
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Why Cultural Neuroscience? Why Cultural Neuroscience?
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Why Neurophilosophy? Why Neurophilosophy?
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The Aim and Sections of This Chapter The Aim and Sections of This Chapter
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Cultural Considerations: Cultural Context Dependence of the Brain’s Neural Activity Cultural Considerations: Cultural Context Dependence of the Brain’s Neural Activity
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Cultural Context Dependence of Neural Activity During Physical Stimuli—Perception Cultural Context Dependence of Neural Activity During Physical Stimuli—Perception
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Cultural Context Dependence of Neural Activity During Mental Stimuli—Self Cultural Context Dependence of Neural Activity During Mental Stimuli—Self
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Conceptual Considerations: What Is Culture? Layers of Culture Conceptual Considerations: What Is Culture? Layers of Culture
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“Location” of Culture “Location” of Culture
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What Is Culture? Layers of Culture What Is Culture? Layers of Culture
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How Are Culture and Brain Connected? How Are Culture and Brain Connected?
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Brain-Reductive Approach Brain-Reductive Approach
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Brain-Based Approach Brain-Based Approach
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Interaction Between Culture and Brain Interaction Between Culture and Brain
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How Do Culture and Brain Interact? How Do Culture and Brain Interact?
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Brain and Its Neural Tendencies as Fourth Layer Brain and Its Neural Tendencies as Fourth Layer
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Mechanism for Culture–Brain Interaction Mechanism for Culture–Brain Interaction
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Enculturation of Brain and Embrainment of Culture Enculturation of Brain and Embrainment of Culture
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Culture–Brain Iterativity Culture–Brain Iterativity
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Empirical Considerations: Generation and Encoding of Neural Activity Empirical Considerations: Generation and Encoding of Neural Activity
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Encoding of Neural Activity Encoding of Neural Activity
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Neural Code as “Common Currency” Between Different Levels of Neural Activity Neural Code as “Common Currency” Between Different Levels of Neural Activity
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Encoding Versus Decoding of Neural Activity Encoding Versus Decoding of Neural Activity
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Narrow Versus Wide Version of Encoding Narrow Versus Wide Version of Encoding
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Neuronal Considerations: Encoding of Neural Activity Neuronal Considerations: Encoding of Neural Activity
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Encoding and Redundancy Encoding and Redundancy
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Encoding Strategies Encoding Strategies
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“Encoding of the Stimuli” Natural Statistics “Encoding of the Stimuli” Natural Statistics
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“Informational Inefficiency” of Alternative Encoding Strategies “Informational Inefficiency” of Alternative Encoding Strategies
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Informational Efficiency of the Encoding of Natural Statistics Informational Efficiency of the Encoding of Natural Statistics
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Neurocultural Considerations: Encoding of “Sociocultural Statistics” Into the Brain’s Neural Activity Neurocultural Considerations: Encoding of “Sociocultural Statistics” Into the Brain’s Neural Activity
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Social and Cultural Contexts and the Encoding of Sociocultural Statistics Social and Cultural Contexts and the Encoding of Sociocultural Statistics
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Encoding and Cultural Neuroscience Encoding and Cultural Neuroscience
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Neuroconceptual Considerations: Cultural Neuroscience, Neurophilosophy, and Psychiatry Neuroconceptual Considerations: Cultural Neuroscience, Neurophilosophy, and Psychiatry
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Enculturation of Brain as the Statistically Based Virtual Extension of the Brain’s Neural Activity Into the Environment Enculturation of Brain as the Statistically Based Virtual Extension of the Brain’s Neural Activity Into the Environment
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Brain-Based Versus Brain-Reductive Approaches in Cultural Neuroscience and Neurophilosophy Brain-Based Versus Brain-Reductive Approaches in Cultural Neuroscience and Neurophilosophy
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Cultural Dependence of Symptoms in Psychiatric Disorders Such as Depression Cultural Dependence of Symptoms in Psychiatric Disorders Such as Depression
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Conclusion: Fruitful Marriage Between Neurophilosophy and Cultural Neuroscience Conclusion: Fruitful Marriage Between Neurophilosophy and Cultural Neuroscience
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References References
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2 Cultural Neuroscience and Neurophilosophy: Does the Neural Code Allow for the Brain’s Enculturation?
Get accessGeorg Northoff, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, Canada
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Published:07 April 2016
Cite
Abstract
Many studies show the cultural dependence of the brain’s neural activity, but the underlying mechanisms of such “enculturation of brain” are unclear. How it is possible for the neural activity to be so strongly dependent on and shaped by the cultural context? Conceptually, this raises the question for the concept of culture and its relationship to the brain and what exactly is meant by “enculturation of brain.” Empirically, the enculturation of brain raises the more general and basic question of how stimuli and their respective cultural context are encoded into neural activity. I suggest a statistically based coding strategy that encodes the stimuli’s statistical frequency distribution rather than the single stimuli into neural activity. The cultural dependence of neural activity may be traced back to the brain’s neural code and its particular encoding strategy, the encoding of the stimuli’s natural and sociocultural statistics, which may account for the enculturation of brain.
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