The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States
Published online:
02 January 2011
Published in print:
18 November 2010
Online ISBN:
9780199892228
Print ISBN:
9780195326246
Contents
End Matter
Index
-
Published:November 2010
Annotate
Cite
'Index', in Derek H. Davis (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States, Oxford Handbooks (2010; online edn, Oxford Academic, 2 Jan. 2011), https://doi.org/, accessed 10 May 2025.
Subject
Politics
Series
Oxford Handbooks
Collection:
Oxford Handbooks Online
563Index
- Abingdon Township v. Schempp (1963)108, 109, 110, 114, 124n., 128, 124n., 129, 125n., 145, 257, 336, 374, 459, 503
- abolitionism323
- Act for Better Child Care377
- Adams, John Quincy85
- Adams, Judge Arlin151
- Adventism78
- Adventists355, 432. See also Seventh-day Adventists
- Africa, Frank145
- agnostics11
- airports, Hare Krishna199
- Alabama143
- Aleksii II, Russian Orthodox Church229
- Alito, Justice Samuel466
- Allen, Douglas358
- Al Sistani, Ayatollah464
- American Bible Society77
- American Center for Law and Justice397
- American colonization331–334
- American Council of Christian Churches103
- American Enlightenment12
- American flag284
- American Founders503
- American Orthodox Church260
- American Reformed Protestants49
- American religion455–457
- American Revolution486
- American Sunday School Union77
- American Temperance Society77
- American Tract Society77
- American values230
- Anastasius I208
- Anglican Loyalist pastors51–52
- animists144
- Ansonia Board of Education v. Philbrook (1986)200
- antebellum spiritual hothouse78
- antidiscrimination laws157
- Aquinas, St. Thomas313
- Arians47
- Aristotle484
- Arminians47
- Article II28
- Article III28
- Article V28
- Arver v. United States (1918)413
- Ashwander v. TVA (1936)184
- Askew, Thomas103
- astrology10
- Atwater, Jeremiah48
- Aum Shinrikyo355
- Australia355
- Awakening9
- Baby Blaines372
- Backus, Isaac253
- Bahais411
- Baird, Robert76–77
- Ballard, Guy148–149
- Bauer, Gary395
- Beecher, Henry Ward286
- Beecher, Lyman77
- behavior, religion150–153
- beliefs, religion144–149
- benefits, denial of160–161
- Berger, Peter321
- Beyer, Peter227
- Bible, authority319
- biblical criticism488
- Bin Laden, Osama464
- Blackstone, William79
- Blavatsky, Helena10
- Board of Indian Commissioners87
- Bodhisattva231
- Boudinot, Elias45
- Bradfield v. Roberts (1899)189
- Bradley, Justice Joseph91
- Brandeis, Justice Louis184
- Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)256
- Brazil, Unification Church355
- Breschel, Edward354
- Bromley, David354
- Brownists6
- Bryan, William Jennings103
- Buchanan, Patrick395
- Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions87
- Bureau of Indian Affairs86–87
- Butler, Jon78
- Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I208
- California, religion and secular law157
- Campus Crusade for Christ427
- canopy model321–322
- capital punishment321
- Cardozo, Judge Benjamin N.220
- Carter, Stephen L.217
- Casanova, Jose322
- Center for Law and Policy397
- Center for Law and Religious Freedom112
- centrality concept154–155
- Champion, Judah52
- charitable contributions197–198
- Chase, Salmon P.282
- checks and balances466
- Chestnut, Andrew438
- Chicago Catholic school system156–157
- Child Care and Development Block Grant377
- Children of God361
- child saver movement356–357
- Chi-Rho cross284
- choice, education and welfare376–378
- Christianization, Native Americans84–87
- Christian Reconstruction Movement11
- Christian Right14, 15, 314, 387–390
- courts and Constitution396–398
- lobbying government394–395
- mobilization112–116
- one nation under God398–399
- parties and elections395–396
- Christian Voice374
- church See also church-state separation
- Christianity3
- definition211–212
- disestablishment77
- separation of, and state500–503
- Church Board86
- Church of God in Christ432
- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints See Mormons
- Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)238–239
- Church of Marijuana152
- Church of Rome58
- Church of Satan229
- Church of the Brethren192
- Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States (1893)189
- church-state separation462–463, 500–503
- America209–210
- Constitution215–218
- cultural vs. structural460–462
- intolerance218–220
- principle13
- promises and perils210–211
- church subsidies427–428
- Cincinnati, Ohio, schooling81–83
- Civil and Religious Liberty42
- Civiletti, Benjamin356
- Civilization Fund85
- civil millennialism486
- Clark, Jonas50
- Clark, Justice Tom503
- Clinton, Bill113
- Clinton, Hillary390
- Coalition for the Free Exercise of Religion172
- Cochran v. Louisiana Board of Education (1930)186
- codes149–150
- colonial deregulation428–433
- Colorado for Family Values397
- commands149–150
- commercialization, Christmas288
- Commission on Law and Social Action106
- commonality, religion250
- communion147
- compelling interest test436–438
- compelling state interest382
- Confessions, Augustine51
- Congress142–143
- conscientious objection146
- establishment boundaries371–379
- First Amendment370–371
- free exercise379–383
- congressional testimony138
- Congress of Georgia49
- Constitution7, 27–29, 311. See also First Amendment
- Amendments XIV and XIII29
- Christian Right396–398
- freedom of religion440
- ratification30–34
- religious liberty8
- religious policy in draft22
- Constitutionalism334–335
- consumerism, Christmas288
- contraceptives, Catholic Church157
- Cooley, Thomas M.80
- cooperation, sacred and secular503–507
- County of Allegheny v. ACLU of Pittsburgh (1989)296–297
- Cruz v. Beto (1972)254
- custody battles361
- Cutter v. Wilkinson (2005)173
- Daoism11
- Darrow, Clarence103
- Darwinian evolution488
- Davis, Derek358
- Dawson, J. M.104
- D.C. Choice Initiative Act378
- Deane and Polyak v. Conaway (2007)345
- Declaration of Religious Freedom (1963)108
- deference test415
- DeMille, Cecil B.284
- democracy, church-state separation15
- democratic faith482
- Democratic Party313
- Deo Favente281
- Dickinson, John45
- dietary accommodation, prison151
- DiIulio, John J., Jr.226
- disunity, religious250
- Divine Science10
- Dolan, Jay108
- Dominion of New England (1686)54
- Douay Bible82
- Drake, Wiley387
- Duché, Jacob280
- Dunkers5
- Dunn, James377
- Eastern Orthodox9
- elections, Christian Right395–396
- electoral politics, religion and462–465
- Ellsworth, Oliver48
- Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith (1990)116, 159–160, 161, 164, 165–166, 168, 186, 237, 238, 239, 251, 258, 260, 382, 414, 434–435, 442–443, 469
- aftermath169–173
- Religious Freedom Restoration Act435–438
- English Act of Toleration (1689)6
- Episcopal Church25
- Equal Access Act375
- Equal Protection Guarantee167
- Equal Rights Amendment112
- Ericsson, Sam377
- Establishment Clause87, 115, 141, 166, 258, 262, 291–293, 295–297, 299, 312, 324, 370, 405, 435, 503, 504, 511–512
- battles105–107
- exceptionalism458–460
- issues390–392
- litigation109–111
- Ethical Humanists234
- Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission114
- European Court of Human Rights262
- Everson v. Board of Education (1947)75, 105, 106, 121n., 76, 122n., 79, 210, 216, 217, 219, 412, 504
- exemptions, religious167–169
- exercise of religion153
- expression, religious279–282
- The Family361
- Federal Marriage Amendment467
- Federal Maternity Act of 1921194
- Fellowship of Legislative Chaplains, Inc.114
- First Amendment7, 31, 34, 36, 37–38, 56, 62n., 37, 76, 99, 405, 454
- establishment exceptionalism458–460
- misinterpretation457
- religion143–144
- Flag Day490
- folk religion481
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)356
- founding, America331–334
- Founding Fathers4
- Fowler, Robert Booth12
- Fox, Jonathan455
- Fraternal Order of Police Newark Lodge No. 12 v. City of Newark (1999)259
- Freedom from Religion Foundation195–196
- Free Exercise Clause145, 155, 165–167, 298, 312, 370, 405, 458, 503, 508
- Bob Jones University197
- issues392–393
- Jehovah’s Witnesses256
- meaning142
- free exercise decision468–472
- Freeman, George471
- Free Speech Clause298
- free will v. determinism313–314
- French Enlightenment484
- Friendly, Judge Henry Jacob146
- Friends Committee on National Legislation104
- Froese, Paul439
- Fuller, Chief Justice Melville87
- fundamentalists102–103
- Gabriel, Ralph H.487
- Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Marker of Massachusetts (1961)257
- Gamwell, Franklin145
- Gandhi, Indira457
- Gandhi, Mahatma457
- Gedicks, Frederick168–169
- General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church115
- General Court (1645)48
- George, Robert P.343
- German traditions, Christmas285
- Gerry, Elbridge6
- Ghost dance87
- Gill, Anthony438
- Gillette v. United States (1971)193
- Girard, Stephen188–189
- Girouard, James Louis191–192
- Goesele v. Bimeler (1853)187
- Golden Rule231
- Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)257
- Goldsboro Christian Schools112
- Gonzales v. Archbishop (1929)188
- Good News Club v. Milford Central School (2001)415
- Goodrich, Samuel286
- Goodridge v. Department of Public Health (2004)345
- government, religious expression279–282
- government benefits, denial of160–161
- Graham, Billy489
- Granger, General Gideon78
- Great Migration to America332
- Great Seal of the United States281
- Greek Orthodox250
- Green, John103
- Gregorian calendar29
- Gregory, David358
- Grim, Brian J.440
- Grund, Francis428
- Hadden, Jeffrey358
- Halakha43
- Hamilton, Alexander30
- Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California (1934)191
- Hammond, Phillip150
- Hancock, John50
- Hand, Judge Brevard143
- Hardison, Trans World Airlines199–200
- Hare Krishna198–199
- Harmony Society187
- Harris, William Torrey84
- Haskins, George50
- Heaven’s Gate suicides354
- Hein v. Freedom from Religion Foundation (2007)196
- Hemmenway, Moses57
- Hempton, David431
- Henry, Patrick32
- Hertzke, Allen103–104
- Hindu American Foundation235
- Holiness Churches155
- holy experiment, Penn332
- Holy Scripture53
- Holy Trinity Church v. United States (1892)233–234
- Howard, John355
- Howard, Simeon49
- Hubbard, L. Ron261
- Huckabee, Mike392
- Hughes, Chief Justice Charles E.192
- Huguenots5
- human rights411
- Huntington, Samuel454
- Hutchison, John100
- Idaho, territorial law91
- Immigration and Nationality Act432
- Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)381
- Indian Problem85–87
- indicators, religion150–153
- In Search of Truth361
- Intolerable Acts52
- intolerance, church-state separation218–220
- Ireland, Catholic immigration78
- Island Pond Messianic Community361
- Istook, Ernest375–376
- Italy, Catholic immigration78
- Ivers, Gregg110
- Jackson, Andrew501
- Jackson, Justice Robert H.336
- Jehovah’s Witnesses v. King County Hospital (1968)413
- Jewish advocacy110–111
- Jews5, 9, 11, 58, 76, 147, 155, 156, 249, 250, 256–257, 262, 318, 443, 470
- Air Force381
- menorah297
- office-holding25
- Orthodox166
- Johansen, Robin359
- Johnson, Lyndon B.110
- Johnson, Richard M.79
- Jones, Donald481
- Jones v. Wolf (1979)415
- Judeo-Christian tradition488
- Kallen, Horace9
- kashrut laws147
- Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral of Russian Orthodox Church in North America (1952)260
- Kelley, Dean357–358
- Kennedy, James390
- Kent, Chief Justice James46
- Kerry, John464
- Keyes, Alan395
- Khoumeini, Ayatollah464
- Knox, Henry85
- Kopelev, Lev229
- Ku Klux Klan219
- LaHaye, Beverly114
- Lakota Ghost dance87
- Larson, Carin323
- Late Corporation of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States91
- Latter-day Saints See Mormons
- Laurens, Henry45
- lazy monopoly322
- Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)255
- lesbians See gays and lesbians
- liberal theory334–335
- liberty335–337. See also religious liberty
- eighteenth century47–50
- restricting440–442
- spiritual50–53
- Liberty Council397
- Linder, Robert483
- Lochner v. New York338–339
- Lu, Yungfeng439
- Lynch v. Donnelly (1984)294–297
- McCollum v. Board of Education (1947)106, 107, 122n., 95, 122n., 101, 122n., 91, 122n., 93, 122n., 98, 122n., 99, 125n., 145, 210, 253, 412
- McGarvie, Mark500–501
- McGowan v. Maryland (1961)235
- McKinley, William280
- McLoughlin, William G.487
- McManus, Father William105
- Maine430
- Malcolm X457
- Malnak v. Yogi (1979)151
- Mann, Horace81
- market model, religion315
- Marriage Protection Amendment467
- Marshall, Justice Thurgood171
- Marxist socialism488
- Maryland’s Act of Toleration (1649)6
- Massa, Mark101
- May, Henry44
- Mayflower Compact286
- Mead, Sidney481
- Meek v. Pittenger (1975)504
- memorialists, New York78
- Merin, Yuval344
- Middlebury College48
- Miller, Perry54
- Millerites333
- minorities, religious251–261
- missionaries276
- Monroe, James32
- moral diversity334–335
- morality conflict335–337
- Morgan, Thomas J.86
- Mormons9, 43, 58, 78, 159, 249, 250, 258–259, 333, 357, 411, 427, 443, 460
- Davis v. Beason (1890)144
- right to be president311
- Morrill Act89–90
- Murray, John Courtney108
- Nachtrieb, Joshua187
- Nader, Ralph312
- National Baptist Convention104
- National Catholic War Council101
- National Center for Education391
- National Council of Catholic Bishops108
- National Council of Catholic Men105
- National Council of Catholic Women105
- national holidays480
- National Jewish Commission on Law and Public Affairs (COLPA)110–111
- National Labor Relations Board v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago (1973)156–157
- national mission486
- National Prayer Breakfast489
- nationhood, unity and7–9
- Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act381
- Nativists9
- Nauvoo episode, Mormons88–89
- neutrality, religion and164–167
- New American Church149
- New England332, 430, 431
- disestablishment77
- doctrine of toleration54
- Federal Constitution48–49
- religion and government25–26
- New England Baptists214
- New Thought metaphysical churches10
- Niebuhr, Reinhold483
- Niles, Nathaniel52
- Nobles, Gregory56
- Noelle–Neuman, Elisabeth314
- Northern Baptist Convention104
- Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association v. Peterson (1988)260
- Northwest Ordinance371
- Oakes, Urian54
- oath, higher power29
- Occasional Reverberator55
- occult religions10
- O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz (1987)259
- O’Neill, J. M.210
- Operation Sojourner359
- Order of St. Benedict v. Steinhauser (1914)187–188
- O’Sullivan, John L.486
- Paine, Thomas6
- paintings291
- Palmer, Susan361
- Papist6
- parental choice377–378
- Patel, Eboo277
- Payson, Phillips50
- Peace Policy86–87
- penalties, religious acts159–160
- Penn, William332
- Pennsylvania Journal55
- personal assets187–188
- Pietists5
- Pilgrims485
- Plato484
- pluralism See managed pluralism; See religious pluralism
- politics335
- polytheists144
- Pope Gelasius I207–208
- Pope John Paul II457
- Powers, Peter48
- practices, religion155–158
- prayer proclamations280–281
- Pray for Peace283
- prescription drug coverage157
- Prince v. Massachusetts (1944)413
- Prison Fellowship Ministries427
- Progressive Unitarians57
- prohibiting, no law158–160
- Pro-Life Movement459
- Promise Keepers427
- Protestants5, 8, 9, 11, 23, 26, 43, 44–47, 51, 76, 208, 249–250, 333, 470, 482
- alternatives102–105
- American standard230–231
- school question81–84
- proto-denominations33
- public accessibility318–320
- public places, Hare Krishna198–199
- public religion12
- public square, religion in276–279
- Purcell, Kathleen359
- Quick Bear v. Leupp (1908)86
- Rapp, George187
- ratification, conventions32–33
- Reformation286
- Reichley, A. James321
- Reincarnation10
- religion27, 143–144, 153, 157, 250, 276, 315, 455–457
- behavioral indicators150–153
- centrality154–155
- codes, commands, conscience149–150
- deregulation428–433
- electoral politics462–465
- integration with politics507–509
- neutrality164–167
- politics of states465–468
- range of practices155–158
- ratification of Constitution30–33
- religious liberty and public320–324
- schooling81–84
- workplace199–200
- Religious Action Center for Reform Judaism (RAC)107–108
- religious exemptions167–169
- Religious Freedom Amendment of 1998376
- Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993116, 158, 172, 186–187, 239, 252, 255, 260, 382, 413, 435–438, 442, 469
- Religious Identification Survey10–11
- Religious Land Use and Incarcerated Persons Act252
- religious liberty8, 31, 434
- eighteenth century42–47
- international framework406–411
- public religion320–324
- self-governance312–320
- religious minorities251–261
- religious nationalism482
- Religious Science10
- Religious Society of Friends104
- Revere, Paul50
- Revolutionary New Divinity52
- Reynolds, George90
- Reynolds v. United States (1987)159
- Richardson, James T.360–362
- Richey, Russell481
- rights talk312
- Roosevelt, Theodore282
- Rove, Karl464
- Rushdoony, Rousas11
- Russia, monitoring356
- Rutledge, Justice Wiley503
- sacred, cooperation between secular and503–507
- sacred canopy model321–322
- St. Francis of Assisi285
- Sallman, Warner291
- Sanctuary Movement357
- Sandel, Michael149–150
- Schmitt, Carl53
- school question81–84
- Scopes, John103
- secular, cooperation between sacred and503–507
- secular humanism253
- secularists11
- Seigler, Gretchen361
- Selective Service Act146–147
- self-governance, liberty and312–320
- separation See church-state separation
- Serbian Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich (1976)415
- Seventh-day Adventists9, 104, 105, 107, 111, 113, 115, 121n., 76, 200, 249, 261, 447n., 43
- conscientious objector191–192
- Saturday work160–161
- Seventh-day Baptists200
- sexual behavior331
- sexuality, politics335–337
- sexual orientation316–317
- Shinto439
- Simpson v. Chesterfield County235
- sincerely held religious beliefs469
- slavery, constitution and29
- Smith, Steven143
- Smith, William Jr.55
- social capital316
- social critic, religion as323–324
- social security tax, Amish252
- Society of Friends192
- Society of Separatists of Zoar187
- Socinians47
- Solar Temple suicides354
- Souter, Justice David165
- South Dakota87
- Soviet Union103
- spiritual liberty50–53
- standing194–197
- Stanton, Elizabeth Cady286
- Stark, Rodney433
- Star of David284
- state, definition211–212
- Steinhauser, Albert187–188
- Stiles, Ezra55
- Storer, Judge Bellamy82
- Story, Justice Joseph46
- Strong, Cyprian57
- subsidies427–428
- Sullivan, Andrew343
- Sun dance87
- Sundblom, Haddon288
- supply-side religious change426–428
- suppression427–428
- Supreme Court See U.S. Supreme Court
- surveillance354–356
- Swift, Zephaniah8
- Synagogue Council of America106
- Taft, Judge Alphonso82–83
- taxpayer suits, standing194–196
- theocracy11–12
- theological liberalism488
- theosophy10
- Thomas, David51
- Thompson, William357
- Thomson, Charles45
- Thwing, Charles Franklin231
- Tillich, Paul145–146
- Todd, Jonathan52
- transcendent universal religion481–482
- Trans World Airlines v. Hardison (1977)199–200
- Treaty with Tripoli (1797)28
- Trinitarian Christian45
- Troeltsch, Ernst53
- true virtue, definition49
- Tushnet, Mark44
- Union of American Hebrew Congregations113
- United Nations104
- United States Catholic Conference114–115
- United States Catholic Conference108
- United States v. Jakobson (1963)146
- United States v. Kauten (1943)146
- United States v. Kuch (1968)149
- United States v. Lee (1982)252
- United States v. Welsh (1970)413
- United States v. Welsh (1972)147
- Unity School of Christianity10
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights Charter (1948)456
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948405–406
- Universalism78
- Universal Military Training and Service Act233
- U.S. Supreme Court13, 15, 80, 227, 500, 503–506
- Indian affairs86–87
- managed pluralism233–240
- polygamy89–91
- Ten Commandments cases291–294
- utopian societies78
- Vaino, Sharon358
- Valley Forge Christian College195
- Van Buren, Martin79
- Vedanta Society257
- Vidal, Francois189
- Vidal v. Girard’s Executors (1844)188–189
- Vishnu231
- vouchers, education377–378
- Waite, Chief Justice Morrison R.90
- wall of separation210–215, 218, 390. See also church-state separation
- Warburton, William45
- War of 1812380
- Warren, Rick489
- Watchtower Bible and Tract and Tract Society v. Village of Stratton (2002)415
- Watchtower Bible and Tract Society255
- Webster, Noah81
- Weithorn, Stanley358
- welfare, choice376–378
- Wesley, John431
- Western Christendom54
- Westminster Confession43
- Westside Board of Education v. Mergens (1990)375
- Whitefield, George429–430
- White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives195
- Wiccan leader235
- Wilcox, Clyde323
- Williams, Abraham53
- Williams, Elisha54
- Williams, J. Paul482
- Williams, Robin12
- Wirth, Father Augustin187–188
- Witte, John208
- Wolcott, Oliver6
- Wood, James E., Jr.358
- Woodruff, Wilford91
- Woodward, Israel50
- workplace, religion199–200
- Worldwide Church of God200
- worship activities155–158
- Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)87
- Wright, Stuart362
- Wuthnow, Robert461
- Wybraniec, John434
- Wyneken, Friedrich432
- Yahweh484
- Yinger, Milton151
- Zubly, John49
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