
Published online:
18 September 2012
Published in print:
29 September 2011
Online ISBN:
9780199940257
Print ISBN:
9780195395082
Contents
End Matter
Index
-
Published:September 2011
Cite
'Index', in Michael Tonry (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice, Oxford Handbooks (2011; online edn, Oxford Academic, 18 Sept. 2012), https://doi.org/, accessed 16 May 2025.
Subject
Criminology and Criminal Justice
Series
Oxford Handbooks
Collection:
Oxford Handbooks Online
953Index
- abortion580
- accreditation, for law enforcement agencies610
- Action Plan on Social Exclusion79
- Adler, Jeffrey S.38
- Administration of Criminal Justice735
- administrative rules598
- adult pre-sentence conferences235
- adversarial systems3
- Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs61
- African Americans
- bail issues806
- death penalty and336–337
- police victimization of329
- racial profiling of329–330
- re-arrest rates of parolees941
- views and experiences with police586–587
- women prisoners903, 907 See also black offenders
- after-school programs139
- AIDS935–936
- Albonetti, Celesta A.806
- alcohol, control policies308–309
- Alcoholics Anonymous945
- Allan, Emelie454–455
- Allen, Hilary371
- Alschuler, Albert W.679
- American Board of Forensic Odontology786
- American criminal justice system4–6, 11–17, 21–23
- crime decline of the 1990s47–50
- during 1950s735–736
- evidence-based approach to crime policy76–78
- history of American homicide trends28–30
- land-grant universities82
- overview of6–11
- reducing gun crime and431–434
- state and county-level criminal justice systems13–17 See also United States
- American Friends Service Committee634
- American Jail Association801
- American Journal of Sociology561
- American Society of Criminology800
- An American Dilemma (Myrdal)331
- Anderson, Rocky526
- Anwar, Shamena198–199
- Aos, Steve946
- apology, sincere238–239
- Argomaniz, Javier142
- Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT)466
- arrest, effect of199
- Astor, Avraham395
- Atkins, Daryl774
- Atkins v. Virginia774
- Atuahene, Bernadette217
- auditors, police610
- Australia
- evidence-based approach to crime policy80–81
- mandatory penalties in742–743
- Personal Safety Survey363–364
- Australian Law Reform Commission106
- Ayres, Ian430
- Babor, Thomas290
- Baicker, Katherine776
- Bail Reform Act of 1966802
- Bail Reform Act of 1984802
- Bankston, Carl L.395
- Barclay, Gordon42
- Barclay v. Florida772
- Barefoot v. Estelle772
- Barker, Thomas588
- Barker, Vanessa880
- Barnes, Helen69
- Bates, Leigh194
- Bayesian model of risk perceptions198–199
- beat meeting564
- Beck, Allen J.943
- Beelmann, Andreas133
- Beha, James737
- behavior
- deterrent effect of risk perceptions on194–197
- experiential effect of behavior on risk perceptions197–199
- behavioral triage306
- behavior therapy168
- Bellah, Robert159
- Bellair, Paul E.326
- Benn, John784
- Bentler, P. M.455
- Berger v. United States784–785
- Berns, Walter780
- Beyler, Craig783
- Bhati, Avinash933
- Biebel, Elizabeth Perkins567
- Bilukha, Oleg134
- Binder, Renee L.865
- Binswanger, Ingrid942
- Black, Dan A.430
- black offenders
- capital punishment and767–768
- indeterminate sentencing and105
- and 100-to-1 rule108–109
- racial disparities in victimization and offending323–326
- under U.S. correctional control156
- U.S. criminal justice system and affects on19–20 See also African Americans
- Blair, Tony79
- Blau, Peter M.484
- Block, Carolyn R.36
- Block, Michael K.808
- Bloom, Dan464
- Blueprints for Violence Prevention77
- Blumberg, Abraham669
- Bonczar, Thomas P.937
- Bond, Brenda J.559
- Booth v. Maryland772
- Bordt, Rebecca713
- Bosworth, Mary911
- Bowers, Kate528
- Boyum, David275
- Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence434
- Brahm, Eric232
- Brantingham, Patricia L.191
- Brantingham, Paul J.191
- breach of parole conditions834
- Breed v. Jones633
- Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale865
- Brimage guidelines on plea bargaining688
- Brockway, Zebulon929
- “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety” (Wilson and Kelling)548
- broken windows theory/broken windows policing515, 538, 554–556
- effect of556–560
- research testing in560–562
- Brooks, David396
- Brummer, Bennett844
- brutalization effect186
- Budd, Tracey586
- Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention (Tonry and Farrington)131
- Bukstel, Lee H.885
- bureaucratic policing545–547
- Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF)431–432
- Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), U.S.7, 17, 368, 552, 586, 594, 702–703, 795
- police-citizen survey612
- burglary victimization, prevention of repeat143–144
- Burke, Edmund734
- Byrne, James803
- California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation944
- California Substance Abuse Control and Crime Prevention Act (SACPA)301
- Campbell Collaboration Library of Systemic Reviews76
- Canada
- criminal justice system in12–13
- juvenile systems in4
- mandatory penalties in744
- prison population in881–882
- Risk, Need, and Responsivity (RNR) program836–837
- Canadian National Survey on Criminal Victimization36
- Canty, Chris308
- capital punishment5, 17, 18, 21, 99–100, 180, 757–760, 787–788
- common justifications of the death penalty775–781
- constitutional history of the death penalty770–775
- costs of775–777
- crime and185–186
- death penalty internationally760–763
- death penalty in the U.S.763–767
- death penalty stipulation675
- democratic values and780–781
- deterrent effect of777–778
- eighteenth-century England734–735
- executing the innocent783
- ineffective counsel783–784
- LWOP786–787
- misconduct784–785
- problems in administering the death penalty782–786
- race, ethnicity, and the death penalty336–338
- and race in America767–770
- religion and779–780
- use of jailhouse informants and junk science785–786
- Caplow, Theodore903
- Caputo, Michael R.297
- Carlen, Pat914
- Carter, Debbie Sue786
- Cassell, Paul G.604
- Cavadino, Michael742
- censure theorists107
- Center for Wrongful Convictions (Northwestern University)785
- Centers for Substance Abuse Treatment850
- Centre for Criminal Justice Economics and Psychology79
- Cerdá, Magdalena568
- Chaiken, Jan275
- Chaiken, Marcia275
- Chen, Elsa Y.749
- Chevigny, Paul606
- Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS)558–559
- Chicago Area Project (CAP)127
- children
- after-school programs139
- child skills training133
- early childhood home visiting program77
- LWOP sentences for crimes by787
- preschool intellectual enrichment programs132–133
- “children’s hearings,”4
- Cho, Rosa469
- Christensen, R. L.454
- Christy, Annette865
- citizen reviews608–609
- City of Los Angeles v. Lyons606
- civic republican perspective211
- civil courts605–607
- civil disabilities, of parolees940
- civilizing process concept39
- Clark, John809
- Class III and Class IV citizen reviews609
- Clear, Todd160
- Clemmer, Donald883
- Cloward, Richard127–128
- Cochrane Collaboration73–74
- Cochrane Library73
- Cochrane, Sir Archie73
- Cohen-Cole, Ethan186
- Cohen, Jacqueline183
- Cohen, Lawrence E.44
- Cohen, Stanley884
- Coker v. Georgia773
- collaborative review groups (CRGs)73
- Commission on Civil Rights, U.S.602
- communicative theories of punishment111
- communicative theorists107
- communitarian theorists107
- community and problem-oriented policing538–554, 567–569
- bureaucratic policing545–547
- COPS program550–554
- early uniformed police543–545
- historical development543–550
- organizational dimension of541
- philosophical dimension of540–551
- tactical dimension of541
- theory and research554–567
- community-based crime prevention127
- community conferencing theory225
- community courts846
- community crime prevention130–131, 136–138, 146
- after-school programs139
- mentoring138
- neighborhood watch138–139
- Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)550–551
- community policing and551–553
- crime research and553–554
- community penalties831
- community policing670
- community prosecution670–671
- community service838
- compensation to crime victims215–216
- comprehensive community initiatives127
- Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984932
- computerized evidence512
- conditional elasticity290
- confidence gap163
- Conscience and Convenience (Rothman)930
- consequentialist morality101
- Continental European civil-law countries, systems in3
- contingency management168
- contrition238–239
- Convention on the Rights of the Child787
- Cork, Daniel283
- Cornwell, Christopher461
- Correctional Program Assessment Inventory (CPAI-2000)172–173
- corrections, embrace of the term162
- Corruption Perception Index (CPI)589
- cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis68–69
- cost-of-illness (COI) studies, drug-related crimes and282
- Cottingham, John219–220
- counterfactual inference64
- counterterrorism498
- countries, other
- death penalty in760–763
- homicide rates in42
- intimate partner violence in365
- mandatory penalties in741–744
- offending by young people in356
- prison population in881–882
- sex, gender, and criminalization in369–370
- victimization of young people in365
- violent victimization in363–364
- county-level criminal justice system (U.S.)13–17
- court system, race, ethnicity, and the331
- death penalty336–338
- racial disproportionality in incarceration rates332–333
- sentencing decisions333–336
- crack babies284
- Craig, Wendy132
- CRASH (Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums)600
- Crawford, Charles334
- creative restitution221–222
- crime
- aggregate police presence and187–189
- capital punishment and185–186
- imprisonment and183–185
- police deployment and189–192 See also drugs; See also guns; See also immigrants; See also race, ethnicity; See also sex, gender; See also work
- Crime and Justice Group See Campbell Collaboration
- Crime and Justice Steering Committee See Campbell Collaboration
- crime policy See evidence-based crime policy
- crime prevention126–129, 144–148
- classifying129–131
- community136–139
- developmental131–136
- programs127–128
- situational139–144
- crime rates and trends, American6–11
- Crime Reduction Program (UK)78–79
- crime research553–554
- crime trends6–11, 22, 26–34, 50–52
- contemporary trends41–50
- crime decline of the 1990s47–50
- early 1960s through early 1990s43–47
- historical record of27–32
- historical trends38–40
- key issues34–37
- major patterns of32–33
- crime triangle566
- crime victims, compensation to215–216
- criminal conduct, psychology of168–169
- criminal courts605
- criminalization, sex, gender, and367–372
- Criminal Justice in Cleveland (Pound)669
- criminal justice policy councils72
- criminal justice prevention131
- criminal punishments See punishment
- criminal sentencing710
- effects of sentencing reform715–717
- evidence-based policy recommendations717–720
- future directions of720–723
- unwarranted disparities in sentencing710–715
- criminogenic needs170
- criminology of the other, the109
- Crofton, Sir Walter929
- Crow, Matthew S.722
- Crutchfield, Robert D.454
- Cruz, Rolando785
- culpability, adolescents’ diminished638–643
- Cummings, Peter435
- Cusik, Gretchen R.722
- Daly, Erin233
- dangerous offender laws5
- data-mining methods514
- Davis, Kenneth Culp673
- Dawson, Robert O.735–736
- daycare programs135
- death penalty See capital punishment
- de Beaumont, Gustave875
- declination674
- deferred prosecution agreement674
- deferred prosecutions674
- de Greiff, Pablo234
- DeIulio, John635
- “Delivering Crime Prevention: Making the Evidence Work” (conference)80
- Delone, Mariam A.427
- Democracy in America (de Tocqueville)159–160
- democratic values, capital punishment and780–781
- deontologists100
- Department of Corrections, U.S.939
- Department of Education, U.S., Safe and Drug-Free Schools program71
- Department of Homeland Security, U.S.189
- Department of Labor, U.S.457
- deprivations literature883
- Dershowitz, Alan106
- desert theories106
- determinate sentencing systems696–701, 723–724
- modern701–710
- parole and932
- research on criminal sentencing710–723
- deterrence179–180, 199–200, 263
- deterrent effect of capital punishment777–778
- deterrent effect of criminal punishment182–186
- deterrent effect of mandatory penalties744–749
- deterrent effect of police186–192
- key concepts of181–182
- in policing515
- right-to-carry gun laws and428
- sanction risk perceptions192–199
- deterrence model of police legitimacy579
- developmental crime prevention130, 131–132, 145–146
- child skills training133
- parent education134–135
- parent management training135–136
- preschool intellectual enrichment132–133
- de Waal, Frans530
- de Waard, Jaap130
- differential police response (DPR)522
- diminished culpability, adolescents’638–643
- Discovery of the Asylum, The (Rothman)160
- discrimination, sentence disparity and710
- distributive justice262–263
- District of Columbia v. Heller422
- diversionary (pre-plea) drug courts852
- diversion programs, drug301–303
- diversity of focus policing strategy191–192
- DNA Collection at Burglary Crime Scenes (Roman)523
- domestic criminal justice, restorative justice in234–236
- domestic law, reparation in215–216
- domestic violence, arrests525
- Dornbusch, Sanford M.455
- dose-response relationship, drug use and280
- Doyle, Joanne M.461
- Drake, Elizabeth946
- Drass, Kriss A.41
- Drizin, Steven A.647
- Drug Abuse Reporting Program849
- Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)284
- Drug Court Discretionary Grant Program850
- Drug Court Program Office (DCPO)850
- drug courts302–303, 836, 843–845, 866
- drug court model850–853
- growth of848–850
- in reducing recidivism853–861
- start of specialty court movement847
- unresolved issues861–862
- drugs and crime275–277, 309–311, 718
- alcohol-control policies308–309
- blacks arrested for drug offenses903
- coerced or mandated abstinence306–307
- controlling drug-related crime305–309
- decriminalization297–298
- drug courts302–303
- drug demand and substitutes290–292
- drug-diversion programs301–303
- drug involvement among criminals280
- drug laws cause drug-related crime281–282
- drugs in prisons886–887
- drug substitutes290–292
- drug types284–286
- epidemic stage288
- Goldstein’s tripartite framework277–279
- magnitude of drug-related crimes279–282
- Pareto Law289–290
- prevention programs303
- prices of drugs286–287
- regulating drugs296–297
- search time287
- supply control304–305
- traditional themes and typologies277–288
- two-tiered toughness308
- “due process revolution,” juvenile justice and 1960s632–634
- Dugan, Brian785
- Duggan, Mark429–430
- Dumas, Jean136
- DWI courts854–858
- Earl, Felton393
- early uniformed police543–545
- Eberheart v. Georgia773
- Effectiveness of a Prison and Parole System, The (Glaser)941
- effect size, of race on sentencing336
- Ehrlich, Isaac777
- 18-to-1 rule108
- Einat, Tomar184
- Eisenhower, Milton S.127
- Eisenstein, James669
- Ekblom, Paul130
- elasticity of demand290
- Elias, Norbert39
- employment See work and crime
- English-speaking common-law countries, systems in3
- Enmund v. Florida773
- equality principle systems3
- equilibrium theorists107
- equity681
- Ericson, Richard V.488–489
- European Convention of Human Rights762–762
- European Court of Human Rights890
- European nations, crime trends41–42
- European Union762
- evidence, defined63
- evidence and crime control511
- cost-effectiveness of crime control515–519
- measurement and classification512–513
- prediction513–514
- theories of causation514–515
- evidence-based crime policy60–63
- assessing research evidence66–69
- challenges and future directions81–83
- economic analysis68–69
- evaluating the effects of programs63–66
- evidence-based model63–69
- implementation of81–82
- institutional base73–76
- international developments76–81
- meta-analytic review method68
- policy processes70–72
- practitioner use82–83
- systematic review method66–67
- evidence-based policy recommendations, in sentencing guidelines717–720
- evolutionary psychologists114
- excessive force, use of591–592
- causes of592–593
- data on593–595
- excessive force criminal cases605
- use of deadly force595
- exclusionary rule603–604
- experienced arrest certainty199
- expiration parole releases932
- expressive punishment policies and laws111–112
- Fagan, Jeffrey186
- Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence (NRC)519
- Farrell, Amy722
- Farrell, Graham143
- Federal Bureau of Prisons, U.S.810
- Federal Courts Study Committee731
- federal firearm licensee (FFL)431–432
- federal legal systems12–13
- federal mandatory penalties739
- Federal Probation Service828
- federal sentencing guidelines707–710
- Feeley, Malcolm689
- Fegley, Suzanne455
- Felson, Marcus44
- female offenders See sex, gender, and crime; See women’s prisons
- feminization of poverty904–905
- Finland See Scandinavian countries
- Finn, Mary A.716
- Fishman, Janet E.598
- Fishman, Joseph F.801
- Florin, Paul146
- Fogel, David932
- Folger, Robert585
- foot patrols, police547–549
- Ford v. Wainwright774–775
- forecasting criminal behavior514
- forest plot analysis517–518
- Forever Free program913
- Franklin, Benjamin875
- Frase, Richard707
- Freeman, Richard B.461
- Friedman, Lee69
- Fry, Margaret215
- functional displacement141
- Gagnon v. Scarpelli937
- Galaway, Burt225
- Gallegos v. Colorado646
- Garfinkel, Harold768
- gender See sex, gender, and crime
- gender gap in crime351
- gender inequality model of violence367
- gender responsiveness911–912
- general deterrence179
- general responsivity principle171
- geographical variations, in sentencing714–715
- Gersh, Jeffrey S.191
- Gill, Martin142
- Gilmore, Gary763
- Giuliani, Rudolph556–557
- Glaser, Daniel941
- Glaze, Lauren E.813
- global position satellite (GPS) monitoring939
- Glueck, Sheldon and Eleanor352
- Goldberg v. Kelly105
- Goldwater, Barry829
- Gottfredson, Denise139
- Gover, Angela R.863
- governance, police494–497
- government through crime argument23
- Graham v. Connor591
- Grant, Oscar328
- Grattet, Ryken947–948
- Great Depression876
- Greenberg, David44
- Green, David71–72
- Greene, Jack R.548–549
- Green, Lorraine191
- Groenhuijsen, Marc S.239
- Grossman, Michael290
- Guerette, Rob T.528
- guided discretionary death statutes771
- guided restitution222
- guns and crime420–423
- defensive use of guns425–428
- effect of right-to-carry laws on crime428–431
- future research and policy435–439
- juvenile gun violence635
- Michigan Felony Firearms Statute738–739
- possession and use in the U.S.423–425
- preventing firearm injuries434–435
- reducing gun crime431–434
- Haberfeld, Maria R.601
- Habits of the Heart (Bellah)159
- “Habits of the heart,” concept of160
- Haggerty, Kevin D.488–489
- Haley v. Ohio646
- Hamilton, Edwin E.602
- Haney, Lynne904
- Hannah-Moffat, Kelly909
- Hardy, Marjorie S.434
- Harland, Alan225
- Harrell, Adele862
- Harris, David339
- Hartnett, Susan M.558–559
- Hauser, Robert M.806
- Hayman, Brett S.604
- Haynes, Stacy H.722
- Head Start133
- Hemenway, David427
- Henry, D. Alan809
- Herman, Judith240
- Hiday, Virginia Aldige865
- high diversity policing approach191–192
- Hipp, John948
- Hispanics
- bail issues806
- police victimization of329
- racial disparities in victimization and offending323–326
- racial profiling of330
- undocumented immigrants397
- Historical Violence Database35
- History of Homicide Database35
- hit rates330
- HIV/AIDS935–936
- holistic restorative justice229
- Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr.734
- Holzer, Harry J.465
- Home Office of England and Wales106
- home-visitation programs134–135
- homicide rates, historical data on28–30
- Hood, Roger762
- Horney, Julie198
- Horn, Robert N.461
- Hough, Michael82
- Howard, John875
- Hoyle, Carolyn762
- Hudson, Barbara237
- Hudson, Joe225
- Hughes, Timothy A.943
- human rights890–891
- Hunter, Albert563
- hybrid theories104
- ideal theory101
- immaturity gap640
- immigrants and crime385–388
- comparative research401–405
- crimes committed against immigrants in the U.S.398–401
- crimes committed in the U.S.390–397
- immigration and crime nexus388–390
- implications405–409
- Immigration Commission392
- imprisonment/incarceration rates5–6
- patterns and trends17
- racial disproportionality in332–333
- U.S. data on imprisonment of women and men899–905
- welfare policies and incarceration rates of women905
- incarceration
- and the accumulation of work experience463–464
- employment consequences of465–470
- welfare policies and incarceration rates at women904
- independent commissions607–608
- indicated crime prevention program131
- Industrial Commission (1901)392
- industrial prisons876
- infectious diseases935–936
- information technology (IT)488–490
- instrumental model of legitimacy579
- Inter-American Court of Human Rights232
- internal validity63–64
- International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)943
- International Center for Transitional Justice (ICT)232
- international crime trends data36
- international criminal law and justice, reparation and restoration in231–234
- International Homicide Index36
- international law, reparation in216–218
- International Police Organization (Interpol)36
- International Self-Reported Delinquency Study356
- intimate partner violence364–365
- intuitionist theorists106–107
- Jacob, Bruce R.214
- Jacob, Herbert669
- Jacobs, Jane140
- jailhouse snitches785–786
- jails and pretrial release795–797
- correlates of pretrial release804–806
- historical developments800–802
- jail inmate population797–800
- jail issues810–815
- mental health and adjustment to jail812–815
- new generation jails810–812
- policy implications and future research815–818
- pretrial release and detention trends803–804
- pretrial supervision, risk, and misconduct806–810
- James, Steve308
- Jefferis, Eric S.581
- Jeffrey, C. Ray137
- Jofre-Bonet, Mireia291
- Johnson, Calvin C.552
- Johnson, David T.763
- Johnson, Dianne743
- Johnson, Guy768
- Johnson, Robert884
- Joint Terrorism Task Forces498
- Jolliffe, Darrick138
- Jones, Bill748
- Jonson, Cheryl Lero179
- Jung, Haeil469
- junk science785–786
- Juran, Joseph289
- juvenile justice627–629, 650–652
- juvenile drug courts854–858
- 1960s and the “due process revolution”632–634
- 1980s-1990s “get tough” era635–637
- progressive juvenile court, 1899–1960s629–631
- 2000–2010, reassessing adolescents’ competence and culpability637–650
- Kachnowski, Vera933
- Kallem, Andrew456
- Kaminski, Robert J.581
- Kansas City Gun Project433
- Kant, Immanuel100–101
- Karberg, Jennifer C.281
- Katzenbach, Nicolas deB.127
- Katz, Lawrence186
- Kennedy, Anthony731
- Kennedy, David M.434
- Kennedy, Patrick O.773
- Kennedy v. Louisiana773
- Kerstetter, Wayne A.609
- Kessler, Daniel433
- Kilmann, Peter R.885
- Kimbrough v. United States935
- Kirschheimer, Otto110
- Kiss, Elizabeth208
- Klein, Herbert844
- Klepper, Steven196–197
- Klick, Jonathan189
- Knox, Rebecca C.425
- Konopka, Gisela352
- Koons-Witt, Barbara A.716
- Koper, Christopher529
- Kornhauser, Ruth R.563
- Kovandzic, Tomislav V.554
- Kowalski, Matt184
- Kreager, Derek A.199
- Kreisel, Betsy Wright609
- Lalonde, Robert469
- Lamberth, John596
- land-grant universities82
- Land, Kenneth C.562
- Langan, Patrick941
- Larson, Richard C.307
- Lattimore, Pamela946
- Laub, John H.455
- Lavrakas, Paul126–127
- law-and-order movement829
- Law Enforcement and Mental Health Project at of 2000864
- lawsuits, civil605–607
- law without order164
- lead exposure, crime rates and49
- Lee, Matthew399
- legal theorists, and facets of punishment104–106
- legislatures, American4–5
- legitimacy262–265
- legitimacy, police579–581
- data on581–582
- minority views and experiences586–587
- personal experience with police and583–586
- procedural justice582–583
- Lemke, Robert808
- Lenihan, Kenneth J.457
- level of focus policing strategy191
- Level of Service Inventory (LSI)170
- Leventhal, Gerald S.611
- Levin, David941
- Liebling, Alison885
- Liebman, James784
- Life Plan for Recovery program913
- life-without-possibility-of-parole laws/sentences (LWOPs)5, 16, 637, 642–643, 644, 759, 779, 781, 786–787, 888
- limiting retributivist theories106
- Lind, Andrew391
- Lindquist, Charles A.814
- Lindquist, Christine H.814
- lineups, police524
- Lin, Jeffrey948
- Lipsey, Mark W.940
- Liptak, Adam732
- Living Insurance for Ex-Prisoners (LIFE) program457
- Lizotte, Alan427
- Lockett v. Ohio772
- loco parentis627
- Lombroso, Cesare351–352
- Longshore, Douglas861
- Los Angeles Times581
- Lösel, Friedrich133
- Loughran, Thomas A.198–199
- Love, Eulia581
- low diversity policing approach191–192
- Lynch, Mary835
- Lyons, Christopher469
- MacDonald, John M.863
- Machin, Stephen461–462
- MacKenzie, Doris L.835
- Maconochie, Alexander929
- Mader, Katherine608
- Magarrell, Lisa237
- Maguire, Edward R.552
- mandated drug desistance programs306–307
- Mandatory Minimum Penalties in the Federal Criminal Justice System739
- mandatory penalties730–733
- before 1970733–736
- deterrent effects744–749
- evaluations747–749
- mandatory minimums747–748
- in other countries741–744
- since 1970736–741
- undoing the harm749–751
- Manhattan Bail Project802
- Manpower Development and Training Act, 1962457
- Mapp, Dolree603
- Mapp v. Ohio603–604
- Markowitz, Fred E.562
- Marquart, James779
- mass imprisonment881
- Mathiesen, Thomas884
- Matsueda, Ross L.199
- Mattick, Hans801
- Mauer, Marc331
- Maxwell, Gabrielle235
- McCleskey, Warren336–337
- McCoy, Candace740
- McDavid, James C.585
- McDonaldization of justice228
- McDuff, Kenneth779
- McElroy, James E.609
- McFarland, George784
- McFarland v. State784
- McKeiver v. Pennsylvania633
- McManimon, Patrick740
- McNiel, Dale E.865
- McNulty, Thomas326
- Mead, George H.218
- means-over-ends syndrome549
- Measure 11, Oregon’s740–741
- mediation, victim-offender235
- Megan’s Laws5
- Meghir, Costas461–462
- Menkel-Meadow, Carrie229–230
- Mentally Ill Offender Treatment and Crime Reduction Act of 2004864
- mentoring programs138
- Messinger, Sheldon883
- meta-analyses517–518
- methamphetamine285
- Michigan Felony Firearms Statute738–739
- Miller, Marna946
- Milton, Catherine H.595
- Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission106
- Minow, Martha233
- miracle of the cells184–185
- misconduct, police587, 597
- external mechanisms of control and accountability603–608
- internal mechanisms of control and accountability597–603
- mixed mechanisms of control and accountability609–610
- police corruption587–591
- racial profiling595–597
- use of (excessive) force591–595
- Mistretta v. United States709
- Mitchell, Ojmarrh336
- mobile digital terminal (MDT) communications600
- Mobilization for Youth (MOBY) program127–128
- Model Penal Code103
- Monitoring the Future (MTF) project355
- Monroe v. Pape606
- Moore, Mark H.540
- Moore, Marlee E.865
- Moore, Sir Thomas215
- moral values of police legitimacy579–580
- Morenoff, Jeffrey395
- Morgan, Neil743
- Morris, Allison235
- Morrissey v. Brewer937
- mortification of self884
- Mouzos, Jenny42
- Muhlhausen, David B.553
- Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality464
- multivariate analysis517
- murder rate7
- Murphy, Kevin290
- Muslim immigrants399
- Myers, Samuel L.456
- Nagel, Ilene H.806
- Nairobi Declaration on the Rights of Women and Girls to a Remedy and Reparation212
- Narcotics Anonymous945
- narrative theory239
- National Adult Literacy Survey936
- national advisory bodies745–746
- National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders546
- National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals127
- National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence127
- National Conference of State Legislatures736
- National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline161
- National Crime Prevention Programme (Australia)80
- National Demonstration of the Breaking the Cycle (BTC) project862
- National District Attorneys Association943
- National Drug Control Strategy848–849
- National Family Violence Surveys364
- National Firearms Act of 1934421
- National Health Service (NHS)73
- National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)35
- National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)73
- National Institute of Corrections801
- National Juvenile Defender Center649
- National Opinion Research Center, General Social Survey581
- National Policy Improvement Agency79
- National Research Council Panel on Sentencing Research334
- National Research Institute of Legal Policy (Finland)746
- National Rifle Association (NRA)434
- National Supported Work Demonstration455
- National Violence Against Women Survey364
- National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS)436
- Native Americans326
- Nazis98
- Neapolitan, Jerome36
- Nehusi, Kimani214
- Nesovic, Alekdandra173
- Nevin, Rick49
- Newcomb, M. D.455
- New Jersey v. Soto596
- Newman, Donald735
- Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna234
- Nixon, Richard M.160
- nominal probation835–836
- nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)208
- nuisance abatement141–142
- nullification733–734
- Nurse Home Visitor Program (NHVP)77
- Nutt, David61
- offender rehabilitation160
- offending, racial disparities in victimization and323–326
- offending, sex, gender and350–361
- characteristics of female and male offenders358–359
- explanations of sex differences in offending359–361
- gender gap in crime351
- nonviolent offending354–355
- offending by young people355–356
- offending over the centuries356–358
- sex-specific levels and trends in offending351–358
- violent offending352–354
- Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S.188
- Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S.77
- Ohlin, Lloyd127–128
- O’Neill, Tip690
- Operation Pressure Point307
- Operation Restoration559
- order maintenance policing557–558
- Oregon’s Measure 11740–741
- Orfield, Myron W., Jr.604
- Ortiz, Vilma409
- Owen, Barbara908
- PACT (Pulling America’s Communities Together)127
- Palmer, Ted166
- pardons927–928
- parent education programs134–135
- parent management training programs135–136
- Pareto’s Law289–290
- Pareto, Vilfredo289
- parole925–927, 946–948
- breach of parole conditions834
- definition and evolution of927–934
- history of parole development929–931
- imprisonment rate for women and903–904
- inmates release, recidivism, and prison return941–944
- life-without-possibility-of-parole laws/sentences5, 16, 637, 642–643, 644, 759, 779, 781, 786–787, 888
- parole population growth and the characteristics of parolees934–936
- parole violators and impact on prison populations943–944
- promising programs in parole and re-entry944–946
- re-entry systems and936–940
- state parole systems18
- under community corrections162
- parole authorities928–929
- Parole Violation Decision Making Instrument (PVDMI)944
- parsimony100
- participation elasticity290
- paternalistic justice371–372
- paternalist theorists107
- Paterson, Alexander876
- Pathways to Prevention (Homel)80
- Patterson, Gerald135–136
- Pawson, Ray130
- Payne v. Tennessee772
- Pease, Ken143
- Pemberton, Antony239
- penal culture160
- penal harm movement160
- Penry, Johnny Paul774
- Penry v. Lynaugh774
- Pepper, John V.52
- Permanent Court of International Justice212
- personal moral values of police legitimacy579–580
- Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996905
- Personal Safety Survey (Australia)363–364
- Petrosino, Anthony67
- Petry, Nancy M.291
- Pettit, Becky469
- Pettit, Philip237
- Piquero, Alex136
- Pitchford, Susan R.454
- plea negotiations15, 117–118, 122n, 14
- post-plea meetings235
- prosecutorial discretion in charging and673–685
- Poister, Theodore H.585
- police and crime control509–511
- arrests524–525
- CompStat530–531
- criminal investigation by detectives522–524
- customized policing model525–531
- deterrent effect of police186–192
- evaluating police practices519–531
- evidence and crime control511–519
- hot spots policing527–528
- police crackdowns529
- police demand for knowledge531–533
- science-led policing532
- policing repeat offenders529
- preventive patrol520–521
- rapid response to most calls521–522
- restorative policing529–530
- science-led policing531–532
- standard policing model520–525
- police auditors609
- police chiefs and administration599
- police-community collaboration563
- Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)546–547
- Police Foundation493–494
- police legitimacy and lawful policing577–579
- challenges and future directions610–613
- police legitimacy579–587
- police misconduct587–597
- responses to police misconduct597–610
- police organization479–480, 499–500
- aggregate police presence and crime187–189
- deterrent effect of police186–192
- information technology488–490
- internal structure of U.S. police organizations483–486
- people doing policing490–491
- police consolidation movement481–482
- police culture491–494
- police deployment and crime189–192
- police governance494–497
- police patrol technology487–488
- police technology486–490
- stability and change in American policing497–499
- structure of U.S. policing industry480–483
- police reform548–549
- policy forums72
- political conflicts, restorative justice processes and236
- political science accounts, punishment and112–114
- politics-administration dichotomy model545
- Pollack, Harold A.284
- Pollak, Otto352
- Porter, Anthony783
- Posner, Richard116
- posterior probability of risk198
- post-plea courts852
- post-sentence and prison pre-release236
- Powell v. Alabama783
- Pratt, Travis746
- pre-plea courts852
- preschool programs135
- pre-sentence conferencing235
- pre-sentence investigation reports (PSIs)835
- President’s Crime Commission, Task Force on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime632
- pretrial release See jails and pretrial release
- Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising (Sherman)76–77
- prevention programs, drug303
- preventive police patrols520–521
- primary crime prevention130
- prior probability of risk198
- Prison Community, The (Clemmer)883
- prisoner re-entry913–914
- prisoners
- employment programs for ex-prisoners457–458
- parole release system18
- percentages of state and federal13
- prison sentences17 See also black offenders
- prison industry876
- prisons872–874
- American penitentiaries160–161
- as “correctional institutions”162
- crime and imprisonment183–185
- current issues and future of imprisonment889–892
- effects of imprisonment882–889
- ex-offenders and potential employers464–465
- growth of U.S. prison population878–882
- historical overview874–877
- parole violators and impact on prison populations943–944
- patterns and trends of imprisonment18–19
- prison pre-release236
- rehabilitation and reformatory process161–162
- undocumented immigrants in federal396–397
- women’s897–915
- private security483
- probation and community penalties825–826
- brief history of probation, 1970–2010827–831
- community service838
- financial penalties837
- future of probation838–839
- intensive probation837
- management for risk836–837
- nominal probation835–836
- pre-sentence investigation reports835
- probation under community corrections162
- scale of probation831–834
- probation sentences16
- Problem-Oriented Policing (Goldstein)549
- procedural reforms, for capital punishment771–772
- professional model of policing546
- Project Hope834
- Project on Policing Neighborhoods563
- Project Safe Neighborhoods434
- Promise of Crime Prevention, The (Gant and Grabosky)80
- proportionality theories106
- Proposition 36, California301–302
- prosecution15, 663–666
- definition and sources of prosecutorial power666–668
- development of plea bargaining in the U.S.680–685
- elected prosecutors113
- legal literature on671–673
- misconduct in capital cases784–785
- prosecutorial discretion in charging and plea negotiation673–679
- role in sentencing718–719
- sociological literature on669–671
- theory of685–690
- use of jailhouse informants and junk science785–786
- Protocol 13, European Convention of Human Rights761–762
- psychological effects, of imprisonment882–889
- psychologists114
- psychology of criminal conduct168–169
- “Psychology of Punitive Justice, The” (Mead)218
- psychosis283
- Public Interest, The165
- Pulley v. Harris772
- Punch, Maurice588
- punishment95–99
- and affects on disadvantaged groups117
- deterrence and181–186
- experiential effects of behavior and197
- intermediate punishments719
- new “justice model” of punishment701
- pattern and trends17–21
- philosophers and legal theorists99–107
- political science accounts112–114
- race, ethnicity, and nationality119–120
- rehabilitation and punishment programs166
- retribution and218–220
- severe expressive punishment policies115–117
- social theories107–112
- thinking about115–120
- Punishment and Deterrence (Andenaes)261
- Punishment and Responsibility (Hart)103–104
- punishment experience and punishment avoidance198
- pure restitution223
- race, ethnicity, and crime119–120, 321–323
- capital punishment and race in U.S.767–770
- court system and331–338
- differential enforcement of the law329
- policy implications and research agenda338–340
- race, ethnicity and justice system processing327–338
- racial disparities in victimization and offending323–326
- racial disproportionality in incarceration rates332–333
- racial profiling329–330
- Racial Justice Act769–770
- racial threat hypothesis593
- random assignments, in design of community-based programs146
- random forests modeling514
- randomized and nonrandomized experiments65–66
- rapid response strategies, police521–522
- Rasinski, Kenneth A.609
- Ratcliffe, Jerry142
- rational choice theory566
- reassurance, reinforcement, and legitimacy254–256, 267–268
- Durkheim’s model258–260
- legitimacy262–265
- policy265–267
- variations on Durkheimian themes260–261
- REDRESS (NGO)208
- re-entry
- evidence-based program implementation and cost-benefits945–946
- parole and re-entry systems936–940
- prisoner913–914
- what works in re-entry programming944–945
- Regional Community Policing Institutes (RCPI)550–551
- regression analysis181–182
- rehabilitation156–159, 173–174
- decline of rehabilitation and discretionary parole release931–934
- early prison rehabilitative programs876–877
- fall and rise of rehabilitation163–167
- paradigm of effective correctional treatment167–173
- Reid, Lesley396
- Reitz, Kevin R.718
- relevant conduct709
- remand prisoners15
- Remington, Frank735
- remorse, contrition, and apology238–239
- Renigifo, Andres F.557–558
- Reno, Janet844
- reparation, restoration, and restorative justice207–209, 240–241
- history and development of key terms213–220
- meanings and popularity209–213
- restorative justice220–231
- selected applications of231–236
- theories related to237–240
- reparative measures219
- Repeat Call Addressing Policing Program (RECAP)527
- repeat offenders, policing529
- Reppetto, Thomas140–141
- republican normative theory211
- residential burglary victimization, prevention of repeat143–144
- restorative justice220–221
- conceptions, definitions, and agendas of227–228
- early ideas221–224
- later ideas224–230
- popular uses and misuses228
- unleashed228–230
- restorative justice conference (RJC)530
- restorative policing529–530
- retribution, punishment and218–220
- Reyes, Jessica W.49
- Rhine, Edward E.930
- Rhodes, William809
- Richards, Henry865
- Rich, Thomas F.307
- Riedel, Marc768
- Rierden, Andi908
- right-to-carry gun laws428–431
- RISE-UK235
- risk assessment, on women offenders909–910
- Risk, Need, and Responsivity (RNR) program (Canada)836–837
- risk perception
- adolescent641 See also sanctions on risk perceptions
- risk principle169–170
- Rita v. U.S.709
- Roberts, Julian V.228
- Roberts v. Louisiana771
- Roche, Declan233
- Rodriguez, Fernando399
- Roebuck, Julian588
- Roehl, Jan552
- Roe v. Wade580
- Romilly, Samuel734
- Roncek, Dennis W.191
- Rossi, Peter457
- Rossman, David737–738
- Ross, Robert R.166
- Rountree, Pamela Wilcox562
- Rousseau, Danielle722
- routine activities theory514–515
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police14
- Royal Commission591
- Ruback, Barry722
- Rumbaut, Ruben395
- Rusch, Georg110
- Rush, Benjamin875
- Sabol, William J.469
- Sacks, Joann913
- Safe and Drug-Free Schools program (U.S. Dept of Education)71
- sanctions on risk perceptions192
- contextual effect of193–194
- deterrent effect of risk perceptions on behavior194–197
- experiential effect of behavior on risk perceptions197–199
- Sayles, Susan427
- Scalia, John803
- Scared Straight program60
- Schafer, Stephen215
- Schneider, Matthew C.553
- Schneider, William163
- “Schools and Prisons: Fifty Years after Brown v. Board of Education” (Sentencing Project)327
- Schweinhart, Lawrence69
- science-led policing531–532
- Scottsboro boys783
- Scrivner, Ellen M.592
- second-generation immigrants393–395
- Section 1983 lawsuits606
- security guards144
- selective crime prevention program131
- self-injury and suicide910
- Sellin, Thorsten777
- sentence credits16
- sentencing disparities710–715
- geographical variation in sentencing714–715
- socioeconomic disparity713–714
- sentencing enhancements, for illegal gun possession432–433
- sentencing systems See determinate sentencing systems
- sentencing zones719
- September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks
- color-coded alert system after189
- terrorist-oriented policing after498–499
- Serketich, Wendy136
- sex, gender, and crime348–350
- policy implications372–374
- sex, gender, and criminalization367–372
- sex, gender, and offending350–361
- sex, gender, and victimization361–367
- Shadish, William65
- shall-carry gun laws28–29
- shaming237–238
- Shi, Lan188
- Shustorovich, Ellen186
- Silberman, Matthew908
- Silverman, Eli B.601
- Sims-Blackwell, Brenda716
- simultaneity problem183
- situational crime prevention131, 139–141, 146–147
- closed-circuit television (CCTV)142–143
- defined140
- improved street lighting142
- nuisance abatement141–142
- other programs144
- preventing repeat residential burglary victimization143–144
- Skipper v. South Carolina772
- Slawson, Donna B.776
- Smith, Douglas A.190
- Smith, Paula173
- social learning programs168
- social-psychological model of police legitimacy580
- social theories, punishment and107–112
- Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison, The (Sykes)883–884
- socioeconomic disparities, in sentencing713–714
- sociological effects, of imprisonment882–889
- soft crimes554
- Solomon, Amy L.933
- Sorensen, Jonathan779
- Sousa, William H., Jr.557
- South Carolina v. Gathers772
- special groups, capital punishment and treatment of773–775
- specific deterrence179
- specific responsivity principle171
- Spelman, William179
- Spencer, Herbert215
- Spouse Assault Replication Program (SARP)190
- Staff, Jeremy455
- Stafford, Mark C.197–198
- Stalans, Loretta J.228
- Stamatel, Janet P.36
- Standard Operating Procedures, Rules of Conduct577
- standard policing model520–525
- state criminal justice systems (U.S.)13–17
- state sentencing guidelines705–707
- static risk factors169–170
- statutory determinate sentencing703–704
- Steinberg, Laurence455
- Stemen, Donald44
- Stoll, Michael A.465
- street lighting, improved18
- Struggle for Justice (American Friends Service Committee)634
- subjective disorder measures561–562
- substantive reforms, for capital punishment773
- Sullivan, Dennis231
- summary parole939
- Sunshine, Jason584
- supermax prisons881
- supervisors, police agency599–601
- Supreme Court decisions, U.S.13, 21, 105
- mandatory sentencing laws731
- pretrial release802
- prison conditions877
- suspended prison sentence836
- Sutton, Adam308
- “swallowing the gun” (flat bargains)15
- Sweeten, Gary468
- Sykes, Gary W.549
- systematic social observations (SSOs)561–562
- tactical displacement140–141
- Take Charge of Your Life program526
- Tankersley, Robby Lee785–786
- target displacement141
- Task Force on Community Preventive Services134
- Task Force on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime (President’s Crime Commission)633
- Tavares, Cynthia42
- Tavuchis, Nicholas239
- Taylor, Charlene191
- Taylor, Laurie884
- Taylor, Ted133
- T-CAP (Texas City Action Plan to Prevent Crime)127
- team policing547
- technology, police486–490
- Telles, Edward409
- temporal displacement140
- Terblanche, Stephan742
- Terrill, William599
- territorial displacement141
- tertiary crime prevention130
- therapeutic integrity172
- Thibaut, John W.582
- Thinking about Crime (J.Q. Wilson)829
- Thomas, Timothy328
- Thomas, W. I.352
- Thompson, James W.453
- Thompson v. Oklahoma774
- Thornberry, T. P.454
- Thurman, Quint553
- Tifft, Larry231
- Tison v. Arizona773
- tobacco296–297
- Toch, Hans884–885
- Tombs, Jacqueline914
- Tomuschat, Christian237
- Tonry, Michael71–72, 131, 157, 199, 256–257, 393, 395, 402–405, 799, 800, 835, 837, 885–886, 890–891
- total institution884
- tough-on-crime legislation829
- Transitional Aid Research Project (TARP)457
- transitional justice232
- Travis, Jeremy838
- treatment, effective correctional167–173
- Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC)301
- Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS)849
- Tremblay, Richard132
- Trojanowicz, Robert548
- Trumbull, William N.461
- Trupin, Eric865
- Turner, Susan938
- Tutu, Desmond233
- ubuntu233
- Uggen, Christopher455
- undocumented immigrants396–397
- uniformed police, early543–545
- United Kingdom
- Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs61
- evidence-based approach to crime policy78–79
- National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence73
- United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child637
- United Nations Council Resolution (2002)218
- United Nations International Law Commission212
- United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (UNCS)36
- United States
- capital punishment and race in767–770
- crimes committed against immigrants in the398–401
- crimes committed by immigrants in the390–397
- criminalization in the368–369
- data on imprisonment of women and men899–905
- development of plea bargaining in the680–685
- gun ownership in420–425
- internal structure of police organizations483–486
- intimate partner violence in the364
- LWOPs786–787
- mandatory penalties735–741
- stability and change in American policing497–499
- structure of U.S. policing industry480–483
- violent/nonviolent offending in the352–355
- violent victimization in the361–363
- United States v. Emerson422
- United States v. Miller421
- universal crime prevention program131
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights216
- University of York, Centre for Criminal Justice Economics and Psychology79
- U.S. v. Salerno802
- validity, in evaluation studies63–65
- Van de Kamp v. Goldstein690
- van den Haag, Ernst780
- van Dijk, Jan J. M.130
- vanishing trials679
- Varieties of Police Behavior: The Management of Law and Order in Eight Communities (J.Q. Wilson)492–493
- Verdeja, Ernesto237
- victimization
- characteristics of female and male victims366
- explanations of sex differences in367
- immigrant398–400
- intimate partner violence364–365
- over the centuries365–366
- prevention of repeat residential burglary143–144
- racial disparities in victimization and offending323–326
- sex, gender, and361–367
- violent361–364
- of young people365
- victim-offender mediation (VOM)235
- violent crimes
- historical data on28–33
- link between drugs and46
- violence by females358–359, 374n, 13 See also sex, gender, and crime
- Visher, Christy946
- Vogel, Mary E.684
- Vollmer, August546
- volunteer community treatment services945
- waiver trials738
- Walker, Allison42
- Walker, Laurens582
- Wallman, Joel942
- Wandersman, Abraham146
- Waples, Sam142
- Ward, Geoff722
- war indemnities216
- Warr, Mark197–198
- Waters, Tony392
- Weber, Max683
- Webster-Stratton, Carolyn133
- Weikart, David69
- Weil, Douglas S.425
- Weiman, David456
- Weimer, David69
- Weinberg, Ehsan461
- welfare policies, and incarceration rates of women904
- Western, Bruce197
- Wetherington, Gerald844
- “what works”
- movement in corrections171–172
- Wheatley, Michael887
- Whitley, John E.435
- Why People Obey the Law (Tyler)262
- Wickersham Commission607
- Wiersema, Brian747–748
- Wilkins v. Maryland State Police595
- Wilkins v. Missouri774
- Williamson, Ronald Keith786
- Willingham, Cameron Todd783
- Wilson, David B.854
- Wilson, Dean142
- Wilson, Doris James943
- Wilson, Richard233
- Wilson, William J.326
- Winkel, Frans W.239
- Winship, Christopher434
- Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf460
- Witte, Ann Dryden456
- Wolfers, Justin186
- Wolfgang, Marvin768
- women’s prisons897–899, 914–915
- cross-national perspective of women’s imprisonment905–907
- gender responsive programs911–913
- nature of women’s imprisonment907–914
- prisoner re-entry913–914
- U.S. data on the imprisonment of women and men899–905
- Woodson v. North Carolina771
- work and crime444–447, 470–471
- economic conditions, labor market incentives, and crime452–462
- employment and stigma on ex-offenders464–465
- employment consequences of incarceration465–470
- how does serving time affect employment prospects462–470
- incarceration and the accumulation of work experience463–464
- opportunity cost of crime448–452
- wages460–462
- World Health Organization (WHO)36
- Worrall, John L.554
- Wright, Bradley R. E.195
- Wright, John P.455
- Yarborough v. Alvarado646
- Yeo, Helen586
- Yick Wo v. Hopkins671
- youth courts4
- youth justice conferences235
- Zant v. Stephens772
- Zatz, Majorie S.334
- Zdenkowski, George743
- zero-tolerance policing559–560
- Zhao, Jihong553
- Zhou, Min395
- Zingraff, Matt596
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