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Book cover for The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice
Book cover for The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice
    accreditation, for law enforcement agencies610
    Action Plan on Social Exclusion79
    Adler, Jeffrey S.38
    Administration of Criminal Justice735
    administrative rules598
    Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice Network (ADJJ)638, 640
    adult pre-sentence conferences235
    adversarial systems3
    Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs61
    after-school programs139
    Albonetti, Celesta A.806
    Alcoholics Anonymous945
    Allen, Hilary371
    Alschuler, Albert W.679
    American Bar Association649, 731
    American Bar Foundation735, 736
    American Board of Forensic Odontology786
    American Correctional Association162, 801, 883
    American Friends Service Committee634
    American Jail Association801
    American Journal of Sociology561
    American Law Institute106, 731
    American Prison Association162, 801
    American Society of Criminology800
    An American Dilemma (Myrdal)331
    Anderson, Rocky526
    Argomaniz, Javier142
    Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT)466
    arrest, effect of199
    Association of Paroling Authorities International (APAI)928, 943–944
    Astor, Avraham395
    Atkins, Daryl774
    Atkins v. Virginia774
    Atuahene, Bernadette217
    auditors, police610
    Australia
      evidence-based approach to crime policy80–81
      male and female prison population906, 907
    Australian Law Reform Commission106
    Babor, Thomas290
    Baicker, Katherine776
    Bail Reform Act of 1966802
    Bail Reform Act of 1984802
    Bankston, Carl L.395
    Barclay, Gordon42
    Barclay v. Florida772
    Barefoot v. Estelle772
    Barker, Thomas588
    Barker, Vanessa880
    Barnes, Helen69
    Bates, Leigh194
    Baumer, Eric P.45, 46
    beat meeting564
    Beck, Allen J.943
    Beelmann, Andreas133
    behavior
      deterrent effect of risk perceptions on194–197
      experiential effect of behavior on risk perceptions197–199
    behavioral triage306
    behavior therapy168
    Bellah, Robert159
    Bellair, Paul E.326
    benefits and burdens theorists107, 121n, 9
    Bentler, P. M.455
    Berns, Walter780
    Beyler, Craig783
    Bhati, Avinash933
    Biebel, Elizabeth Perkins567
    Bilukha, Oleg134
    Binder, Renee L.865
    Binswanger, Ingrid942
    Birkeland, Sarah70, 71
    Black, Dan A.430
    Blair, Tony79
    Blau, Peter M.484
    Block, Carolyn R.36
    Block, Michael K.808
    Blueprints for Violence Prevention77
    Blumberg, Abraham669
    Bonczar, Thomas P.937
    Bond, Brenda J.559
    Booth v. Maryland772
    Bordt, Rebecca713
    Bosworth, Mary911
    Bowers, Kate528
    Boyum, David275
    Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence434
    Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act421, 425
    Brantingham, Patricia L.191
    Brantingham, Paul J.191
    breach of parole conditions834
    Breed v. Jones633
    Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale865
    Brimage guidelines on plea bargaining688
    Brockway, Zebulon929
    “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety” (Wilson and Kelling)548
    Brooks, David396
    Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka327, 580, 612
    Brummer, Bennett844
    brutalization effect186
    Budd, Tracey586
    Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention (Tonry and Farrington)131
    Bukstel, Lee H.885
    Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF)431–432
    Bureau of the Census, U.S.7, 321
    burglary victimization, prevention of repeat143–144
    Burke, Edmund734
    Byrne, James803
    California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation944
    California Substance Abuse Control and Crime Prevention Act (SACPA)301
    Campbell Collaboration Library of Systemic Reviews76
    Canada
      crime patterns and trends in9, 10, 42
      juvenile systems in4
      mandatory penalties in744
      Risk, Need, and Responsivity (RNR) program836–837
    Canadian National Survey on Criminal Victimization36
    Canadian Sentencing Commission106, 746
    Canty, Chris308
    Caplow, Theodore903
    Caputo, Michael R.297
    Carter, Debbie Sue786
    Cassell, Paul G.604
    Cavadino, Michael742
    censure theorists107
    Center for Wrongful Convictions (Northwestern University)785
    Centers for Substance Abuse Treatment850
    Centre for Criminal Justice Economics and Psychology79
    Cerdá, Magdalena568
    Chaiken, Jan275
    Chaiken, Marcia275
    Chen, Elsa Y.749
    Chevigny, Paul606
    Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS)558–559
    Chicago Area Project (CAP)127
    children
      after-school programs139
      child skills training133
      early childhood home visiting program77
      LWOP sentences for crimes by787
      preschool intellectual enrichment programs132–133
    “children’s hearings,”4
    Christensen, R. L.454
    Christy, Annette865
    City of Los Angeles v. Lyons606
    civic republican perspective211
    civil disabilities, of parolees940
    civilizing process concept39
    Class III and Class IV citizen reviews609
    Clemmer, Donald883
    Cochrane Library73
    Cochrane, Sir Archie73
    Cohen-Cole, Ethan186
    Cohen, Jacqueline183
    Cohen, Lawrence E.44
    Cohen, Stanley884
    Coker v. Georgia773
    collaborative review groups (CRGs)73
    Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA)591, 610
    Commission on Civil Rights, U.S.602
    communicative theories of punishment111
    communicative theorists107
    communitarian theorists107
    Communities That Care (CTC)77, 128
    community-based crime prevention127
    community conferencing theory225
    community courts846
    community penalties831
    community policing670
    community service838
    comprehensive community initiatives127
    Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984932
    computerized evidence512
    conditional elasticity290
    confidence gap163
    Conscience and Convenience (Rothman)930
    consequentialist morality101
    construct validity64, 66
    Continental European civil-law countries, systems in3
    contingency management168
    Convention on the Rights of the Child787
    Cork, Daniel283
    Cornwell, Christopher461
    Correctional Program Assessment Inventory (CPAI-2000)172–173
    corrections, embrace of the term162
    Corruption Perception Index (CPI)589
    cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis68–69
    cost-of-illness (COI) studies, drug-related crimes and282
    counterfactual inference64
    counterterrorism498
    countries, other
      criminal justice systems in4, 22
      homicide rates in42
      intimate partner violence in365
      offending by young people in356
      victimization of young people in365
      violent/nonviolent offending in354, 355
    county-level criminal justice system (U.S.)13–17
    crack babies284
    Craig, Wendy132
    CRASH (Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums)600
    Crawford, Charles334
    crime commissions, presidential11, 127
    crime rates and trends, American6–11
    Crime Reduction Program (UK)78–79
    crime triangle566
    criminal courts605
    Criminal Justice in Cleveland (Pound)669
    criminal justice policy councils72
    criminal justice prevention131
    criminogenic needs170
    criminology of the other, the109
    Crofton, Sir Walter929
    Crow, Matthew S.722
    Crutchfield, Robert D.454
    Cruz, Rolando785
    culpability, adolescents’ diminished638–643
    Cummings, Peter435
    Cusik, Gretchen R.722
    dangerous offender laws5
    data-mining methods514
    Davis, Kenneth Culp673
    daycare programs135
    de Beaumont, Gustave875
    deferred prosecution agreement674
    deferred prosecutions674
    de Greiff, Pablo234
    DeIulio, John635
    “Delivering Crime Prevention: Making the Evidence Work” (conference)80
    Delone, Mariam A.427
    Democracy in America (de Tocqueville)159–160
    democratic values, capital punishment and780–781
    deontologists100
    Department of Corrections, U.S.939
    Department of Education, U.S., Safe and Drug-Free Schools program71
    Department of Homeland Security, U.S.189
    Department of Labor, U.S.457
    deprivations literature883
    Dershowitz, Alan106
    desert theories106
    deterrence model of police legitimacy579
    de Waal, Frans530
    de Waard, Jaap130
    differential police response (DPR)522
    diminished culpability, adolescents’638–643
    Discovery of the Asylum, The (Rothman)160
    discrimination, sentence disparity and710
    District of Columbia v. Heller422
    diversionary (pre-plea) drug courts852
    diversity of focus policing strategy191–192
    DNA Collection at Burglary Crime Scenes (Roman)523
    domestic criminal justice, restorative justice in234–236
    domestic violence, arrests525
    Dornbusch, Sanford M.455
    dose-response relationship, drug use and280
    Doyle, Joanne M.461
    Drake, Elizabeth946
    Drass, Kriss A.41
    Drizin, Steven A.647
    Drug Abuse Reporting Program849
    Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)284
    Drug Court Discretionary Grant Program850
    Drug Court Program Office (DCPO)850
    “due process revolution,” juvenile justice and 1960s632–634
    Dugan, Brian785
    Earl, Felton393
    Eberheart v. Georgia773
    Effectiveness of a Prison and Parole System, The (Glaser)941
    effect size, of race on sentencing336
    Ehrlich, Isaac777
    18-to-1 rule108
    Einat, Tomar184
    Eisenhower, Milton S.127
    Eisenstein, James669
    Ekblom, Paul130
    elasticity of demand290
    Elias, Norbert39
    English-speaking common-law countries, systems in3
    Enmund v. Florida773
    equality principle systems3
    equilibrium theorists107
    European Court of Human Rights890
    European nations, crime trends41–42
    European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics (ESCCJ)36, 354
    European Union762
    evidence, defined63
    evidence-based policy recommendations, in sentencing guidelines717–720
    evolutionary psychologists114
    expediency principle systems3, 15
    experienced arrest certainty199
    expiration parole releases932
    expressive punishment policies and laws111–112
    external validity64, 65
    Fagan, Jeffrey186
    Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence (NRC)519
    Farrell, Amy722
    Farrell, Graham143
    Federal Bureau of Prisons, U.S.810
    Federal Courts Study Committee731
    federal mandatory penalties739
    Federal Probation Service828
    Feeley, Malcolm689
    Fegley, Suzanne455
    Felson, Marcus44
    Finn, Mary A.716
    Fishman, Janet E.598
    Fishman, Joseph F.801
    Florin, Paul146
    Fogel, David932
    Folger, Robert585
    forecasting criminal behavior514
    Forever Free program913
    Franklin, Benjamin875
    Frase, Richard707
    Freeman, Richard B.461
    Friedman, Lee69
    Fry, Margaret215
    functional displacement141
    Gagnon v. Scarpelli937
    Galaway, Burt225
    Gallegos v. Colorado646
    Garfinkel, Harold768
    gender gap in crime351
    gender inequality model of violence367
    general deterrence179
    general responsivity principle171
    General Social Survey (Canada)364, 386
    geographical variations, in sentencing714–715
    Gersh, Jeffrey S.191
    Gill, Martin142
    Gilmore, Gary763
    Glaser, Daniel941
    Glaze, Lauren E.813
    global position satellite (GPS) monitoring939
    Glueck, Sheldon and Eleanor352
    Goldberg v. Kelly105
    Goldwater, Barry829
    good time systems/credits18, 702
    Gottfredson, Denise139
    Gover, Angela R.863
    government through crime argument23
    Graham v. Connor591
    “Granger cause” crime187, 188
    Grant, Oscar328
    Great American Crime Decline26, 42
    Great Depression876
    Greenberg, David44
    Green, Lorraine191
    Groenhuijsen, Marc S.239
    Grossman, Michael290
    Guerette, Rob T.528
    guided discretionary death statutes771
    guided restitution222
    Haberfeld, Maria R.601
    Habits of the Heart (Bellah)159
    “Habits of the heart,” concept of160
    Haley v. Ohio646
    Hamilton, Edwin E.602
    Haney, Lynne904
    Hannah-Moffat, Kelly909
    Hardy, Marjorie S.434
    Harland, Alan225
    Harrell, Adele862
    Harris, David339
    Hauser, Robert M.806
    Hayman, Brett S.604
    Haynes, Stacy H.722
    Hemenway, David427
    Henry, D. Alan809
    Herman, Judith240
    Hiday, Virginia Aldige865
    Hispanics
      police victimization of329
      racial disparities in victimization and offending323–326
      racial profiling of330
      undocumented immigrants397
    Historical Violence Database35
    History of Homicide Database35
    History of Violence Database27, 30, 36
    holistic restorative justice229
    Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr.734
    Holzer, Harry J.465
    Home Office of England and Wales106
    homicide rates, historical data on28–30
    Horney, Julie198
    Horn, Robert N.461
    Hough, Michael82
    Howard, John875
    Hoyle, Carolyn762
    Hudson, Barbara237
    Hughes, Timothy A.943
    Hunter, Albert563
    hybrid theories104
    ideal theory101
    immaturity gap640
    Immigration Commission392
    incapacitation
      as recurring theme in sentencing836
    incarceration
      and the accumulation of work experience463–464
      welfare policies and incarceration rates at women904
    indicated crime prevention program131
    Industrial Commission (1901)392
    industrial prisons876
    inquisitorial systems3, 667
    instrumental model of legitimacy579
    Inter-American Court of Human Rights232
    intermediate sanctions/intermediate punishments719, 830, 831
    International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)943
    International Center for Transitional Justice (ICT)232
    international crime trends data36
    international criminal law and justice, reparation and restoration in231–234
    International Homicide Index36
    international human rights207, 217
    International Police Organization (Interpol)36
    International Self-Reported Delinquency Study356
    Jacob, Bruce R.214
    Jacob, Herbert669
    Jacobs, Jane140
    James, Steve308
    Jefferis, Eric S.581
    Jeffrey, C. Ray137
    Jofre-Bonet, Mireia291
    John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation628, 638
    Johnson, Calvin C.552
    Johnson, David T.763
    Johnson, Dianne743
    Johnson, Guy768
    Johnson, Robert884
    Joint Terrorism Task Forces498
    Jolliffe, Darrick138
    Jonson, Cheryl Lero179
    Juran, Joseph289
    juvenile crime
      gun violence635
      juveniles serving life sentences888
    juvenile systems4
      public support for saving juveniles163
    Kachnowski, Vera933
    Kallem, Andrew456
    Kaminski, Robert J.581
    Kansas City Gun Project433
    Karberg, Jennifer C.281
    Katzenbach, Nicolas deB.127
    Katz, Lawrence186
    Kennedy, Anthony731
    Kennedy, David M.434
    Kennedy, Patrick O.773
    Kennedy v. Louisiana773
    Kerstetter, Wayne A.609
    Kessler, Daniel433
    Kilmann, Peter R.885
    Kimbrough v. United States935
    Kirschheimer, Otto110
    Kiss, Elizabeth208
    Klein, Herbert844
    Klick, Jonathan189
    Knox, Rebecca C.425
    Konopka, Gisela352
    Koons-Witt, Barbara A.716
    Koper, Christopher529
    Kornhauser, Ruth R.563
    Kovandzic, Tomislav V.554
    Kowalski, Matt184
    Kreager, Derek A.199
    Kreisel, Betsy Wright609
    Lalonde, Robert469
    Lamberth, John596
    land-grant universities82
    Land, Kenneth C.562
    Langan, Patrick941
    Larson, Richard C.307
    Lattimore, Pamela946
    Laub, John H.455
    law-and-order movement829
    Law Enforcement and Mental Health Project at of 2000864
    law without order164
    lead exposure, crime rates and49
    Lee, Matthew399
    legal theorists, and facets of punishment104–106
    legislatures, American4–5
    Lemke, Robert808
    Lenihan, Kenneth J.457
    level of focus policing strategy191
    Level of Service Inventory (LSI)170
    Level of Supervision Inventory-Revised (LSI-R)909, 911–912
    Leventhal, Gerald S.611
    Levin, David941
    Liebling, Alison885
    Liebman, James784
    Life Plan for Recovery program913
    limiting retributivist theories106
    Lind, Andrew391
    Lindquist, Charles A.814
    Lindquist, Christine H.814
    lineups, police524
    Lin, Jeffrey948
    Lipset, Seymour Martin163, 166
    Lipsey, Mark W.940
    Liptak, Adam732
    Living Insurance for Ex-Prisoners (LIFE) program457
    Lizotte, Alan427
    local legal culture concept668, 669
    Lockett v. Ohio772
    loco parentis627
    Longshore, Douglas861
    Los Angeles Times581
    Lösel, Friedrich133
    Lowenkamp, Christopher T.173, 808
    Lyons, Christopher469
    MacDonald, John M.863
    MacKenzie, Doris L.835
    Maconochie, Alexander929
    Mader, Katherine608
    Magarrell, Lisa237
    Maguire, Edward R.552
    Mandatory Minimum Penalties in the Federal Criminal Justice System739
    mandatory parole release928, 932
    Manhattan Bail Project802
    Manpower Development and Training Act, 1962457
    Mapp, Dolree603
    Markowitz, Fred E.562
    Marquart, James779
    Marshall, Ineke H.36, 198
    mass imprisonment881
    Mastrofski, Stephen D.549, 552
    Mathiesen, Thomas884
    Matsueda, Ross L.199
    Mattick, Hans801
    Maxwell, Gabrielle235
    McCoy, Candace740
    McDavid, James C.585
    McDonaldization of justice228
    McDuff, Kenneth779
    McElroy, James E.609
    McFarland, George784
    McFarland v. State784
    McKeiver v. Pennsylvania633
    McManimon, Patrick740
    McNiel, Dale E.865
    McNulty, Thomas326
    Mead, George H.218
    means-over-ends syndrome549
    mediation, victim-offender235
    Megan’s Laws5
    Mentally Ill Offender Treatment and Crime Reduction Act of 2004864
    mentoring programs138
    Messinger, Sheldon883
    Messner, Steven F.49, 558
    methamphetamine285
    Miller, Marna946
    Milton, Catherine H.595
    Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission106
    Minow, Martha233
    Mistretta v. United States709
    Mitchell, Ojmarrh336
    mobile digital terminal (MDT) communications600
    Mobilization for Youth (MOBY) program127–128
    Model Penal Code103
    Monitoring the Future (MTF) project355
    Monkkonen, Eric H.28, 38
    Monroe v. Pape606
    Moore, Mark H.540
    Moore, Marlee E.865
    Moore, Sir Thomas215
    morality, capital punishment and101, 102, 780
    Morenoff, Jeffrey395
    Morgan, Neil743
    Morris, Allison235
    Morrissey v. Brewer937
    mortification of self884
    Mouzos, Jenny42
    Muhlhausen, David B.553
    Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality464
    multivariate analysis517
    murder rate7
    Murphy-Graham, Erin70, 71
    Murphy, Kevin290
    Muslim immigrants399
    Myers, Samuel L.456
    Nagel, Ilene H.806
    Nairobi Declaration on the Rights of Women and Girls to a Remedy and Reparation212
    Narcotics Anonymous945
    narrative theory239
    National Adult Literacy Survey936
    National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders546
    National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals127
    National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (1931)392, 410n, 6
    National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence127
    National Conference of State Legislatures736
    National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline161
    National Crime Prevention Programme (Australia)80
    National Demonstration of the Breaking the Cycle (BTC) project862
    National District Attorneys Association943
    National Family Violence Surveys364
    National Firearms Act of 1934421
    National Health Service (NHS)73
    National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)35
    National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)73
    National Institute of Corrections801
    National Juvenile Defender Center649
    National Opinion Research Center, General Social Survey581
    National Policy Improvement Agency79
    National Research Council Panel on Sentencing Research334
    National Research Institute of Legal Policy (Finland)746
    National Rifle Association (NRA)434
    National Supported Work Demonstration455
    National Supported Work Program (NSW)457, 458
    National Violence Against Women Survey364
    National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS)436
    National Vital Statistics System (NVSS)35, 424
    Native Americans326
    Neapolitan, Jerome36
    Nehusi, Kimani214
    Nesovic, Alekdandra173
    Nevin, Rick49
    Newcomb, M. D.455
    New Jersey v. Soto596
    Newman, Donald735
    Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna234
    Nixon, Richard M.160
    nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)208
    Nurse Home Visitor Program (NHVP)77
    Nutt, David61
    offender rehabilitation160
    offending, racial disparities in victimization and323–326
    Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S.188
    Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S.77
    Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), U.S.280, 284, 285, 289
    O’Neill, Tip690
    ontological insecurity22, 79
    Operation Pressure Point307
    Operation Restoration559
    Orfield, Myron W., Jr.604
    Ortiz, Vilma409
    Owen, Barbara908
    PACT (Pulling America’s Communities Together)127
    parens patriae doctrine630, 636
    Pareto, Vilfredo289
    Parole Violation Decision Making Instrument (PVDMI)944
    participation elasticity290
    paternalist theorists107
    Paterson, Alexander876
    Pathways to Prevention (Homel)80
    Payne v. Tennessee772
    Pemberton, Antony239
    penal culture160
    penal harm movement160
    Penry, Johnny Paul774
    Penry v. Lynaugh774
    Pepper, John V.52
    Permanent Court of International Justice212
    Perry Preschool Program69, 71
    personal moral values of police legitimacy579–580
    Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996905
    Petrosino, Anthony67
    Petry, Nancy M.291
    Pettit, Becky469
    Pettit, Philip237
    Piquero, Alex136
    Pitchford, Susan R.454
    Poister, Theodore H.585
    police auditors609
    police chiefs and administration599
    police-community collaboration563
    Police Executive Forum521, 523
    Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)546–547
    policy forums72
    political conflicts, restorative justice processes and236
    political science accounts, punishment and112–114
    politics-administration dichotomy model545
    Pollack, Harold A.284
    Pollak, Otto352
    Porter, Anthony783
    Posner, Richard116
    posterior probability of risk198
    post-plea courts852
    post-sentence and prison pre-release236
    Powell v. Alabama783
    Pratt, Travis746
    pre-plea courts852
    preschool programs135
    pre-sentence conferencing235
    pre-sentence investigation reports (PSIs)835
    President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice11, 127, 586, 591, 607, 610
    President’s Crime Commission, Task Force on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime632
    Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising (Sherman)76–77
    prevention programs, drug303
    primary crime prevention130
    prior probability of risk198
    Prison Community, The (Clemmer)883
    prisoners
      employment programs for ex-prisoners457–458
      parole release system18
      percentages of state and federal13
    prison industry876
    private security483
    probation sentences16
    Problem-Oriented Policing (Goldstein)549
    procedural reforms, for capital punishment771–772
    professional model of policing546
    Project Hope834
    Project on Policing Neighborhoods563
    Project Safe Neighborhoods434
    Promise of Crime Prevention, The (Gant and Grabosky)80
    proportionality theories106
    Protocol 13, European Convention of Human Rights761–762
    psychological effects, of imprisonment882–889
    psychologists114
    “Psychology of Punitive Justice, The” (Mead)218
    Public Interest, The165
    Pulley v. Harris772
    Punch, Maurice588
    Punishment and Deterrence (Andenaes)261
    Punishment and Responsibility (Hart)103–104
    punishment experience and punishment avoidance198
    pure restitution223
    racial threat hypothesis593
    random assignments, in design of community-based programs146
    random forests modeling514
    randomized and nonrandomized experiments65–66
    Rasinski, Kenneth A.609
    Ratcliffe, Jerry142
    rational choice theory566
    REDRESS (NGO)208
    Regional Community Policing Institutes (RCPI)550–551
    Reid, Lesley396
    Reitz, Kevin R.718
    release on own recognizance (ROR)804, 808
    relevant conduct709
    religion
      early faith-based prison reforms875
    remand prisoners15
    Remington, Frank735
    reparative measures219
    Repeat Call Addressing Policing Program (RECAP)527
    repeat offenders, policing529
    republican normative theory211
    residential burglary victimization, prevention of repeat143–144
    responsivity principle169, 171
    restorative justice conference (RJC)530
    Returning Home Study (Baltimore, Maryland)914, 934
    Reyes, Jessica W.49
    Rhine, Edward E.930
    Rhodes, William809
    Richards, Henry865
    Rich, Thomas F.307
    Riedel, Marc768
    Rierden, Andi908
    Risk, Need, and Responsivity (RNR) program (Canada)836–837
    Rita v. U.S.709
    Roberts, Julian V.228
    Roberts v. Louisiana771
    Roche, Declan233
    Rodriguez, Fernando399
    Roebuck, Julian588
    Romilly, Samuel734
    Roncek, Dennis W.191
    Rossi, Peter457
    Ross, Robert R.166
    Rountree, Pamela Wilcox562
    Rousseau, Danielle722
    Royal Canadian Mounted Police14
    Royal Commission591
    Ruback, Barry722
    Rumbaut, Ruben395
    Rusch, Georg110
    Rush, Benjamin875
    Sabol, William J.469
    Sacks, Joann913
    Safe and Drug-Free Schools program (U.S. Dept of Education)71
    sanctions on risk perceptions192
      deterrent effect of risk perceptions on behavior194–197
      experiential effect of behavior on risk perceptions197–199
    SARA model (scanning, analysis, response, and assessment)542, 565, 567
    Sayles, Susan427
    Scalia, John803
    Scandinavian countries
      criminal justice systems in4, 6, 14
      imprisonment rates in6, 19
      prison population in882
      punishment methods17
    Scared Straight program60
    Schafer, Stephen215
    Schneider, Matthew C.553
    Schneider, William163
    “Schools and Prisons: Fifty Years after Brown v. Board of Education” (Sentencing Project)327
    Schweinhart, Lawrence69
    Scottsboro boys783
    Scrivner, Ellen M.592
    secondary crime prevention130, 131
    Second Chance Act of 2007926, 946
    Section 1983 lawsuits606
    security guards144
    selective crime prevention program131
    self-injury and suicide910
    Sellin, Thorsten777
    sentence credits16
    sentencing enhancements, for illegal gun possession432–433
    sentencing zones719
    September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks
      color-coded alert system after189
    Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI)458, 945–946
    Serketich, Wendy136
    sex offenders5
      parole surveillance for939
    Shadish, William65
    Shustorovich, Ellen186
    Silberman, Matthew908
    Silverman, Eli B.601
    Sims-Blackwell, Brenda716
    simultaneity problem183
    Skipper v. South Carolina772
    Slawson, Donna B.776
    Smith, Douglas A.190
    Smith, Paula173
    social learning programs168
    social-psychological model of police legitimacy580
    Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison, The (Sykes)883–884
    socioeconomic disparities, in sentencing713–714
    sociological effects, of imprisonment882–889
    Solomon, Amy L.933
    Sorensen, Jonathan779
    Sousa, William H., Jr.557
    South Carolina v. Gathers772
    special groups, capital punishment and treatment of773–775
    specific deterrence179
    specific responsivity principle171
    Spelman, William179
    Spencer, Herbert215
    Spouse Assault Replication Program (SARP)190
    Staff, Jeremy455
    Stalans, Loretta J.228
    Stamatel, Janet P.36
    Standard Operating Procedures, Rules of Conduct577
    State Court Processing Statistics (SCPS) program803, 806, 807
    state criminal justice systems (U.S.)13–17
    statistical conclusion validity63, 64, 66
    Steinberg, Laurence455
    Stemen, Donald44
    Stoll, Michael A.465
    street lighting, improved18
    Struggle for Justice (American Friends Service Committee)634
    Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)284, 285
    substantive reforms, for capital punishment773
    Sullivan, Dennis231
    summary parole939
    sunset provisions/clauses733, 750
    Sunshine, Jason584
    supermax prisons881
    suspended prison sentence836
    Sutton, Adam308
    “swallowing the gun” (flat bargains)15
    Sweeten, Gary468
    Sykes, Gary W.549
    systematic social observations (SSOs)561–562
    Take Charge of Your Life program526
    target displacement141
    Task Force on Community Preventive Services134
    Task Force on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime (President’s Crime Commission)633
    Tavares, Cynthia42
    Tavuchis, Nicholas239
    Taylor, Charlene191
    Taylor, Laurie884
    T-CAP (Texas City Action Plan to Prevent Crime)127
    team policing547
    Telles, Edward409
    temporal displacement140
    Terblanche, Stephan742
    Terrill, William599
    territorial displacement141
    terrorism
      color-coded alert level189
      terrorist-oriented policing as innovation497–499
    tertiary crime prevention130
    therapeutic integrity172
    Thibaut, John W.582
    Thinking about Crime (J.Q. Wilson)829
    Thomas, Timothy328
    Thomas, W. I.352
    Thompson, James W.453
    Thompson v. Oklahoma774
    Thornberry, T. P.454
    Thurman, Quint553
    Tifft, Larry231
    Tison v. Arizona773
    Tombs, Jacqueline914
    Tomuschat, Christian237
    total institution884
    tough-on-crime legislation829
    Transitional Aid Research Project (TARP)457
    transitional justice232
    Travis, Jeremy838
    Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC)301
    Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS)849
    Tremblay, Richard132
    Trojanowicz, Robert548
    Trumbull, William N.461
    Trupin, Eric865
    Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), South Africa’s211, 233
    Turner, Susan938
    Tutu, Desmond233
    Uggen, Christopher455
    United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child637
    United Nations Council Resolution (2002)218
    United Nations International Law Commission212
    United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (UNCS)36
    United States v. Emerson422
    United States v. Miller421
    universal crime prevention program131
    Universal Declaration of Human Rights216
    University of York, Centre for Criminal Justice Economics and Psychology79
    U.S. v. Salerno802
    validity, in evaluation studies63–65
    Van de Kamp v. Goldstein690
    van den Haag, Ernst780
    van Dijk, Jan J. M.130
    vanishing trials679
    Varieties of Police Behavior: The Management of Law and Order in Eight Communities (J.Q. Wilson)492–493
    Vera Institute of Justice607, 802
    Verdeja, Ernesto237
    victim-offender mediation (VOM)235
    Victim-Offender Reconciliation Project223, 244n, 35
    Visher, Christy946
    Vogel, Mary E.684
    Vollmer, August546
    volunteer community treatment services945
    voting issues, prisoners and5, 940
    waiver trials738
    Walker, Allison42
    Walker, Laurens582
    Wallman, Joel942
    Wandersman, Abraham146
    war indemnities216
    Washington State Institute for Public Policy77–78, 84n, 8
    Waters, Tony392
    Webster-Stratton, Carolyn133
    Weikart, David69
    Weil, Douglas S.425
    Weiman, David456
    Weimer, David69
    Weinberg, Ehsan461
    welfare policies, and incarceration rates of women904
    Western, Bruce197
    Wetherington, Gerald844
    “What Works? Questions and Answers about Prison Reform” (Martinson)105, 165, 828
    Wheatley, Michael887
    Whitley, John E.435
    Why People Obey the Law (Tyler)262
    Wickersham Commission607
    Wilkins v. Maryland State Police595
    Wilkins v. Missouri774
    Williamson, Ronald Keith786
    Willingham, Cameron Todd783
    Wilson, David B.854
    Wilson, Dean142
    Wilson, Doris James943
    Wilson, Richard233
    Wilson, William J.326
    Winkel, Frans W.239
    Winship, Christopher434
    Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf460
    Witte, Ann Dryden456
    Wolfers, Justin186
    Wolfgang, Marvin768
    Woodson v. North Carolina771
    World Health Organization (WHO)36
    Worrall, John L.554
    Wright, Bradley R. E.195
    Wright, John P.455
    Yarborough v. Alvarado646
    Yick Wo v. Hopkins671
    youth courts4
    youth justice conferences235
    youth offenders
      rise in youth homicide42
    Zant v. Stephens772
    Zatz, Majorie S.334
    Zdenkowski, George743
    Zhao, Jihong553
    Zingraff, Matt596
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