Index

Index

Bold entries refer to illustrations.

Acheloos368–9, 374, 375, 379

achlis431

Acosta, Jose de438

Aelian17–18, 147
animal communication226–7
animals in warfare282, 287, 292
baboons456–7
cartazonus425
Characteristics of Animals156, 182, 226–7, 282, 287
foxes165
griffins427
martens168
martichore424
monoceros424
rhinoceros424–5

Aeneas the Tactician284, 286

Aeschylus
divination310
fables3
insect imagery185
Prometheus Bound384, 385, 389, 393, 397–8
Supplices385, 393, 397, 398

Aesop xvi2–3
ascription of fables to3
‘Crow and the Pitcher’ fable16–17
death of20
Life of Aesop4, 11, 19–20
origins and life of4
sociopolitical animals in Aesopic tradition18–20
specific setting of fables11

Agesilaus II147

agriculture
animal husbandry447
animal husbandry’s priority over139–40
animal markets144–50
Egypt447
hierarchy in forms of139
as proper source of wealth137–9

Ahenobarbus, Cn Domitius503

Alcibiades481, 483

Alciphron164–5

Alcmaeon of Croton510–11

Alexander of Myndos426

Alexander Romance421, 423, 456

Alexander the Great47–8, 285, 288, 289, 290–1, 304, 417, 421, 423, 448, 465

Alexandria, library at418

alfalfa114

Amathus110

Amenhotep III449

Amesinas464

amphibians175–6
as pets277

Amphilochus114

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae511–12

Anaximander240

Anchimolos252

animal gods366

animal markets144–50
Arcadia149
Athens144–5, 146, 250
Delphi147–8
Isthmian Games148
meat markets343
panegyreis (market fairs)148–9
panhellenic festivals147
Rome149–50
sacrificial markets144–5, 147–8, 250, 327, 329–30
sanctuaries148
Sparta146–7

animals in antiquity
domestic animals157
iconography157
role in reconstructing the past156
textual sources of information156
wild animals157–8
zooarchaeology157

anthropomorphism, animal fable1, 10

anthrozoology558

Antigonus II Gonatus292–3

Antiochus III290

Antiochus the Great291, 501–2

Antiochus VI505

Antiphanes146

Antony, Mark264–5

ants, giant427

ants, in literature182

Anyte184

apes
communicative behaviour218
as pets278

Aphthonius3

Apicius172, 208, 259

apiculture188

Apis cult445

Apollodorus314

Apollonios54

Apollonius of Rhodes76, 294, 400–2

Apollonius of Tyana422, 551

Appian284

Apsyrtos590, 594, 600

Apuleius406–8

Arachne181, 184

Ara Pacis Augustae in Rome50–1

Aratus537

Arcadia149

Archelaus237–8

Archestratos of Gela255–6

Archilochus557
fables2, 3, 11
insect imagery185

arena356
capturing and transporting animals for471–2
Christian martyrs357–8

Arimaspi427–8

Aristophanes
animal choruses68
animal sacrifice68, 336
animals as food items67–8
animals in plays of62–3, 68–9
animals in67
animals in the64–5, 228, 399–400
animals in the66–7, 182, 408–9
animals in the65
animals in the67, 182
animals in67
animals in the63–4, 183, 399
animals in67
excessive food consumption256–7
fables3
insects183
magic302–3
mythological animals68

Aristotle
animal communication219–21, 225
animal husbandry110
animals and wealth137, 145
animal speech10
biological gradualism (sunechia)518–19
buffalo158
chameleon419
distinguishing factual and fantastic animals418
divination320–1
On Divination by Dreams320
Egypt420
Eudemian Ethics320
fables3, 18
hedgehogs166
hierarchy of agricultural activity139
History of Animals102, 103, 156, 219, 220
horse breeding and training102
insects181
intellect of non-human animals517–18, 519
levels of soul544
logos220
martichore424
meat-eating544–5
Nicomachean Ethics544
origins of the gods233–4
Parts of Animals16, 18
Politics220, 544–5
relationship between human and non-human animals517–19, 521, 544
sheep breeding103
whales and dolphins176
wild cattle158
wonder414
zoological knowledge558
zoology517

Arkadia252
hybrid gods377–8

Arnobius333, 357

Arrian203, 205, 421

art, animals in xvi25–6, 57, 157
animal-bearing motif40–1
animal behaviour28
animal friezes30, 31–2, 35
animal imagery in visual culture26
animal sacrifice43, 44
animal style24–5, 32–3
Ara Pacis Augustae in Rome50–1
Archaic art32–5
artists53–4
Athena Nike, temple of46
Athenian art32
birds31, 34, 37, 46, 174
boars35, 56
bulls28, 29, 39–40, 462–3
cats275
chariot groups54
Christian iconography41
Corinthian art32, 33, 34
cultural ideas about animal behaviour30
Cycladic art26–7, 28
decorative use of31, 37
Dexileos monument46–7
difficulties in reading animal imagery30
Dionysian art38
dogs271
dolphins177
doves55
Egyptian symbolism453–4, 455, 456
erotic context43–6
fossils586–7
funerary images46–7
Geometric period30–1
Gigantomachy on the Great Altar at Pergamon48–9, 50
Greek vase-painting32–4, 331
hares34
Heracles38–9
high esteem of animal imagery53
horse-head amphorae33
horses33, 47, 56
human-animal interaction31
human control of animal world37–9, 57
hunting scenes47, 51–2, 53, 203–4, 208–9
insects187
Laconian art34
lions34–6
Macedonian art47–8
master/mistress of the animals motif29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 46
Minoan art28–9
Mithraic iconography42
Mycenaean art28–9
mythological narratives39–40
naturalism28, 32, 35, 36, 43, 48, 53, 54–6
Orientalizing Period31–2
Orpheus41–2
owls33, 34
panthers24, 32, 34, 35
place of animals in ‘Art’26
poetics of the image maker54
potnia therōn imagery37–8
power communication46–53
pre-Classical Mediterranean26–9
reception of animal imagery in histories of art26
Roman mosaics37, 51–3, 422
Roman wall-painting36–7
scholarly neglect of24
statuary53–4
status symbols33
symbolism29–30, 31
Tierkampf (animal struggle)32, 35, 36, 37
votive dedications42–3

Artemis38

asceticism359

asses
domestication of100, 102
wild asses170

Assos32

Asterios the Sophist183

Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria359–60

Athena Alea, sanctuary of (Tegea)148

Athenaeus
Deipnosophists61, 254–5, 256, 257–8, 260, 377, 433
Roman simplicity260
on vegetarians252–3

Athena Nike, temple of46

Athens
animal markets144–5, 146, 250
cheese market146

Atticus, Titus Pomponius138

augurs313

Augustan History497

Augustine, St362, 417, 428

Augustus433, 470, 585

Aurelian497

aurochs158

Ausonius216

Australasia, natural wonders437–8

Avianus, fables3, 17–18

aviaries276

Ba369

baboons456–7

Babrius, fables3, 5, 14–15, 228

badgers167

Bakewell, Thomas112

banquets257
Petronius’ satire of265–7
Roman banquets263–5

basilisk425

Basil of Caesarea360–1

Batrachomyomachia228

bats169

bears163
hunting163, 206
performing bears466, 474

beavers169

Beavis, I C180–1

Beazley Gem39

beech marten168

bee-keeping188

bees
in Classical art28
communicative behaviour218
diseases and treatments602
in literature182, 183
spiritual associations186
use in warfare283, 284

Beneventum, battle of500

bestiality371

Bible, animals in355–6

bio-communication217

Bird, C D16

birds173–5
association with death370
aviaries276
in Classical art31, 34, 37, 46, 174
in comedies64–5
communicative behaviour217, 219, 220, 221, 222–3, 224, 225, 226, 230
in divination practices312–14
hunting206, 209
hybrid gods369–70
as pets276
songbirds175
in tragedy86–7, 89–90, 94
use in magic295–6
utilization of276

bison158

black rat172–3

Blemmyae428

Blumenbach, Johann438

Blundell, Susan237

Boardman, J24, 29–30, 53

boars159
animal sacrifice340, 341
castration603
in Classical art35, 56
in epics93
hunting159, 206

Boethos54

Boios400

Bolus of Mendes296

Botai100, 101

Boukephalos56

Brown, Barnum586

brown bears163

Browne, Thomas438

bubonic plague286

buffalo158

bulls
association with fertility368
bull-leaping462–3
bull-wrestling464
castration602–3
in Classical art28, 29, 39–40
hybrid gods368–9
Minotaur463
Roman triumphs495–6, 497
in tragedy89, 94–5

burial practices
dogs273, 274
horses274–5 See also funerary art

butterflies16, 182, 186

Butzbach111

Bynum, C W392

Caesar, Julius
banquets262
elks431
exotic animals432, 433
triumph492, 498, 502, 503, 505
venationes470

Calpurnius Siculus431

Calydonian Boar434, 582–3

Cambyses288, 447

camels118–19
Egypt448
use in warfare289–90

Camillus492

Campbell, John140

capital punishment357–8, 474–5

care of animals

cartazonus424, 425

Cassiodorus474

Cato
cattle farming139
recipes258–9
Roman culinary simplicity258
selling animals144

Cato, Marcus Porcius590

catoblepas425, 426

cats118
in animal fable12–13
in Classical art275
dissemination through Mediterranean world275
Egypt446–7
lynxes166
as pets275
wild cats166

cattle
breeding of110–11, 112
domestication of104
health of117
illnesses and treatments597–8
as measure of value142–3
as status symbol140
use in warfare287–8

cavalry289

Censorinus240

centaurs xv–xvi373, 376

Centaurus, Chiron591

Ceres, festival of165

Chaironeia35

chameleon418–19

chamois165

chariot racing
breeding of horses for485
care of horses486
celebrity of horses487
charioteers482, 485
Christian Church488
curse tablets488
fans487
format of Roman races483–4
on funerary relief484
in Greek world478–9
as military training479
naming of horses486–7
Olympic games479–80
organization of (by484–5
Roman circuses483
in Roman Italy483–8
selection of horses for486
strategy in Roman races484
superstitions487–8
training of horses486 See also horse racing

cheese market146

Cheiron367, 372, 373, 376, 377, 379, 380

chickens
caponizing of cocks603
cock-fighting276, 464–5
illnesses and treatments601–2
poultry farming119–21

children, and dogs273

Chiron393, 589, 596, 599

Christianity
Acts of the Martyrs358
allegorical conceptions of animals360, 363
animal-human distinction355–6, 364
animal sacrifice342–3, 346, 357, 362, 363
animals in Classical art41
animals in the Bible355–6
animals of the desert358–60
Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles359, 364
asceticism359
Basil of Caesarea360–1
chariot racing488
demonization of animals359–60
Epiphanius, Bishop of Cyprus361–2
humanization of animals359
knowledge of animals360–2
martyrdom357–8
meat-eating362
sacrificial language356–7
use of animals363–4
vegetarianism362–3

Chrysippus of Soloi221–2, 464, 521, 524, 545

cicadas
communicative behaviour225
in literature182, 183–4, 185, 556–7
visual representations of187

Cicero262, 522
agriculture as source of wealth137
cattle as measure of value142
De divinatione315
divination313
wondrous animals422

Cimon583

Cincinnatus260

Circus Maximus450–1, 468, 469, 483, 488

Clark, Stephen R L539, 545

Claudius51

Claudius the Neopolitan551

Cleopatra264–5

climate, ancient conceptions of416

Cnossos462, 463

cock-fighting276
Greece464–5

coins, insect images187

Columbus, Christopher436

Columella
cattle104, 150
dogs272
duck farming125–6
horse breeding102, 150
peacocks128
pig breeding105
poultry farming119, 120
veterinary medicine590, 591, 598, 599, 601

comedy, animals in61–2, 70
animal choruses61, 68, 399
animal sacrifice68, 345
Aristophanes’67
Aristophanes’64–5, 399–400
Aristophanes’66–7
Aristophanes’65
Aristophanes’67
Aristophanes’67
Aristophanes’ plays62–3, 68–9
Aristophanes’63–4, 183, 399
Aristophanes’67
fish61
as food items67–8
Greek New Comedy69
insects183
literature on62
Menander’s plays69
metamorphosis398–400
mythological animals68
Roman comedy69
speaking animals228

Commodus470–1

communication, animal216–17, 229–30
Aelian226–7
apes218
Aristotle219–21, 225
bees218
bio-communication217
birds217, 219, 220, 221, 222–3, 224, 225, 226, 230
differences from human communication218
elephants223, 226–7
in fable10–11, 228
fish226
in Golden Age228
insects225
lions224
modern research on217–19
Pliny the Elder223–5, 229–30
sounds made by animals228–9
Stoic views on221–3
theories of origin of language228
zoosemiotics217

condemnatio ad bestias357–8, 474–5

cooking
Cato’s recipes258–9
Roman rotten fish sauce (garum)263
sophistication of Greek recipes259

corocotta423

Corvinus, Messalla492

Cosmas Indicopleustes421

Crassus, Marcus Licinius138

Crates228, 540

Crete
bull-leaping462–3
Minotaur myth463

crickets, in literature182

crocodiles450, 452, 456

Croton111

Crown Games, animal markets147

crows175
in animal fable16–18

Ctesias of Cnidos420–1, 424, 427, 429

cults
animal markets144
location of hybrid god cult sites379–80
regional clusters of hybrid deities376–8

culture, ancient theories on origin of216

curse tablets301, 488

Curtius Rufus417

Cycladic art, animals in26–7, 28

Cynocephali428, 429–30

Cyrus I290

Damonon the Spartan482

Dante Alighieri410

Darius the Great289, 290

Davidson, James254

Davies, M180–1

deer
animal sacrifice340, 341
fallow deer161
farming of122, 123–4
hunting205–6
as pets278
red deer160
roe deer160–1

Delian Apollo148

Delphi, animal markets147–8

Demeter Melaina368, 372, 377, 379

Demetrios Poliorketes48

Demetrius of Phaleron, fables2, 3

Democritus xvi296
divination by entrails311
nature and culture239

demons, animals as359–60

Demosthenes254

Dentatus, M Curius500, 501

Dereivka100–1

desert, animals of358–60

Dexileos monument46–7

Diana38

Didyma111

diet
fish192–3, 254–6
Greek excess257–8
hankering for simplicity252
hunting204, 208
insects188
Mediterranean diet248
Plato’s ideal diet252
Roman simplicity258, 260
seafood192
shellfish197
vegetarianism252–3 See also gastronomy; See also vegetarianism, philosophical

Dio Cassius503

Diocles, Gaius Appuleius485

Diocletian472

Diodorus Siculus238, 446

Diogenes Laertius3, 221, 253, 511, 512, 519, 521, 524, 525

Diogenes of Apollonia512

Diogenes of Babylon221

Diogenes the Cynic549

Dionysian art, animal imagery38, 374

Dionysios of Syracuse145

Dionysus374

divination310
ancient Near East312, 316, 317
animal behaviour314
animal livers316–17, 319–20
animal sacrifice329
Aristotle320–1
artificial forms of311
augurs313
bird-reading by Greeks312–13
bird-reading by Romans313–14
extispicy (divination by entrails)312, 315–18
haruspices314, 317–18, 329
natural forms of311
philosophical thought on318–22
Plato319–20
snakes314
Stoics311, 318–19, 321–2
strange births314–15
use of animals in310–11

dogs
animal sacrifice339–40, 341
breeds of272
burial of273, 274
care of271, 274
children273
in Classical art271
consumption of270
in epics93–4
hunting dogs118, 272
illnesses and treatments601
increase in breed diversity118
Maltese dogs272–3
pathological conditions273–4
as pets118, 272–4
rabies601
roles of270–1, 272
sheepdogs117–18
sizes of271–2
social status273
torture of467
in tragedy88–9
use in warfare286–7
working dogs271, 272
zooarchaeological data271–2

dolphins177, 229–30
as pets278–9

domestication of animals xvi99–100, 105
cattle104
horses100–2
pigs105
sheep and goats102–3 See also husbandry, animal

donkeys
animal sacrifice339
wild donkeys170

Donlan, Walter143

dormice128, 171–2, 209

doves174
in Classical art55

ducks174
farming of125–6

eagles, in epics75

East
ancient conceptions of419–20
animal wonders of422–8

Egypt419–20

Egypt, animals in441–3
animal sacrifice446
art453–4, 455, 456
camels448
cats446–7
changes in441, 442–3
display and exhibition of450
draught animals447–8
elephants448
export of450–1
as food451–2
hieroglyphs452–3
horses441–2
hunting448–50
leopards441
myths and stories455–7
sacred animals445
theriomorphic and mixed-form deities443–5
use in agriculture447

Egyptian mongoose170–1

Elagabalus433

elephants
in Classical art48
communicative behaviour223, 226–7
displayed in Rome469
Egypt448
in epics75
performing elephants473–4
in Roman triumphs499–503, 504–5
use in warfare290–2, 448, 499–500, 501–2

elites
animals and wealth141–3, 150
animals as status symbols140, 141, 143–4, 150, 433, 478
hunting205, 206–7, 211
proper sources of wealth136, 137–8
wondrous animals422

elks431

Emery, N J16

Empedocles
opposition to animal sacrifice252
origins of life240–1, 245
substitutes for blood sacrifices253
vegetarianism511, 536, 539

Ennius
fables3
Hedyphagetica261

entertainment

entrails, divination by

Ephorus537

epic, animals in73–4, 81–2
arena settings79
atmospheric development76–7
bogus beliefs about79
characterization76
eagles75
elephants75
functions and meanings of73–4
insects80
insights into hunting practices78
lions76, 80
meat-eating248–9
metamorphosis394–6
realism in depiction of77–80
relevance to epic setting75–6
selection of75
snakes76
as summarizing tool80–1
tigers75, 76
variety of74–5
warfare79

Epictetus524, 545

Epicureans525–6, 546

Epicurus228, 417, 525, 526, 546

Epiphanius, Bishop of Cyprus361–2, 363

equids
animal sacrifice339
domestication of100–2
as pets274–5
roles of274
use in warfare288–9

Eritrea145

eroticism
animals in Classical art43–6
magic and animals297

Ethiopia419, 420, 427
wondrous animals423

Etruscans, divination317, 318

Euboulos248–9

Eudoxus of Cnidus456

Eumenes II of Pergamon285

Euphorion585

Euphranor54

Euripides398
Bacchae396
origins of the gods234–5

Europa39, 40

Eusebius362

executions357–8, 474–5

exotic animals118–19, 169–70
capture and transport of471–2
exhibiting of433
imported to the centre432–4
as pets278
profitability of traffic in472
relics transported to the centre434
Roman acquisition of211–12, 432, 469
in Roman games432–3
in Roman triumphs497–9
as status symbols433
as symbols of power432
in469–70 See also individual animals

extispicy (divination by entrails)312, 315–18
ancient Near East316, 317
Greek practices315–17
haruspices317–18
‘Humbaba face’315
Roman practices317–18

fable1
ainos8–9
allusions to4–5
animals in fable books11–15
animal speech10–11, 228
animal stereotypes12, 14
anthropomorphism1, 10
antiquity of2
ascriptions to Aesop3
Babrius’ fable of the weasel bride14–15
boundaries between human and animal7–11
‘Cat and the Rooster’12–13
Collectio Augustana2, 5, 11–12
‘Crow and the Pitcher’ fable16–18
as11
expression of the oppressed’s point of view18–19
fable collections3–4
as flexible category7
futility of animal speech11–13
in Greek and Latin literature3
Hesiod’s fable of the hawk and nightingale7–8, 9–11
human-animal interaction13
impossibility of change14–15
insects184
Life of Aesop4, 11, 19–20
links with slavery19–20
mechanical allegory13
natural history15–18
oral tradition2
recognition of stories as5
scholarly approaches to5–7
simple style of2
sociopolitical animals in Aesopic tradition18–20
sources for3–5
specific setting of11
tension between symbolic and real animals13
tension within13
wolf fables11–12

farming
crop rotation112, 113
mixed farming112

Farrington, E I119

feasting
association with animal sacrifice249–50
extravagant banquets257
Greek excess257–8
obesity257–8
Petronius’ satire of Roman banquets265–7
Roman banquets263–5

Feldherr, A409

festivals
animal markets144–5, 147
feasting250

Festus313

field mice172

finches175

Finley, M I136

fish176
animal sacrifice341–2
in comedies61
communicative behaviour226
in Cycladic art27
in diet192–3, 197
fishponds192
gastronomy254–6
as pets278
processing plants193
shellfish197
in tragedy90

fish farming195–7

fishing
capture fisheries193
gastronomic literature256
line fishing194
net fishing193–4
techniques193–5
trapping barriers and fences195

Florus, Lucius Annaeus497–8, 500, 501

folklore, insects184–5

Forbes Irving, P M C86

Fortenbaugh, William518

Forum Boarium149–50

Forum Pecuarium150

Forum Suarium150

fossils in ancient world
artistic depictions of586–7
Asia Minor583–4
Central Asia580
collection and display of585, 586
deliberate search for583
giant bones observed in antiquity582
Herodotus581
interest in580
interpretation and understanding of587–8
Mediterranean basin579
modern finds582
Olympia583
Pausanias434, 583–4, 586
Philostratus584–5
recognition as animal remains585
reconstruction of extinct creature585–6
recovery of relics from archaeological sites586
as remains of giants and heroes580, 581, 583–5
as remains of giants’ battlefield585
as remains of mythical animals582–3, 585
research into accounts of581
speculation about580
Troy584

fowl, poultry farming119–21

foxes164–5
in animal fable14, 15

Frayn, Joan149–50

frogs175–6

Frontinus285, 287

Frontisi-Ducroux, F388, 394, 402

funerary art
animals in46–7
chariot racing484
Egyptian symbolism454–5, 456

Galen452, 557

game farming121–8
dormice128
duck farming125–6
fencing123
geese126–7
levels of game consumption123
peacocks127–8
pheasants128
productivity123–4
profitability of121–2
rabbit farming124
range of species122–3
smokehouses124–5

garum (Roman rotten fish sauce)263

gastronomy
banquets257
definition of267
emergence of255–6
excessive consumption256–7
gastronomic literature256
gluttony257
Greek excess257–8
Greek influence on Rome261–2
hankering for simplicity252
obesity257–8
Petronius’ satire of Roman banquets265–7
relationship with civilization251–2
Roman banquets263–5
Roman fine dining262
Roman indulgence262–3
Roman rotten fish sauce (garum)263
Roman simplicity258, 260
significance of267
sophistication of Greek recipes259
vegetarianism252–3 See also diet

gazelle171

Geertz, Clifford464

geese126–7, 174
use in warfare288

geography, conceptualizing the East419–20

gerbils172

Gigantomachy on the Great Altar at Pergamon48–9, 50

Gilhus, I S408

giraffe433, 450, 498

Glaukos368, 380

gluttony257

goats
breeding of111
domestication of102–3
ibex165
illnesses and treatments598–9
wild goats158–9

gods
animal gods366
origins of233–5 See also hybrid gods

gold427

Golden Age
animal communication228
vegetarianism536–7

Gordian III497

grasshoppers, in literature182

Grattius203, 601

Great Chain of Being246

Great Mother of the Gods cult330

Griffin, J395

griffins427

Guthrie, W K C511

Hadrian51, 206, 422

Hagia Triada29, 40

Halikarnassos35

Hamilcar Barca287

Hannibal285, 287–8, 291

hares161–2
in Classical art34
hunting162, 205, 208
as pets278

Harmatelia, defence of285

haruspices314, 317–18, 329

Hatra, defence of284

hawks, in animal fable7–8

Hearn, Lacfadio189

Heath, John513

Hecataeus of Miletus420

hedgehogs77, 166

Henderson, J25, 30

Henrichs, A90

Heracleides Ponticus520

Heracles38, 461
iconography of38–9

Herakleides376

Hera Lacinia148

Herman, Gabriel143

Hermarchus525

Hermes, in Classical art33, 40

Herodian284

Herodotus416, 426
animals in warfare286, 289
Egypt420, 446, 448
fables3
fossils581
gold427
griffins427
magic295
porcupine167

Herondas336

herons174

Hesiod145
bird-reading312
fable of the hawk and nightingale7–8, 9–11
fables2, 3
origins of humans235
origins of the gods234
relationship between human and non-human animals509
Theogony234, 345
Works and Days235, 312, 509, 536

Hesychius229

hieroglyphs452–3

Hieron of Syracuse482

hippocentaur434

Hippocrates253, 270, 557

Hippolochos257

hippopotamus450

Hölscher, Fernande29–30

Homer
animals and wealth141–3
animal similes508
bird divination312
cicadas556–7
divination from animal parts316
horse racing478–9
hunting205
Iliad73, 77, 78, 80, 95–6, 233
insect imagery185
magic in294
meat-eating248–9, 251
metamorphosis372, 394–6
Odyssey74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 251, 294
origins of the gods233–4
proper sources of wealth137
relationship between human and non-human animals508–9

Horace
fables3
Nasidienus’ banquet264

hornets, use in warfare283

horse racing
age categories480
in Greek world478–83
in Hellenistic period480
jockeys481–2
as marker of class distinction480–1
as military training479
Olympic games479–80
regional/national competitions482–3 See also chariot racing

horses
animal sacrifice339, 341
breeding of111
burial of274–5
castration603
categories of150
in Classical art33, 47, 56
domestication of100–2
in Egypt441–2
illnesses and treatments599–600
as pets274–5
role in human society478
in Roman triumphs492–3, 494
Sparta147
as status symbol140, 478
use in warfare288–9 See also chariot racing; See also horse racing

Hortensius262

house mouse172–3

human-animal interactionxvi
in Classical art31
fable13

hunting203–4
acquisition of exotic animals211–12
animals hunted206, 207–8
bears163, 206
birds206, 209
boars159, 206
in Classical art47, 51–2, 53, 203–4, 208–9
deer hunting205–6
Egypt448–50
elites205, 206–7, 211
in epics78
equipment and procedures205, 208
game preserves and parks209
in Greek antiquity204–7
hares162, 205, 208
hunting dogs118, 272
killing as principal attraction468
in literature203
as metaphor205
military prowess204–5, 208
mosaics204, 208–9
as pest control204
purposes of213
as rite of passage205
Roman Africa211–12
in Roman antiquity207–13
Roman Carthage212
Roman Iberia210–11
as source of food204, 208
staged nature of468
training and pedagogy205
zooarchaeological data204, 206–7, 209–10, 211, 212–13

husbandry, animalxvi–xvii
alfalfa114
animal markets144–50
care of domestic animals115–17, 120–1
cats118
cattle breeding110–11, 112
convertible husbandry/mixed farming112
crop rotation113
deer farming122, 123–4
dogs117–18
dormice128
duck farming125–6
Egypt447
elite status140
exotic animals118–19
fencing123
forage crops112, 113–14
game farming121–8
geese126–7
goat breeding111
grazing management114–15
Greek origins109–12
horse breeding111
housing of livestock116
hunting dogs118
improved nutrition112
levels of game consumption123
non-farm animals117–19
pasture fertilization113
peacocks127–8
pheasants128
pig farming116–17
poultry farming119–21
priority over agriculture139
production strategies145–6
productivity123–4
rabbit farming124
range management113–14
range of fowl and game species122–3
Roman reliance on Greek writers110
selective breeding115
sheep breeding111
sheepdogs117–18
sheep shearing115–16
smokehouses124–5
snails128
sophistication of109
transhuman pastoralism113 See also domestication of animals

hybrid gods366–7, 380–1
birds369–70
bulls368–9
Dionysus374
Egypt443–5
female hybrid monsters375–6
function of hybridism375
imagery associated with367
imported forms369
location of cult sites379–80
metamorphosis372, 375
monstrosity372–4
number of366
prophecy380
regional clusters of cults376–8
shape-changing water gods374–6
significance of combination of parts368, 371–2
significance of species367–9, 370–1

hyenas418, 423
use in magic296–9

Hyginus455

Iberia, hunting210–11

ibex165

Ignatius357

India419, 420, 427
wondrous animals423

insects180–1
applications of188
in Aristophanes183
classical entomology181–2
classification of181
in comedies183
communicative behaviour225
cross-cultural perspectives189
cultural entomology189–90
in epics80
in epigrams184
in fable184
as food items188
human interaction with180
literary imagery and symbolism185–6
in literature182–6
medical uses of188
misconceptions about181
in myth and folklore184–5
pest control188–9
in poetry183–4
products from188
spiritual associations186
use in warfare283–4
visual representations of187

Isidore of Seville425, 426, 589

Isthmian Games, animal markets148

iynx wheels295–6

James the Just362–3

Jamieson, Dale554

Jeppesen, Kristian35

jerboas172

Jerome, St185

John the Baptist359, 362

Josephus286, 497

Judaism, creation account in Genesis355–6

justice10

Juvenal262–3, 265, 445

Kabeireion110

Kallimachos38

Kallisto366

Kassope111, 124

Kathirathamby, J180–1

Kato Zakro palace28

Kekrops379, 380

Kevan, D K McK189

Khirbet el-Mafjar37

Kleon138

Knidos35

Knossos28

Koslowsky, Dennis266

Krateros47–8

Kroisos47

Laetus, Pomponius436

lambs, in animal fable11–12

language xvii216
theories of origin of228 See also communication, animal

Lattes124

Lear, Andrew44–5

Leoarches54

leopards441

Leo VI284

Lesser Panathenaia festival145, 147

L’Estrange, Roger16

leucrocata423

leucrocota224

Levi-Strauss, Claude30, 358, 390

Libanius301

Liberalis, Antoninus184, 400

Libya419

Lion Gate at Mycenae28

lions
animal sacrifice340
in Classical art34–6
communicative behaviour224
in epics76, 80
as pets278
in tragedy88, 95–6

literature, animals inxvi
hunting203
insects182–6 See also comedy, animals in; See also epic, animals in; See also tragedy, animal imagery in

liver, in divination practices316–17, 319–20

Livy78, 288
fables3
triumphs492

Lloyd, Geoffrey16, 507

Lockwood, Jeffrey284

logos216, 220

Longus405–6

Lonsdale, S H88

Lousoi111, 124

Lucan
Civil War73, 75, 79
parody of animal-part magic299–300
Pharsalia73, 299–300

Lucian
Council of the Gods370, 374
craze for horses487
Ode to a Fly183
on Pan370
parody of animal-part magic299
Philopseudes299, 303

Lucretius xvi228, 526, 546
animals in warfare282, 292
origins of life242–3

Lucullus262, 494

lycanthropy378

Lyceum418, 421

Lycophron380
Alexandra93, 373

Lykaon378

lynxes166

Lysippos47, 54

Macedonian art, animals in47–8

McInerney, Jeremy144

McMenamin, Mark586

Macrobius263–4

mageiros250, 326

mages296

magic and animals294
animal-part magic296–300
animals’ use of magic against humans304–5
birds295–6
circus curses302
curse tablets301, 488
erotic curses and charms297
evil eye297, 298, 302
exorcism spells302
iynx wheels295–6
mages296
magical ingredient lists300
medical uses of296–8
parodies of animal-part magic299–300
pest control302–4
as sacrificial victims300
snakes303–5
transformation of humans into animals294–5
use of hyena parts296–9
use of magic against animals302–4
as voodoo dolls (kolossoi)301
werewolves295
witches294–5

Magna Graecia111, 112

Mago590

Malia28

Malibu46

Marathon, Battle of287

Marcellinus, Ammianus261, 441, 487

Marcellus, Nonius229, 501

markets
ancient conceptions of136, 150 See also animal markets

Markoe, Glenn30, 32

marmot427

martens168

Martial75, 471
badgers167
bears163
describes an execution475
hares208
hunting210
insect imagery185
pet dog273
snakes277

martichore418, 421, 423–4

Martinet, André218

Martyr, Peter435–7

martyrdom
Acts of the Martyrs358
Christianity357–8
Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas358

Matro of Pitane254, 255, 256

meat-eating xvii
anxieties over anti-social behaviour251
association with sacrifice249–50
Christianity362
cultural significance of248
decline in religious connections250–1
Egypt451–2
in Homer248–9
impiety251
impiety of eating raw meat253–4
as marker of status249
meat markets343
non-sacrificial meat343–4
rejection of252–3
sacrificial meat342 See also diet; See also vegetarianism, philosophical

medicine
use of hyena parts296–8
use of insects188 See also veterinary medicine

Medusa38

Megalopolis149, 378, 582, 585

Megara292–3

Megasthenes421

Meleager of Gadara184

Memmius, Lucius445

Menander69, 336, 400

Messenia110

metamorphosis into animalsxviii, 367, 371–2, 384, 402
Actaeon392–3
Apollonius’s400–2
Apuleius’s406–8
association with loss372
into birds389
characteristics of stories about384–5
classification of386–90
in comedy398–400
divine metamorphosis387–8
in epics394–6
as fiction408–10
final animal form389–90
gender reversal386
Greek beliefs about man and animal386
Hecuba389, 398
in Hellenistic literature400–2
hybridism372, 375, 392, 393
imagery390–1
individual experience of385
initiation388
Io384–5, 386, 389, 393, 397–8
Iphigenia’s substitution387
literary representations of393
in Longus’s405–6
into mammals389, 390
metensomatosis406–7
Moschus’s402
nature of the protagonists387
in novels405–8
Ovid’s402–5, 407, 409
psychological implications385
punishment389
reversibility389
shape-changing divinities388–9
into snakes390
substitution to avoid human sacrifice387
theatre396–400
Tiresias386
in tragedy396–8
visual art391–3
witnesses396

metaphors390–1

Metapontum111, 117

Metellus, L Caecilius500

metempsychosis

metensomatosis406–7

mice
field mice172
house mouse172–3
use in warfare286

Miletus584

Milo of Croton251

Miltiades464

Minoan art
animals in28–9
bull-leaping462–3

Minos, King463

Minotaur463

Mithraism
animal sacrifice331
in Classical art42

moles172

mongoose170–1

monkeys118, 428–9
as pets278

monoceros424, 425

monstrous races415, 420, 427–30
Blemmyae428
Cynocephali428, 429–30
Sciapods428

Moore, M30–1

mosaics
animals in37, 51–3, 422
fish in192
hunting scenes204, 208–9

Moschos252

Moschus402

mosquitoes, in literature183

mouflon158–9

Mucianus, C Licinius223, 422

mules
animal markets150
domestication of102

Musaeus511

Mycenaean art, animals in28–9

Myrmidons184, 283

Myron53

mythology
animals in Classical art39–40
Egyptian animals in455–7
insects184–5
origins of animals236–7
origins of humans235–6
origins of the gods233–5

Nasidienus264

natural science, wondrous animals415

nature
ancient attitudes towards461–2
creativity and inventiveness of414, 417

Nausikydes138

Nemesianus203

Neo-Platonists
relationship between human and non-human animals514–17
vegetarianism551–4

Nepos, Cornelius285

Nereids430

Nero433

Neufeld, Edward283

Newmyer, Stephen548, 557

New World, natural wonders435–7

Nicander182, 400
Theriaca303

Nicolaus, fable composition2

nightingales276
in animal fable7–8
communicative behaviour220, 222, 225, 226

Nikias137–8

Nikosthenes38

Nile, River416, 419

Nobilior, Marcus Fulvius450, 469, 498

Nøjgaard, Morten13

Nonnos374

North, wondrous animals of430–1

novels, metamorphosis in405–8

Nubia448

Ober, Josiah291

obesity257–8

Ocean416

Octavian445, 498

Olympia583

Olympic games147
equestrian events479–80

Onatas40

opossum437

Oppian203

Orata, L Sergius196, 197

Origen359

origins of life and speciesxvii
Anaximander’s theory240
animals236–7
creation account in Genesis355
Empedocles’ theory240–1, 245
gods233–5
humans235–6, 239
humans as animal species238–9
Lucretius’ theory242–3
mythological accounts233–6
Plato’s devolutionary account239, 243–5, 246
spontaneous generation237–8
women243–4

Orpheus, in Classical art41–2

Orphics, vegetarianism538

ostriches175, 418

ovicaprids, domestication of102–3

Ovid
cattle as measure of value142
Golden Age537
magic294–5, 301
Metamorphoses73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 235, 236, 372, 402–5, 407, 409
origins of animals236
origins of humans235
triumphs492
vegetarianism539–40, 546

Oviedo, Fernandez de436

owls, in Classical art33, 34

oysters197

Paestum327

Palladius119, 590

Pan367, 368, 370–1, 373, 374, 378, 379