–667, 774–775

Bhugra, D.685–686

Biardeau, Madeleine104

Bible
Hebrew (Old Testament)126–127
lectio divina8, 11, 155–156
New Testament145–147

Big Five model of personality505–507

Bingemer, Maria Clara624–625

biofeedback technology338–339, 349–350

biological variables, individual responses to meditation512–515

biomarkers514, 927–928

Bizot, François216–217, 229

Black, D. S.707

Blackburn, T. C.527n3

Blake, William753–754

Bleick, C. R.829

Blood Oath Corps Incident913, 920–921

blood pressure516, 700–701, 723–725

Bluck, R.655

Blue Cliff Record, The251

Blue Cross insurance727–728

Bodhi, Bhikkhu60, 915, 937

Bodhicaryāvatāra (Śāntideva)269

bodhicitta269–270

Bodhidharma238–239, 598
robe239

Bodhidharma’s Skin, Flesh, Bone, and Marrow598–599

Bodhisattva898–899
visualization of375–379

body
affected by mindful breathing364–365
awareness of363, 365
elongation950, 954

body-building, association with yoga33

body-mass index (BMI)702

body-scan meditation472

Bonaventure, St388–389, 392

Bön School282

Book of Master Guan (Guanzi)288–291, 294, 300, 314–316

Book of Master Lie (Liezi)290

Book of Master Wen (Wenzi)290

Book of Master Zhuang See Zhuangzi (Book of Master Zhuang

Book of Serenity, The (Hongzhi)247–248, 251

Book of the Huaian Masters (Huainanzi)288–293, 300, 303–304

Book of the Old Masters (Laozi)288–290, 294, 296–297, 314–316

Boome, E. J.340

Boonyanaruthee, V.850–851, 856

Borān Kamaṭṭhāna217, 228–229, 232

Bordia, A.952

Bourgeault, Cynthia621–622, 868–869

Bowen, S.828–829

Boyce, Barry777

brahman (God or ultimate reality), true nature of self7

Brahmanism93–94, 99–100
ascetic practices102

brahmarandhra (aperture of God)85–86

brahma-vihārās487, 555–557, 561–562

Brahmayāmala-tantra84–85

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)513, 515

brain-hacking931–933

brain health446–448, 450 See also mental health
addiction and mental illness448
age-related cognitive decline446–448

brain-imaging studies See neuroscience

brain plasticity931

brain responses437–439

brain structure432–434, 449
individual responses to meditation514–515

Brain Wave Vibration513, 515

Brasington, Leigh881–882

Bratslav Hasidism134–136, 139

Braud, William955–956, 959

breaking of the vessels (shevirat ha-keilim)879

breath223, 368
and altruistic intentions270
and bodily activity364–365
control (prāṇayāma)8, 92, 102, 110, 113, 390, 392, 557–558
and emotions491–492
inner cultivation (apophatic meditation)294–296
and meditation sickness893
observing193, 362
prāṇa103–104

Bredemeier, K.681

Brensilver, Matthew800

Brett, C.852

Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad (BU)105–107, 413–414

Britain, Buddhism in655–657

British Journal of Psychiatry673

British Royal Society932–933

Broderick, Patricia793–794

Bronkhorst, Johannes104, 117–118, 416–417

Broughton, J. L.239

Brown, Daniel49

Brown, K. W.55–56

Bryant, E. F.114

Buber, Martin137, 879

Buddha, Gotama105, 213–217, 548–549, 629, 653–654
enlightenment361, 751
exoteric meditation268–269
on five hindrances889
image of747–748, 891
infancy911n2
on mind control525
opposed to killing913–916
skandhas753, 765
skin, flesh, bone, and marrow598–599
visualization of375–379

Buddhabhadra893–894

Buddha-dhamma653–654

buddha-field (Pure Land)279–280, 848

Buddhaghosa29–30, 218, 221–222, 224, 230

Buddhapālita266

Buddhasena894–896

buddhi (intellectual mind)559

Buddhism8–9, 18–19
ascetic ideal887
ascetic movements105–107
behaviours of mind482
in Britain655–657
chronology7, 81
clinical reading677
community (san˙gha)653–654, 656, 661–665
compassionate emotions487
early theories of meditation555–556
Eightfold Path See Eightfold Path
Engaged Buddhism774–775, 779, 784, 786
Fivefold Path892
five gates896–899
five hindrances888–890
five paths894–899
guide217–218
identification with637–638
interest in655, 658–661
and killing908, 913–917
levels of attainment29
‘living in the moment’ tradition6
meditation sickness887–888
mindfulness meditation60–61, 361–370
monasticism28–29, 651–657
neural938
non-linear paths881–882
preliminaries to meditation218–219
psi phenomena949
and psychology677–678, 748–749
radicalism787–788
as rational tradition629–630, 639
religious syncretism578–585
rūpa (icon)753–759
samatha (calm-abiding meditation)216–217, 219–225, 227–229
as science of the mind23, 33–36, 933
secularism776–777
self, view of678–679, 938
Shambhala Buddhism783
statistics651–652
Theravada See Theravada Buddhism
Three Refuges632
in the United States591
Vipassana (direct-insight meditation)219–221, 223–225
Western conceptions25, 28–29, 576–578
White Lotus societies30

Buddhist Alliance for Social Engagement (BASE) program780

Buddhist Modernism629, 772–775

Buddhist Peace Fellowship (BPF)780

Buehler, Arthur204

building blocks530–535

Buitenen, J. A. B. van7, 112

Bulatovich, Antoniy177–178

bundle theories404–405

Burger, J. M.526

Burke, A.64

Burmese Buddhism34–35, 773–774

Burnett, Richard801

burning love (incendium amoris)388–389, 952–953

Burton, N.20

Bush, Mirabai778

businesses, mindfulness in600–603, 778

Buswell, Robert Jr.28–29

Butler’s Lives of the Saints948–949

cachexia699

Cadge, W.577, 580

Cahn, B. R.468

Cakrasaṃvara Tantra266

Call, Annie Payson337, 339

calm-abiding meditation (samatha)8, 12, 18–19, 29, 216–217, 219–225, 227–229, 271–273, 482, 550–551
hallucinations associated with845–846
similarity to Daoist meditation321

Calmer Choice program793–794, 802–803, 806

Camano, L.482

Campbell, Colin21

Canada
mindfulness in schools801–802
secular education793

cancer
mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs)699–700
mindfulness meditation55

Candrakīrti900

can˙kamāna (walking practices)227

Cannon, Walter349–350

Cantrell, W. D.822

Caodong house247–249

Cáo-shān Bĕn-jì247–248

Cappadocian Fathers164–165

Carakasaṃhitā (CS)112

cardiac sympathetic index (CSI)472

cardiovascular disease701, 722

Cardoso, R.482

Carlson, L. E.492

Carmelite monasticism617

Carmody, J.58–59

Carmona-Torres, J. A.687

Carruthers, Malcolm350–351

Cassian, John151–152, 167, 619–620

Castillo, R. J.842n1

Catechism of the Catholic Church150

catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT)513, 515

Catholicism
Centering Prayer See Centering Prayer
dark night624–626, 846, 866–867
night of the self869–870
psi phenomena948–949

causal aspects278–279

Cavanaugh, K. L.829

Cavanaugh, R.827

Cavanaugh, William T.26–27

CD4 count707

Cekic, M.446–447

Celestial Cycle323–324

Celestial Masters (Tianshi)311–312

cellular aging708–709

Center for Action and Contemplation621–622

Center for Contemplative Mind in Society (CMind)778–779

Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Health Care, and Society (CfM)799

Center for Transformative Change (CXC)782

Centering Prayer619–620, 867–869
sitting position42

Centre of Applied Positive Psychology (CAPP)602

Certeau, Michel de623

cessation of suffering (nirodha)18–19, 112–114, 386

Chabad Hasidic court134

chadō (tea ceremony)490

Chadwick, P.687

Chah, Ajahn232, 656, 776

chakras117
focus on (Kula visualization)8–9, 88–89

challenges
context855–859
person-centred approach857–859
victim-blaming856–857

chan (absorption)890–892, 897–898

Chan Buddhism
Contemporary Period251–253
Everyday Chan (Shēng-huó Chán)251–253
koan11
Opportune-Moment Encounter Period246–251
origins237–238
Pure Chan Period238–246
somatic effects848

Chāndogya Upaniṣad (CU)103–104, 413–414

Chân Không774

Chan miyao fa jing (Scripture on the Secret Essential Methods of Meditation)891, 894

Chan-Ob, T.850–851, 856

chanting225–227, 798

chanting of mantras (mantrajapa)102

chaos606–607
tohu879

Chapters on Prayer (Evagrius Ponticus)149–150

character strengths59

Chen, Z.844–845, 848–849

Cheng, W.-Y.660–661

Chēng shí237

Chételat, G.447–448

Chhina, G. S.953

Chien, W. T.687

childbirth, relaxation techniques340–341

children See also schools (education establishments
attachment style509
behaviour735
practising yoga796–797
Transcendental Meditation (TM)734–735

China See also Chan Buddhism
establishment25
White Lotus societies30
Yellow Turban Revolution30

Chinese Buddhist Association (CBA)252

Chinul250, 752

Chishti Sufi Order196, 204

chöd (cutting or severance)9, 280–281

Choompolpaisal, Phibul217

“chop down the flagpole”751–752

Christianity8, 419–420,  See also CatholicismJesus Christ
antipathy towards ‘Mystic East’20–21
Buddhist practice in578–585
chronology7
Cloud of Unknowing, The (anon.)156–160
commitment to justice and ethics622–626
commonalities with Theravada Buddhism12
communities612–613
contemplative practice613–626
Evagrius Ponticus147–150
experience of meditation393–394
intermediate dimension392–393
Jesus Prayer10, 150–151, 176
John Cassian151–152
lectio divina8, 11, 155–156
meditatio384–385, 387–390
post-secularism607–608
psi phenomena948–949
spirituality612–613
transcendence597
vision of Light of God9–10
vs. yoga traditions389–392

Christian Meditation (Finley)621–622

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)703–704

Chuandao ji (Anthology of Transmitting the Dao)314–316

Churchill, Winston794

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints591–592

cinnabar322

circumplex model of affect484–485

Cistercian monasticism617–618

Cittaviveka monastery, Sussex656

citta-vṛtti (mental fluctuations)18–19

Civil Aviation Authority346

clairvoyance946–947

classical Daoism290–293, 312–313

Classic of Changes (Yinjing)322

Classic of Great Peace (Taiping jing)292–293

Classics of Western Spirituality, The616

Clear Exposition of the Five Stages of Guhyasamāja266

Clements, C. B.827

clinging (Devequt)133, 139–140

Cloud of Unknowing, The (anon.)156–160, 620

Coakley, Sarah625

code of conduct (sīla)216, 219, 227, 245, 633, 654–655, 889

cogitation388, 395

cognition, and emotions492–493

cognitive abilities301–302

cognitive behavioural theory of relaxation58

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)681–682
for diabetes701–702
for insomnia (CBT-I)704
for obsessive-compulsive disorder685
in prisons826–827

cognitive changes from meditation850–851

cognitive decline446–448

Cognitively Based Compassion Training488

cognitively based compassion training (CBCT)514–515

cognitive statements534–535

Cohen, Steven141

Cohn, M. A.511–512

colds, susceptibility to707–708

cold temperatures, ability to withstand952–953

Coleman, John231–232

Coleman, J. W.579

Coleridge, S. T.766

Collected Tantras of the Nyingma School263–265

Collected Works263

Collection of Middle-Length Suttas (Majjhima Nikāya)362

collective consciousness721

collective meditation583

Collins, Randell573, 584–585

colonialism, resistance to773–774

colonialization21–26

Coming to Our Senses (Kabat-Zinn)335

commonalities12

communicatio idiomatum175

community
san˙gha (Buddhist community)653–654, 656, 661–665
in solitude583, 752–753
Zen meditation750–753

comparative effectiveness research695–696

compassion (karuṇā)487

Compassion and Meditation: The Spiritual Dynamic Between Buddhism and Christianity (Leloup)622

compassionate emotions487–488

Compassion Cultivating Training488

Compassion Meditation488, 514–515, 585

Compassion Meditation Training488

complementary practices226–227

Complete Perfection (Quanzhen)237, 311–312, 314, 324–325

Completion Stage278–280

complexity13

Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program602

concentration5, 633
on prayer word152
samādhi (mental equipoise) See samādhi (mental equipoise
on a single point (ekāgratā)7–8, 82, 105–107, 117, 386, 752

Conception Vessel322–324

conceptual-act model485

conditionality678

Conduct Tantra273

confection (saṃskāra)762–764

Conference of the Birds, The (Attar)873–874

conferences778

Conferences (Cassian)151–152

Confucianism237, 288

Confucius290

Congleton, C.929–930

Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander (Merton)619

Conqueror of Death (Mṛtyunjaya)88–89

conscientiousness505–507

consciousness5, 552–553
altered states (ASC)27–29, 43–44, 65–67
awakened states44, 67
awareness91
beneficial states47
claims of ‘fourth state’47–48
collective721
expanded and constricted876–879
psychoactive drugs101
pure719, 721
states in Transcendental Meditation (TM)720–721
transformation of7, 138–139
vijñāna765–766

Consequentialists (Prāsan˙gika-Madhyamaka)266

consideratio/illuminatio390

constellations, focus on319–321

constricted consciousness (mochin d’katnut)876–879

Constructive Thinking Inventory734

constructivist perspective484–485

contemplatio390

contemplation4–5, 9, 144–145, 158–160
Divine Light contemplation (meditating on God’s light)8–12, 170–174, 878
on the foul8–9, 363, 366, 370–372, 890, 892–893
muraqaba (contemplation of the “inner” heart)8, 11, 203–206
of sins165–170

contemplation-being278

contemplative neuroscience928–931

Contemplative Outreach620–621

Contemplative Prayer (Merton)618–619

contemplative traditions432–433
Christian613–626
new directions621–626

Contemporary Buddhism (Williams and Kabat-Zinn)61

Contemporary Period251–253

context855–859

contraction (qabd)872

control525–530 See also self-control
assessing526–528
attention control468–469
of breath (prāṇayāma)8, 92, 102, 110, 113, 390, 392, 557–558
context528–530
locus of505–506
matching strategies to individuals535–537
of metabolic rate952
over bleeding951
over bodily processes41–42, 49
over heart rate952
personal journey537–542
research on528
strategy for self-control534–535
systems model528–530

control groups695–696

controversies, Divine Light contemplation (meditating on God’s light)11–12

conversion629–631, 635

Conze, E.653–654

Cook, J.653, 660, 664–665

Cook and Medley Hostility Scale825

Cooper, H. M.526

core affect485

corporate mindfulness600–603, 778

corpse, visualization (Meditation on the Foul)8–9, 363, 366, 370–372, 890, 892–893

cortisol (stress hormone)709, 731

cosmic homologies103–104, 109

cosmology of classical Daoism292–293

Coué, Emilé339n5

counterculture343

Cowan, Megan800

cow-butcher simile373–374

Cox, Harvey20–21

Coyne, James805–806

Crane, H.660

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)705–706

Creation Stage278

creativity, and Transcendental Meditation (TM)733–734

Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ)519–520

Creswell, J. D.511

Criminal Cognitions Scale829–830

criminogenic cognitions829–830

Crisp, Tony342

Crosby, Kate25, 28–29, 217, 230, 661

crucifixion391

Cruz, Fred Arispe821

CTZNWELL782

Cullen, Chris801

Cultivated Sage300–301

Cultural Formulation Interview858

cultures853–854
macro-traditions22
norms858

Curie, Marie947

curing, vs. healing679–680

Cutcliffe, J.674

cutting (chöd)9, 280–281

Da anban shouyi jing (Large Sūtra on Mindful Breathing)368

Dadan zhizhi (Direct Pointers to the Great Elixir)323

Dadong zhenjing (Perfect Scripture of Great Profundity)314–316

Dahl, C. J.946

Dahui Zonggao249, 901–903

daily routine43, 661–665

Dakota, The Cloister Walk (Norris)621–622

Dakota Access Pipeline protests785

Dalaʾil al-Khairat or Demonstrations of Benevolence (Jazuli)196–197

Dalai Lama95–96, 482–483
5th (Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso)271
14th (b. 1935)35–36

Damasio, A.409

Damoduoluo chan jing (Dharmatrāta’s Meditation Scripture)891–894, 897–898

dance208–209

Danielou, Jean617–618

Dao (Way)291–293, 298–299, 304, 325–326
tradition311–313

Daoism4–5, 8–9, 237, 288
agency417
ambivalent emotions489
chronology7
classical290–293
early organized312–313
four divisions312–313
inner observation314–316, 321
internal alchemy (Neidan) See internal alchemy (Neidan
later organized312–313
modern312–313
origins14, 288–289
philosophical vs. religious313
scholarships on289–290
seven periods311–312
similarity to Buddhism321
technical specifics316–317
textual corpuses314–316
types of meditation314
visualization319–321
Yellow Turban Revolution30

Dào Xìn240–242

Dào Xüān238

Daoyin tu (Guiding and Pulling Diagrams)293

dark night624–626, 846, 866–867

David Lynch Foundation796, 806

Davidson, Richard41–42, 930–931, 940, 954

Davidson, R. J.465, 579, 946

Davis, Angela780–781

De (Potency)291–293, 301

dead words vs. live words250

death
altered effects on the body954
choosing posture910–911
fear of (abhiniveśa)559
meditation on279–280, 482–483

Deatherage, G.51

Death Pose (śavāsana)341, 798

Decade of the Brain931–932

decentering56–57, 492–493

decolonization608

deconstructive meditation416–418

deconversion631

Deep Relaxation (Dunne)341–342

default network activation and deactivation443

deity meditation (iṣṭadevatā)488–489

deity yoga278–279

Deleuze, Gilles605–606, 609

Delmonte, M. M.505–506, 511

DeLuca, S. M.63

delusional beliefs851

dementia446–448

demographic surveys14–15, 592–594

demographic variables574
individual responses to meditation516–517

demons148–150, 167–168

Denkuroku751

Dennett, Daniel404–405

dependent origination552–553

depersonalization849–850, 853–854

depression464–466, 486
decentering493
diagnostic labels680–681
and illness severity516
mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs)507
spiritual viewpoint675–676
Transcendental Meditation (TM)730–731
treatment for54, 673
whole-person perspective681–683

De quaestionibus Armenorum (Radulph)174

dervish184

Descartes, René4, 390–391, 395, 404, 419, 481–482

descent for the sake of ascent875–876

‘Description of the Six Centers’90

deserted place (erēmos)145–146

de Souza, E.482

Devequt (clinging)133, 139–140

devotional practices226–227, 415

dhamma220, 550, 661–662, 773

Dhammacakkapavattana Sutta216

Dhammadhāro, Ajahn Lee229

Dhammaloka, U655–656

dhamma service631

dhāraṇā83, 92, 390, 557–560

dharma598–599, 917
difficulty of translating21–22

Dharmamitra896–897

Dharmapāla, Anagārika33–34, 655–656

Dharmatrāta’s Meditation Scripture (Damoduoluo chan jing)891–894, 897–898

Dharmodgata Bodhisattva375–376

Dhātuvibhanga Sutta363

dhikr (repetition of key phrases focused on God)8, 10–11, 176, 183–189, 870–871

dhikr biʾl-jahr (meditation through the tongue)199–203

dhyāna (visualization)83, 92, 385–394, 557–560, 603–604, 749, 908–909  See also Zen meditation
and Meditation on the Foul892–893

diabetes701–702

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)674, 680, 853–854, 858

diagnostic labels674, 680–681

Diagram for Cultivating Perfection (Xiuzhen tu)316–317

Diagram of Internal Pathways (Neijing tu)314–317

Dick-Read, Grantly340–341

Didascalion (Hugh of St. Victor)388

differential relaxation339–340

Digha Nikāya889

DihlawiʿAbd al-Haqq Muhaddith204–205

dijudicatio (abstraction)388–389

dīkṣā (initiation)83

Ding, X.505–506

Dingguan jing (Scripture on Concentration and Observation)314–316

Diodochos of Photiki, St.150

Direct Encounter Sutra (Pratyutpanna-buddha-sammukhāvasthita-samādhi-sūtra)376–377

direct-insight meditation (Vipassana)8, 12, 18–19, 219–221, 223–225, 271–273, 551, 557–558
disaffiliation narratives642–644
embodied self-reflexivity584
event-related potentials (ERPs)467
Goenka’s movement629–635
insight knowledges846
and mindfulness movement230–232
neurophenomenology439
Pragmatic Leavers644–647
in prisons823–824, 827–829
research participants635–638
rhetorics638–641
schools225, 229–230
sense of self849–850
sitting position42
somatic effects848–849
for substance misuse828–829
in the United States and Israel577–578

Direct Pointers to the Great Elixir (Dadan zhizhi)323

disaffiliation narratives630, 642–644

disciplinary power933

Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing (Ānāpānasati Sutta)321

Discourse on Mindfulness of the Body (Kāyagatāsati Sutta)362–363, 368–371, 373–374

Discourse on Sitting-in-Forgetfulness (Zuowang lun)314–316

Discourse on the Essential Meaning of Absorbing Qi (Fuqi jingyi lun)318–319

Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness (Satipaṭṭhāna-Sutta)223–224, 230–231, 321, 362, 550, 633, 799–800, 888–889

discursive thought (vicāra)889

disenchantment572–573, 576

dispassion (apatheia)168

distractions878–879

Ditto, B.472

diversity63–64, 783, 788

dividedness898

Divine Light contemplation (meditating on God’s light)8–12, 170–174, 878

divine love (ishq)870–871

Divine Manias (Ustinova)947–948

divine names131

Divine Nature412

Divine Persona127–128

divine therapy867–869

divine vision127–128

DNA709

Dobbins, A. E.829–830

Dobkin, P. L.682–683

Doctor’s Prescription analogy639

Doetsch-Kidder, S.783

Dōgen247–248, 368–370, 598

Dōgen Zenji764

Dominican monasticism617

Domrachyov, Hilarion177–178

Dòng-shān Liáng-jiè247–248

Dorjee, D.463–464

Double Peak Mountain240

drugs
mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) for substance use702–703
substance misuse in prisons828–829
and Transcendental Meditation (TM)735–736
viṣa (poison)101

Dryden, W.354–355

dry insight-worker (sukkhavipassaka)224

duʿa (supplication)197–199, 206–207

Duane, Bill932

Duerr, Maia779

duḥkha (suffering)105, 112–114, 489–490, 555, 633, 661–662, 760–761, 799

Dumont, Louis104

Dunne, Desmond341–342

Durkheim, Émile105, 573

dveṣa (aversion against anything unpleasurable)559

dynamic transitions between postures (vinyāsa)483–484

dysphoric emotions486, 493

Dzogchen (Great Completion/Perfection)267–268, 273, 281–283

Early Han dynasty311

early organized Daoism312–313

East Bay Meditation Center (EBMC)780–781, 783, 787

Eastern Christianity9–12, 164–165
contemplation of sins and repentance165–170
Divine Light contemplation (meditating on God’s light)8–12, 170–174
hesychasm176–179
Jesus Prayer176
Orthodox163–164, 167

Eastern traditions7 See also Asia
ambivalent emotions489
and colonialization21–26
encounter with Western-based traditions19–21
psi phenomena949–950
Western conceptions30–31, 581–582

East Point Peace Academy783

eating disorders, treatment for54

Eclache, M.472

Ecodharma Center, Catalonia784–785

ecological activism784–785

Ecosattva training784–785

Edgerton, F.118

education792
assessments803–807
contemplative neuroscience932
mindfulness in777–778, 799–803
moral education without religion792–794
Transcendental Meditation (TM) in794–796
yoga796–799

education levels580

effects of meditation
adverse See adverse effects of meditation
affective changes845–847
analgesic953–954
biological variables512–515
changes to sense of self849–850
cognitive changes850–851
demographic variables516–517
illness severity variables516
individual503–504, 517–520
perceptual changes844–845
psychological variables511–512
on school grades803–807
somatic changes847–849

ego678–679
overcoming182–189
vs. soul189–191

ego mind (ahaṃkāra)559

Egypt876

Eifring, H.226, 651

Eight Extraordinary Vessels322–323

Eightfold Path18–19, 43–44, 58, 112, 215–216, 252, 549–551
followed in Goenka’s movement633
predictions555–556

Eight-Limbed Yoga (astanga yoga)58, 112, 797–799

Einstein, Albert947

Eisen, Arnold141

ekaggatā (unification)225

ekāgratā (concentration on a single point)7–8, 82, 105–107, 117, 386, 752

Ekijū, Yamazaki910–911

Eklöf, Jenny929–930

Ekman, P.484–485

electricity, feeling of848

electroencephalography (EEG)440–445
neuroelectric correlates441–442
neurophenomenology444–445
pain thresholds953
psychophysiology464–466
research findings442–444
in Transcendental Meditation (TM)720

elementary principles (tattvas)114–115

elements85–87, 363

Eliade, M.14, 103, 795

Elias, Jamal204–205

Eliezer, Rabbi Israel ben (Baal Shem Tov)876–877, 879

Elite Buddhism352n21

Ellamil, M.439

embodied self-reflexivity584

embodiment316–317

emotional equanimity (upeksā)29, 487

emotional meditation414–416

emotions191, 484–485
ambivalent489–490
cause of pain678
and cognition492–493
compassionate487–488
direct interaction with meditation489–490, 495
distressing878
dysphoric486, 493
effects of meditation845–847
focusing on (Hitbodedut)8, 10, 134–136, 139
indirect interaction with meditation493–495
individual responses to meditation511–512
positive677
processing469, 472
psychophysiology491–492
regulation464–465, 468–469
reverential488–489
self-transcendence493–494

Empedocles947–948

emptiness298, 444–445, 939
as meditation sickness901–902
as psychological condition679
sūnyatā493–494
view of270–271, 935

Empty Cloud (Xū-yún)251

Encinitas Union School District (EUSD)798–799

energy (rajas)559

Engaged Buddhism774–775, 779, 784, 786

Engle, Adam930

English Sangha Trust (EST)656

Enlightenment24

enlightenment887–888
of the Buddha751
Five Paths to269–270
paths to267

Entrance by Practices238

Entrance by Principle238

environment for meditation, in prisons820–821

epistemes22, 24

equanimity (upeksā)29, 487

erēmos (deserted place)145–146

erroneous identification of the self with the mind (asmitā)559

error-related negativity (ERN)469

esoteric meditation268–269, 273–285, 379

Essence of the Meditation Manual Consisting of Five Gates, The (Wumen chanjing yaoyong fa)377–378, 891

Essence of the Tantras (Abhinavagupta)92–93

Essential Methods for Practicing the Five Gates of Meditation896–897

Ethical, 510

ethical commitments622–626

ethics (yama)92, 390, 557–558

ethnicity14–15

Eucharist175

euchites177

Eureka Effect733

Evagrius Ponticus147–150, 164–168, 170, 176–177, 412

Evangelical Protestants591

event-related potentials (ERPs)466–471

Every Body, Every Mind Sangha783

Everyday Chan (Shēng-huó Chán)251–253

Everything Belongs: The Gift of Contemplative Prayer (Rohr)621–622

exceptional psychophysiological abilities950–954

excitement137–138

executive function492

exegesis152–153

exercise491–492

existence, Madhyamaka Buddhism934–937

existentialist secular meditation603

exoteric meditation268–269, 271–273

expansion (bast)872

expansive consciousness (mochin d’gadlut)876–879

expectations511, 519–520

Expedient Way to Practice the Essentials of Identifying with Dao and Pacifying the Mind, The240–242

experience of meditation393–394, 842
affective changes845–847
appraisal843–851
changes to sense of self849–850
cognitive changes850–851
perceptual changes844–845
religious vs. psychopathological853–854
somatic changes847–849

expert meditators66

Extended Record of Chan Master Hongzhi, The248

external interaction rituals584–585

exteroceptive awareness432–433

Extinction Rebellion785

extraversion505–506

fana (annihilation)873–875

Farb, N. A. S.64, 437–438

Farias, M.48

fasting954

fatigue699–700

fear
of death (abhiniveśa)559
as effect of meditation845–846

Fellowship of Reconciliation780

feminism783–784

fibromyalgia697–698

fight or flight response824–825

fikr (thought)203, 205

Finley, James621–622

Finucane, A.486

fire sacrifice (agnihotra)103–104

Fire Sermon551–552

Fitzgerald, Constance625–626, 867

five breaths103–104

Five Buddhas275–278

Fivefold Path892

five gates896–899

five hindrances888–890

five houses246

five paths894–899

Five Paths to enlightenment269–270

Five Phases319–321

five powers268

Five Precepts656–657

Flanagan, Bernadette625

Flood, Gavin99, 104–107, 109

flowing (yinshi)302

fluid intelligence734

focused attention meditation435–437, 482, 720

Folk, Kenneth932

forces191

Forest Sangha232

form483–484 See also postures

fortuitous determinants66

forward inference927–928

Foucault, Michel22, 401, 403–405, 926

foul, contemplation/meditation on8–9, 363, 366, 370–372, 890, 892–893

Foulk, T. G.247

Four Applications of Mindfulness268

four divine abidings269

Four Noble Truths105, 270–271, 633–634, 677–678

Fourth Patriarch Monastery253

‘fourth state of consciousness’47–48

Four Visions282–283

Four Yogas281–282

Fox, James822

Fox, Keiran C. R.432

France, psi phenomena956

Frances, A.674

Francis, Pope626

Francis of Assisi, St.951

Frederickson, B. L.511–512

Freedman, B.492

Freeman, Laurence619

Frenette, David869–870

frequency of meditation591

Fresco, D. M.56–57

Freud, Sigmund28, 403–405, 538–539, 554

Frohlich, Mary881

Fromm, Erich403–405

Fronsdal, G.353–354

frontopolar cortex433

Frost Programme, The348n11

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies57, 434–435, 925

functional neuroimaging434–439
age-related cognitive decline447
brain responses437–439
neural correlates435–437
neurophenomenology439

Fuqi (ingestion of qi energy)8–9, 314, 317–319

Fuqi jingyi lun (Discourse on the Essential Meaning of Absorbing Qi)318–319

Future of Religion, The (Zabala)607–608

Galilea, Segundo624–625

galvanic skin response (GSR)472

gamma activity442

Gandhi, Mahatma540, 623–624, 786–787

ganzfeld959–960

Garab Dorje282

Gautama See Buddha, Gotama

Gebara, Ivone624–625

Geluk School263–264, 266, 271

gemilut hasadim (bestowal of loving-kindness)488

Gempō, Yamamoto920–921

gender differences516–517, 580

genealogical approach926

gene expression709

General Hospital Psychiatry (journal)352–353

Generation Stage278–279

genetic variables513–514

Genjōkōan (Dōgen Zenji)764

German Medical Society for Psychotherapy338n3

Germanus151

Gershon, Rabbi Abraham132–133

Gethin, Rupert60–61, 889, 915–916

Ghazali, Abu Hamid200–203, 881, 193n8

Gilbert, D. T.5

Gillet, Lev165, 177

giving and taking (tonglen)270, 488

Global Assessment Tool602

Global Consciousness Project956–957

globalization19–20

Glueck, Bernard735

gnosis (jñāna)114

goals of meditation43–44

God
asmaʾ (meditation on God’s names)191–194
and contemplative practice614–615
dhikr (repetition of key phrases focused on God)8, 10–11, 176, 183–189, 870–871
dialogue with393
Divine Light contemplation (meditating on God’s light)8–12, 170–174, 878
guidance from539
and immanence205, 605
incarnation of174–175
intimate conversation with (munajat)198
references in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra118
synergy166–167
as trinity163
zikr sirri (silent repetition of God’s name)63

gods, identification with7

Goenka, S. N.231–232, 551, 577–578, 629–630
adoption of rhetorics638–641
disaffiliation narratives643
research participants635–638
Vipassana movement631–635

Goffman573

Goldberg, Elliott33

Goldman, N.472

Goldstein, Joseph35, 579, 776, 778–779

Goleman, D.42–43, 49–50, 482, 579, 777

gom267–268

Gombrich, R. F.354n24

good friend (kalyāṇamitta)217–218

Goodman, Trudy799–800

Google778, 787, 932

Gopaka Moggallana Sutta913–914

Gordhamer, Soren778

Gorō, Lt. Col Sugimoto910–911

“Gospel of Relaxation, The” (James)337

Gotama See Buddha, Gotama

Governing Vessel322–324

Goyal, M.699

grace (kṛpā)66

Grace, Fran779

Graham, A. C.290, 302

granthi (knots)88–90

Great Calming and Contemplation (Mohe zhiguan)368, 888–889

Great Canon of Saint Andrew of Crete163

Great Clarity (Taiqing)311–312, 314

Great Completion/Perfection (Dzogchen)267–268, 281–283

great insight (prajñā)18–19, 29, 762, 937

Great Peace (Taiping)311–312

Great Perfection of Wisdom (Mahāprajnāpāramitā)900

Great Pile of Jewels (Mahāratnakūtạ)899–901

Great Seal (Mahāmudrā)266–268, 281–283

great vow (mahāvrata)102

greed (rāga)559

Greek doctrine174

Greek philosophy947–948

Greene, Eric893

Gregory of Nazianzus164–165, 171

Gregory of Nyssa164–165, 172

Gregory of Sinai, St.150–151

Grof, C.848–849

Grof, S.848–849

Groneman, Patrick771

g Tum-mo practice952–953, 957–958

Gu, J.57–58

Guanfo sanmei hai jing (Ocean Sutra)374

Guanzi (Book of Master Guan)288–291, 294, 300, 314–316

Guber, Tara797–798

Guerric d’Igny153

Guhyagarbha (Tantra of the Secret Essence)264–265

Guhyasamāja Tantra (Tantra of the Secret Assembly)266

guide217–218, 662
imagining the face of186
of Zen meditation751–752

Guide to the Perplexed (Maimonides)129

Guiding and Pulling Diagrams (Daoyin tu)293

Gūi-fēng Zŏng-mì244

Guigo II153–156

Gumley, A.851, 855–856

guṇas (qualities)114, 559, 561–562

Gupta, O. P.952

Gutiérrez, Gustavo623–625

Gutschow, K.660

Gyatso, Janet28–29, 843

ha’alot machshavot (uplifting of thoughts)878

Haberman, David415

Hadda monastery891

Hadot, Pierre413–414, 403n3

Hagu, Kazu783

haiku poetry540

Hakim al-Tirmidhi, M.410–411

Hakuin Ekaku538, 902–904

hal (states)870–872

Halakhic action131

Hale, L.685

hallucinations844–846

Halpern, Charlie778–779

Hamadani, Sayyid ʿAli200

Hammitzsch, H.490

Han Empire289–290, 311–313

Haney, Dawn780

happiness (sukha)889

Haredi Jews139

harm avoidance507–508

Harrison, Peter22, 376n27, 377

Harvard Business Review929–930

Harvey, P.222, 653–654

Hasidic Judaism10, 131–134, 136–137, 876–877

Hastings, A.825–826

Hatha Yoga Project110

Hatha Yoga tradition19, 25
focus on inner sound92
form483–484
Western conceptions25–26

Hawn, Goldie801–802

Hayyei ha’ ‘Olam ha-Ba’ (Abulafia)129–130

headaches698–699

healing145–146, 403–405
vs. curing679–680

healing practices192

health336

health benefits514
of spiritual forms of meditation65
yoga32–33

health insurance data725–728

Healthy Habits of Mind (2013 film)801

Healthy Self-Regulation Scale825–826

heart disease701, 722

heartfulness801

heart rate control952

heart-rate variability (HRV)471–472

Heart Sutra493–494

Hebrew, combining letters (Letter Permutation)8, 10, 129

Hebrew Bible126–127

Heery, M.825–826

Heesterman, Jan C.104

Heidegger, Martin403–404

Hekhalot literature127–128

helplessness601–602

Heriot-Maitland, C. P.852

Hermit in Prayer207

Herron, R. E.726–727

Heshang Mahāyāna267

hesychasm20–21, 42, 165, 176–179, 412

heterodox systems548

Hevajra266

Hewitt, James343, 351

hidden texts (treasures)264

Highest Clarity (Shangqing)311–312, 314–319

Highest Yoga Tantra273

high place (bama)127

Himelstein, S.825–826

hindrances to concentration888–890

Hinduism7–8, 591
Advaita Vedānta35
chronology7
dhyāna (visualization)385–394
earliest traditions14
psi phenomena949
spiritual identity418
Tantra79–81

Hippocrates41, 67–68

Hiroaki, O.920

Historically Black Protestants591

Historical Records, The (Sima Tan)290

history of meditation6

Hitbodedut (focusing on intense religious emotions)8, 10, 134–136, 139

Hitler, Adolf912–913

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)707, 725

Hizb al-Bahr or Litany of the Sea (Shadhili)198–199

Hof, Wim953

Hofmann, S. G.827

Holmes, Barbara622

Hölzel, B. K.929–930

Home, D. D.954

Hóng-rĕn243, 253

Hongzhi Zhengjue247–248

Honorton, Charles955, 957–959

Hood’s mysticism scale844–845, 848

hooks, bell783–784

hotṛ (priest)102

householder tradition631–632

How to Relax (Thich Nhat Hanh)335

Huainanzi (Book of the Huaian Masters)288–293, 300, 303–304

Huang-Lao dao311–312

Huangting jing (Scripture on the Yellow Court)314–316, 322

huà tóu249

Hūa yán237

Hugh of St. Victor388

Huibers, M.682

Hùi Kĕ238–239

Huiming jing (Scripture on Wisdom and Life-Destiny)314–316, 323

Huì Néng238, 242–246, 252–253

Human Kindness Foundation821

Human Rights Act (1998)793

Hume, David404–405

Humes, C. A.347

humility158–159

Hurlock, Heather802–803

Husaini Gisudiraz, Muhammad190

hypersensitivity844

hypertension516, 700–701, 723–725

hypnosis337–338

icon (rūpa)753–759

Idle Talk on a Night Boat (Yasenkanna)903

Ignatius Loyola401, 614, 948–949

ignorance937–939
avidyā391, 559

Ikeda, Mushim Patricia783, 788

illness severity variables, individual responses to meditation516

illuminatio/consideratio390

imagination (vikalpa)83

Imamura, Ryo780

immanence597–598
modern608–609
and spiritual transformation605–606
vs. transcendence605

immanent spirituality609–610

immersions92–93

immortality89

immune cells707

immune system705–709

“Impasse and Dark Night” (Fitzgerald)625–626

impermanence (annica/anicca)489–490, 493, 552, 633–634, 900