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Book cover for The Oxford Handbook of Business History The Oxford Handbook of Business History
Geoffrey Jones (ed.), Jonathan Zeitlin (ed.)
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199263684.001.0001
Published online:
24 September 2009
Published in print:
24 January 2008
Online ISBN:
9780191577161
Print ISBN:
9780199263684

Contents

Book cover for The Oxford Handbook of Business History The Oxford Handbook of Business History
End Matter

Index

  • Published:
    January 2008
Subject
Business and Management
Series
Oxford Handbooks
Collection: Oxford Handbooks Online

629Index

    AASCB (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business)595
    Abernathy, William352
    Abrahamson, E.103
    absorption cost457
    Academy of International Business104
    acceptable behavior263
    acceptance services329
    account books607
    accountability450
    Accounting Standards Board (UK)451
    accreditation595
    Adler, Paul S.257
    administration science100
    Adriatic coast233
    adverse selection341
    advertising agencies414
      US influence on role and function of415
    AEI (Associated Electrical Industries)182
    affiliates160, 250, 339
      cross‐border flows of trade between153
      diversified business groups254
      financial ties with260
      foreign, dissemination of techniques learned from159
      manufacturing firms begin research and development in157
      sequestrated147
    Africa5
      business schools596
      English‐speaking14
      extended family197
      indigenous business systems less able to absorb foreign capabilities159
      multinational investment widely spread in157
    Africa (cont.)
      penetration of personal care products into613
      political risk156
      post‐colonial5, 14
      servicing colonies545
      transporting of humans to the Americas143
    after‐sales service413
    Agence Havas414
    aggregate tracking mechanism356
    aggregation131
      sectoral forms of306
    AGIP (Azienda Generale Italia Petroli)532, 544
    agricultural sector50
      sharecropping51
      solidarity17
      strong periphery336
    ahistorical thinking69
    Aichi Industries258
    AICS (accounting, information and communication systems)447–69
    AIM (Asian Institute of Management)596
    air transport182
      socio‐political dimensions545
    aircraft industry82, 391
      big companies387
      more interest in new design than in mass production389
    Airline Deregulation Act (UK 1978)544
    airlines280, 533
      American, out‐competition by545
      deregulation544
      early and pervasive privatizations548
      economic organization of545
      expensive, but widespread travel148
      financial struggle545
      protected by subsidy588
      telecommunications, privatization and544–9
    Ajinomoto seasonings406
    alcoholic beverages160
    Alfa Romeo26
    Allen, Michael Thad132, n.
    Allevard & Le Creusot455
    Allied Suppliers400
    allocation of resources12, 19, 74, 75, 78, 183
      control over72
      deliberate73
      financial88
      innovative investment strategies87
      role of the firm in69
      strategic76
    alternative technologies232
    Aluminium Industrie AG (Swiss‐German)277
    American Academy of Management100, 101
    American business schools590, 591–2
      late adopters of the model590
      leading, number of international students152
      main provider of graduates for managerial positions583
      transferring knowledge internationally from589  See also HBS
    American Can178
    American Cereal Company402
    American Challenge, The (Servan‐Schreiber)185
    American Federation of Labor81
    “American menace”382
    American Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education389
    “Amos and Andy” (radio program)409
    angel investors518
    Anglo‐European banks329
    Anglo‐Florentine buyers234
    Anglo‐Persian Oil (Anglo‐Iranian Oil)155, 182, 543
    Annales (journal)9
    anonymous relationships342
    Ansell, Christopher231, n.
    anthropology101
    anti‐cartel policy272
    anti‐entrepreneurial culture506
    anti‐merger policy271
    antitrust4, 268, 279, 281, 351
      consent decrees229
      fear of homegrown actions278
      immunity from IATA545
      law favors horizontal merger over cooperation484
      prominent jurists229
      unified field theory of corporate development constructed around282  See also Clayton See also Sherman
    antitrust regulation273, 274
      changing, impact of103
      form and intensity of231
    Apprenticeship Law (Denmark 1889)573
    apprenticeships229, 381, 389, 561, 563, 567
      collective arrangements for strengthening568
      contribution to economic efficiency569
      destruction of572
      gender stereotyping560
      imposing restrictions on training571
      overall decline in571
      regulation of573
      survival and upgrading of training570
      well‐developed programs560
    Arab diasporas509
    architectural principles616
    Arita pottery230
    Armstrong, P.450
    Arrighetti, Alessandro227
    Arthur, W. Brian12
    Arts and Crafts Movement615
    ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)205
    Asia106, 146, 151, 606
      antisocial characters263
      business schools596
      challenge to Europe and America605
      cultural forces206
      emerging markets5
      ethnic entrepreneurs513
      evolution of large business groups206
      firms catching up with the West257
      global firms analyzed257
      indigenous business systems less able to absorb foreign capabilities159
      intricate holding company structures195
      low‐wage producers531
      M‐form firms247
      multinational investment widely spread in157
      post‐colonial5
      procurement of commodities in143
      servicing colonies545
    ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)391
    ASQ (Administrative Science Quarterly)99–100
    assets172, 173, 178, 179, 180, 336
      cash or money332
      diversifying risks without selling486
      financing investments in327
      foreign ownership virtually eliminated148
      key, ownership and control of252–3
      knowledge75
      mobilizing12
      overseas, total loss of148
      potentially illiquid337
      responsibility for managing253
      short‐term332
      using for benefit of promoters and shareholders187
      valuable85
    ASSI (Associazione di Studi e Storia dell'Impresa)29
    Association of American Draftsmen381
    Association of Business Historians in Great Britain29
    Atlantic crossings545
    Atlantic economy143
    Atlas intercontinental missile385
    Austria14, 68, 405
      apprenticeship combined with part‐time classroom‐based vocational training563
      chambers of commerce304
      financial intermediaries326
      market capitalization333
      universal banks331
      vocational education and training562
    authoritarian regimes308
      business enterprises tolerant of154
      financial support of14
      industrialization under571
    authority26, 603, 609
      decentralization and devolution of231
      hierarchical81
    automation81
      world leaders in83
    Axelrod, Robert264
    Azienda Autonoma delle Ferrovie dell Stato536–7
    Azienda di Stato per i Servizi Telefonici546
    Baccarat Crystalworks455
    bachelor degrees594
    “backshadowing”129
    Baden‐Württemberg224
    Balanced Scorecard approach463, 464
    Balderston, C. Canby490, n.
    Baldwin Locomotive Works379, 390
    Balfour Williamson179
    ball bearings460
    ballistic trajectories387
    Baltimore fire (1904)271
    banana republics158
    bank‐based financial systems323
    Bank of America184
    Bank of England337
    Bank of France228
    Bank of Italy228
    Bankers Trust189
    Banking Acts (US 1933/1935)337
    banking system51, 319–46
      central to industrial finance88
      highly concentrated511
      multinational149
      regional, multi‐tiered228
      regionally decentralized and fragmented472
      some governments structure90
    Banque de Paris et des Pays‐Bas175
    bar code technology448
    Barbero, María Ines5
    “barefoot researchers”11
    bargaining:
      complex relations among national states277
      enhanced clout283
      industry‐level566
    Barnes, J. A.255
    Barnes and Noble111
    Bartlett, Christopher257
    Basic Law (West Germany)475
    BAT (British‐American Tobacco)159
    batch production25
    Bechtel (company)200
    Becker, Gary562
    Beckert, Sven608
    behavioral economics131
    Behrens, Peter615
    Belgium231, 533
      coal deposits541
      government revenues from privatization548
      loss of total foreign investment147
      market capitalization333
      new state (1830)536
      pioneering relations between university and industry19
      state formation535
    Bell Brothers174
    Bell Laboratories229
    Berg, Maxine132
    Berg, Peter B.561
    Bergisches Land224
    Berlanstein, Lenard26
    Bessemer converters177
    best practice:
      help to spread453
    Bethlehem Steel178
    Betriebwirtschaftslehre591
    BI Norwegian School of Management597
    big business3, 171–93, 275, 280
      active role in shaping form and content of higher education75
      analytical basis for assessing performance of91
      Chandler's framework for understanding the rise of515
      curtailment of power of540
      dominant sectors405
      engineering graduates to456
      growth in manufacturing2
      international variation in dominant forms of organization101
      legislation against540
    Big Six enterprise groups88
    Bigazzi, Duccio26
    Biggart, N. W.101
    bilateral agreements277
    bill discounting services335
    binational firms16
    biomedical equipment233
    Birkett, W. P.464
    Birmingham University586
    birth‐death ratio208
    Bismarck, Otto von176
    black‐and‐white production plans383
    blast furnaces177
    Blaszczyk, Regina614
    Blauband margarine414
    Bloch, Marc9
    blockholders471
    blue‐collar employees24, 75, 437
      employment security83
      enterprise unions83
      militant labor movement83
      reliance on skills of568
      skill formation567
      temporary85
    Blue Funnel Line251
    BNP (Banque Nationale de Paris)189
    Board of Trade (UK)269
    boarding schools583
    boards of conciliation and arbitration226
    boards of directors74, 332
      family member percentage of253
      need to balance interests of shareholders211
      power to appoint members197
    Boccaletti, E.508
    Bocconi University593
    Boddewyn, J.100
    Bolckow Vaughan174
    Bologna (packaging machinery cluster)222
    Bonin, Hubert50
    Bonsack, James177
    Boot, Arnoud W. A.472, n.
    Booth, Alison L.559
    Bosch Company house journal389
    Boston Consulting Group130, n.
    Boston Manufacturing Company455
    boundaries of the firm125
      diminishing importance of257
    bounded rationality131
    Bourguignon, A.464
    Bouvier, Jean31
    Bouyx, Benoit563
    Bowden, S. M.44
    Bowman, J. R.297
    Boyce, Gordon50
    Braczyk, Hans‐Joachim126, n.
    branch networks331
    brand management150
    Brandeis, Louis229
    brands:
      challenges of building151
      foreign‐owned414
      personalities representing integrity, reliability or wholesomeness of402
      products converted into397
      well‐known, re‐establishing411
    Braudel, Fernand11, 13
    Brazil28, 29, 151, 152
      automobile industry156
      predatory price wars against new competitors280
      requirements for development of banking lacking330
    breakfast cereals402
    Bretton Woods Agreement337
    Brinkley, D.391
    Brioschi, Francesco232, n.
    British Commonwealth562
    British Empire15, 153, 155, 184, 403
      commercial presence eroded159
      organizing and financing operations in179
      persistence of184
      special strategic concerns arising from546
    British Engineering Employers' Federation298
    British National Oil Corporation544
    British Petroleum182
    Brown, Phillip559
    Brown, R. A.147
    brownfield plants16
    Brusco, Sebastiano219
    BSN‐Danone433
    Bubble Economy burst (1990)78, 89
    Buchheim, G.384
    Bundesrepublik227
    bureaucracies152, 254
      associational311
      coordinating mechanisms in place of353
      efficient20
    bureaucratization24
    Bureaux d'Études384
    bureaux techniques384
    Burhop, Carsten50
    Buridan's ass131
    Burke, Timothy613
    Burnham, J.98
    business cycles350
    business elites14, 109, 583, 585, 586
      technical universities as main provider of new members595
    business enterprises150
      heterogeneity of146
      limited ability to learn and absorb new technologies159
      mechanisms by which capital funneled into49
      national identities147
      tolerant in relationships with authoritarian regimes154
    business groups (cont.)
    Business History Review (journal)3, 51–2
    Business History Society of Japan43
    business interest associations3, 293–316, 473
      cross‐national differences in organization4
    business models79
      New Economy82
    business studies183
    business success4, 264
    business systems397
      comparative/national101
      indigenous, less able to absorb foreign capabilities159
    Butterfield & Swire251
    Byrkjeflot, H.583
    CAB (US Civil Aeronautics Board)545
    Cable and Wireless546
    cable industry284
    cabotage rights548
    CAD (Computer‐Aided Design)376, 387
    Cadbury Report (UK 1992)211
    Calomiris, Charles51, 339
    Camembert cheese617
    Capecchi, Vittorio222
    capital249, 251, 259, 260, 296, 330
      cross‐border flow of144
      cross‐class strategic alliances between labor and299
      destruction of17
      free flow of487
      growth from internal sources of324
      high cost of339
      increasing requirements479
      large‐scale needs480
      long‐term financial strategies210
      markets depth and liquidity473
      massive external requirements325
      mechanisms by which funneled into business enterprises49
      misallocation of324
      nationalized482
      opportunity cost of457
      ownership of a crucial element of197
      physical85
      ratio of deposits to own332
      reliance on banks to mobilize336
      resources for funding growth253
      systems to plan and control the use of461
      trading firms prospered without raising a lot of246
      women lack legal right to203
    capital‐adequacy ratios78, 89
    capital equipment122
      depreciation of457
    capital‐intensive industries198, 199, 220
      attempt to form cartels270
      large firms expanding in181
      small‐batch production283
    capital investments400
    capital markets227, 294
      absence of foreign competition in487
      conflicting interests in297
      debt‐equity ratios321
      enabled to play significant role in corporate control327
      fragmentation of336
      funds raised for free‐standing firms on251
      group successfully insulated from pressures of252
      hindered development of338
      neoclassical324
      opening up of78
      regional and interregional integration51
      unified and centralized336
      well‐functioning336
    capital transfers325
    capitalism311, 530
      Anglo‐Saxon187
      attempt to manage its excesses269
      autonomous and spontaneous action of301
      BIAs' significant impact on evolution of293
      class inequality of296
      collaborative16
      conventional distinctions between socialism, fascism and532
      counter‐intuitive affinity between Protestantism and614
      differing ideologies about performance under532
      diversification of interests298
      entrepreneurial311
      initial phase of480
      intermediate phase of480
      intraclass conflicts297
      logic of action296
      national, attempt to create peaceful cross‐border relationships309
      national identities147
    capitalism (cont.)
      Protestantism and508
      Rhineland model of189
      shift from traditional to corporate201
      spirit and practice of608
      stop‐go, boom‐and‐bust volatility under288
      strict link between nation‐state and309
    car dealerships412
    Carlos, Ann M.50, 51
    Carnegie, Andrew504
    Carnegie (firm)428
    Carnegie Foundation588
    Carron ironworks455
    case‐law decisions478
    cash‐flow requirements341
    Castel Goffredo227
    catalytic converters353
    Cathay Pacific Airways251, 252
    causal performance models464
    Cayman Islands149
    CBI (UK Confederation of British Industry)300, 302
    CEIBS (China Europe International Business School)596
    cement cartels279
    Central America158
    central banks182
    Central Electricity Board (UK)543
    Central Europe147
    Central Union of German Cooperative Societies405
    CEOs (chief executive officers)610
      associations of612
      graduates from grandes écoles595
      power to appoint197
    certification563
    Chandlerian firms178, 180, 489–90
      fully‐fledged178
      further development of185
      now‐extensive historical record on516
      widespread in Europe (1990s)189
    Chandlerian paradigm2, 38, 50, 171
      alternatives to3, 31
      decline of51
      dominance of174
      preoccupation with491, n.
      spread of43
      studies motivated by362
    Channon, D. F.99
    Chaplin, Joyce607
    Chappe flag‐waving telegraph545
    charitable foundations227
    Charlton Mills455
    charter flights545
    Chase Manhattan Bank184
    Chatfield, M.454
    chemical engineering27
    Chessel, Marie22
    chief engineers380
    China5, 14, 28, 29, 143, 148, 151, 606, 607
      business schools596
      challenges of doing business in153
      cigarette business159
      commercial diaspora147
      consolidated under communist rule251
      export‐orientated industries151
      industrial clusters or specialized towns233
      labor management426
      market‐oriented policies and opening to foreign investors150
      national product standards257
      rapidly adapting firms257
      re‐entry of Western firms into151
      requirements for development of banking lacking330
      responsibility accounting462, n.
      shipping lines from Japan to533
      social values and attitude to family205
      software firms507
      uncertainties regarding property rights and enforcement of contracts152
    China Navigation Co.251
    Christensen, Clayton349
    Church, Alexander Hamilton457, 458
    Cincinnati machine tool makers229
    “circular flow” theory68
    Cisco Systems189
    Citic (China International Trust & Investment)252
    City of London179, 154, 206, 223, 225
      international activities weakened by two world wars184
      knowledge advantage of330
    Civil Aviation Board (UK)544
    Clarke, Alison616
    class conflict295, n.
      associationalism led by306
      new investment schemes as alternatives to618
    class consciousness20
    class divide572
    class struggle603
    clerical labor26, 80
    Cleveland refinery53
    “cloaking” strategies155
    Clyde, River251
    CNPF (Conseil National du Patronat Français)302
    COCOM (Consultative Group Coordinating Committee)14
    co‐coordinating goods and services2
    codes of conduct20
    co‐determination legislation475
    codification451
    Coenenberg, A. G.454
    co‐evolutionary processes111, 353, 360, 364, 470
      systems and institutions348
      training and collective bargaining institutions567
    Coffee, John C.471
    Coleman, Donald43
    collective deliberation133
    collectivist training system574
    college degrees75
    co‐location and separation366
    colonialism5, 28, 514
      close relations with authorities159
      competition and conflict, firms and local enterprises15
      economics literature on512
      role in explaining slow growth512
      trading systems143
    Columbia Gramophone403
    combined cycle gas turbines547
    “command centers”149
    Commentry‐Fourchambault462
    commerce faculties30
    commercial and technological intelligence235
    commercial banks182, 229, 320, 329
      debt finance by324
      distinction between public or semi‐public banks and328
      domestic behavior of330
      for‐profit336
      long‐term and intimate relations between clients and473
      restrictive rules on development of337
      separation of investment and184, 322
      short‐term lending336
      support for industry341
    Commercial Codes451
    commercial gentry608
    commercial intermediaries328
    commercial service districts223
    commodities145, 146
      for‐profit617
      giant trading firms149
      international trade in152
      major exporters of157
      vertical integration weakened or eliminated in most148
      world trade in149
    commodity cartels280
    commodity chains145
    commodity markets:
      global, disintegration of147
    commodity producers' cartels276
    common adversaries30
    common currency343
    common shares246
    Commons, John422
    communication(s)386
      cheap and fast464
      distinction between data processing and547
      network industries in27
    communication(s) (cont.)
      new methods between design and manufacture379
      revolution in145
      vested interests of state and business535  See also AICS
    “communitarian market”232
    community‐based strategies204
    Compagnie Française des Pétroles182, 543
    Companies Act (UK 1948)204
    company physicians19
    company schools574
    comparative advantage:
      changes in19
      flouted theory of363
      fluid, international division of labor based on287
      soil and climate give512
    comparative‐static tests40, 41
    compensation612
      group schemes46
      stock‐option86, 87
      straight‐wage schemes46
    competition authorities281
    competitive advantage19, 54, 72, 78, 79, 111, 126
      flexibility the main source of199
      global firms unlikely to realize256–7
      international, loss of81
      logistics, bulk purchase and price411
      reliant on quality of information flow199
      savings of materials costs83
      source of90
    competitive disadvantage78
    competitive pricing284
    competitiveness:
      international106
      regeneration of133
    compulsory organizations230, 303
    computer companies359
    Computervision387
    concurrent engineering384
    Condon, Edward U.355
    confectionery400
    conflict26, 195, 226, 306
      capitalists, with one another297
      colonial firms and local enterprises15
      death leading to211
      families and businesses209
      family solidarity and profit maximization254
      generational210
      industrial, reduction of307
      intensity and regularity of209
      intrasectoral297
      leadership succession in family business210
    conflict resolution125
      institutional mechanisms for230
    conglomerates75–6, 205, 247, 325
      business groups evolved into263
      component businesses of248
      intensive advertising approaches411
      widespread forming of187
    conglomerations332
    Congresses of the International Economic History Association30
    consanguinity205
    Conseil des federations industrielles309
    Conseil d'État534
    conseils de prud'hommes226
    conservatives614
    Consolidated Goldfields187
    conspicuous consumption401
    constant returns to scale126, 541
    constraints:
      creative responses to123
    Constructing Corporate America (Maclean et al.)109
    construction industry279
    consultancy services107–8, 195, 342, n.
      disputes frequently settled by210
      growing volume on family business209
    consumer culture415
    consumer durables176, 410
      consumer expenditure on409
    consumer goods400, 404
      economic dynamism from410
      emergence of398
      lack of large‐scale producers407
      limited growth of indigenous manufacturers405
      undifferentiated406
    consumer industries182
    consumer markets:
      hyper‐segmentation of160
      optimization of396
      psychological aspects of397
    consumer revolution413
    consumers27, 613
      aspirations and social circumstances397
      cognizant and hidden wishes of408
      greater understanding of408
    consumers (cont.)
      instinctive reassurance amongst402
      interaction of producers and615
      invention of399
      new, perceived potential of415
      priority to wishes of397
      self‐awareness of614
      wise choices by613
      women as25
    container services281
    Continental model451
    contingency theory98, 99
    contingent markets126
    contract law259
    contracting paradigm50
    contracts:
      complexity of writing for complex technologies146
      “lease‐back” arrangements to firms285
      multiple bidding for539
      shorter‐term564
      uncertainties regarding enforcement of152
    contribution margin accounting460
    cooperative associations329
    Cooperative movement400
    cooperative ventures50, 244
    cooperatives:
    Coopey, Richard519
    coordination costs257
    COPA (Confederation of Professional Agricultural Associations)309
    Copenhagen Business School112
    core companies88
    core‐competencies111
    Corley, T. A. B.49
    Cornish copper mines517
    corporate control:
      active market for477
      capital markets enabled to play significant role in327
    corporate culture414, 611
      rational decisions deeply embedded in22
      transfer processes shape22
    corporate intranets260
    corporate property relations471, 472
    corporate strategy350
      successes and failures of30
    corruption540
      armament21
      developmental constraint for developing countries161–2
    cosmopolitanism415
    Cost Accounting Standard (Japan)453, 454
    Cost Accounting Standards Board (US)454
    cost calculation practices453, 454, 455, 456
      keeping separate cost accounting and460
    cost control383
    cost drivers463
    cost efficiencies283
    cost savings53
    cottage industry17
    Cotton Acts (UK 1948 & 1959)531
    Cotton Spinners Association285
    Council of Ministers (EU)452
    coverage ratios332
    Cox, Howard49
    craft industries133, 426
      musical instrument‐making tradition609
    craftsmanship609
    Cramer‐Klett378
    creative regions360
    creativity18
      cautious reflections on changing patterns of377
      technological208
    credit checks226
    credit houses330
    credit organizations518
    credit professionals330
    Crédit Suisse330
    Crédit Suisse First Boston188
    creditworthiness607
    criminal investigations279
    critical industries276
    Crocker‐Hefter, Anne130, n.
    crop growing512
    crop performance157
    cross‐border activities3
    cross‐licensing351
    cross‐national comparisons16
    cross‐national differences:
    cross‐shareholding77, 186, 249, 475
      highly complicated, stock bound up in478
      large‐firm486
      significant, managers engaged in474
    cross‐subsidization550
    “crossings”18
    Crouzet, François12
    crowding‐out322
    Cruikshank, J. L.582
    Crystal Palace exhibition (1851)616
    Cuevas, Joaquim50
    culinary traditions160
    Culpepper, Pepper D.561
    cultural determinism605, n.
    Cultural Revolution (China 1966–76)251
    customer cartels273
    customer magazines22
    customer orientation382
    customized products121
    Cyfarthfa ironworks455
    Dai‐Ichi Kangin (Dai‐Ichi Kangyo Bank)88
    Daimler Benz189
    Daimler Motoren172
    Dalian Institute of Technology596
    Darmstädter Bank179
    Dartmouth College Amos Tuck Business School584
    data processing547
    Daum, Arnold R.54, n.
    Davis, Natalie607
    death duties203
    debenture capital327
    debt76, 86, 325
      institutions needed to force firms to repay323
      primary, non‐financial enterprises do not directly access327
      requirements that guarantee recovery of341
      write‐downs229
    debt finance:
      bank‐intermediated324
      preference for253
    debt‐monitoring hypothesis342, n.
    decartelization279
      devastating effect of284
    Decazeville ironworks455
    declining industries44
    decolonization280
      anticipated15
      understanding14
    “defensive” model297
    demand17, 24, 25, 258, 356, 401
      adjusting employment to fluctuations in79
      consumer goods406
      efficiency assessed relative to particular patterns of supply and126
      flexibility in adapting to changing patterns220
      fragmentation and specialization130
      how to balance supply and125
      innovative products90
      instability of270
    demand‐side variables/factors336, 339
    Deming, W. Edward606
    democratic theory296
    democratization306
    Deng Xiao‐ping596
    dental hygiene402
    department stores400, 401, 403, 404, 406, 409
      control over clothing sales415
      custom of urban middle class412
      dream‐world displays of opulence614
      installment plan414
    departmental surrogates351
    Deregulation Act (US 1978)545
    derivative localities223
    design function362
    Dessaux, P. A.28
    destabilization339
    Deutsch‐Luxemburg177
    Deutsche Bundespost547
    Deutsche Reichsbahn537
    Deutsche Techniker‐Verband381
    deux cents familles173
    developing countries5, 148
      corruption a major developmental constraint for161–2
      emerging clusters in233, n.
      foreign‐owned plantation companies157
      higher prices than customers in wealthy countries280
      highly urbanized406
      hostile environment for foreign firms155
      important element in context of529
      knowledge spillovers from foreign firms to158
      labor management426
      developing countries political rule‐making512
      progressively closed to international trade148
      significant leverage over wealthy countries280
      trade flows between developed and145
      transfer of knowledge to158
      unpredictable political and economic conditions153
    development finance88
    development teams384
    developmental associations457
    developmental borrowers330
    deviant behaviors27
    diachronic approach324
    dictatorship14
    Dictionary of Business Biography (Jeremy)509
    Dienel, H.‐L.545
    diesel‐powered ships537
    Diet (Japanese parliament)538
    “Dinah Shore Show”410
    diplomacy:
      geopolitical277
    Dirty Harry (film)263
    discontinuation/discontinuities17, 142
    Disconto‐Gesellschaft179
    discount stores410
    discounting policies228
    Disney, Walt504
    disputes210
      frequently settled by consultants210
      institutions for resolution of226
    dissemination of ideas107
    distress prices54
    diversification40, 98, 157, 189, 247, 250, n., 252, 253–4, 433
      associated with ineffective governance and poor monitoring185
      capitalists' interests298
      close family control of205
      conglomerates characterized by187
      constrained and related strategies255
      far more pronounced186
      financing sources325
      largest 100 industrial firms in US99
      linked or technology‐related251
      merchant houses179
      new products183
      owner/investor strategies488
      sizeable discount248
      via acquisition252
    dividend payments75, 86
    dividends:
      laws outlawing477
      payments missed487
    divorce rate197
    Docker, Dudley504
    dōgyō kumiai229
    dollar shortage150
    dominant logic110
    dominant price‐setting282
    Donaldson, L.99
    Dow Chemical285
    downsizing75
    downstream command255
    downstream trading relationships286
    downturns8
      attempt to manage macroeconomic fluctuations during287
      tendency for firms in LMEs to respond by laying off workers565
    drafting machines386
    draftsmen (cont.)
      sharp distinction between professional engineers and381
      strong competences in generating and reading engineering drawings389
    drainage systems158
    drawings374, 375, 376, 379, 381, 387, 391
      best‐practice380
      documentation and communication with suppliers391
      flow production of384
      microfilm representation of386
      reading and interpreting383
      strong competences in generating and reading389
      systems for generating387
    Dresdner Bank179
    Drucker, P. F.98
    drugs and toiletries409
    Dun and Bradstreet records509
    dyestuffs firms278
    dynamic accounting456
    Earle, Peter608
    early industrialization202, 206, 324, 377–8, 398
      American patenting system in511
      artisanal sector572
      importance of family business in197
      securities markets little utilized by domestic firms for much of473
    East Asia3, 147, 159
      extended family197
      family and business culturally inseparable201
      “great divergence” between Western Europe and143
      literature in Chinese on5
    East India Companies143
    Eastern Europe11, 14, 50
      charts of accounts452
      collapse of Communism150
      expansion of business education594
      uncertainties regarding property rights and enforcement of contracts152
    Eastman, George351
    Eck, Jean‐François221, n.
    eclectic paradigm105
    Écoles des Arts et Métiers381, 392
    econometric data361
    economic agents:
      capacity to imagine and weigh up alternative courses of action123
    economic change204, 502, 503, 603, 606
      internal conflicts over challenges posed by133
      rejected frameworks for understanding of127
      uncertain relationship between identity and608
    economic cycles311
    economic development40, 67–95, 324, 336, 347, 477
      banks outperform markets at low levels of323
      business and government in90–1
      business groups facilitate254
      business groups identified as playing crucial roles in244–5
      desire to promote534
      government promotion of529
      national, crucial roles in274
      natural resources could restrict388
      positive correlation between financial wealth and320
      rejecting the idea of an underlying logic of133
      rejection of “narrow track” models of121
      whether international cartels promoted284
    economic growth14, 415, 609, 613
      cartels have not damaged269
      channels through which the emergence of financial systems affects320
      culture as adjunct to603
      explaining patterns of510
      fostered by patent system511
      importance of creation of large‐scale, managerially directed firms42
      internally generated driving force in347
      knowledge about how to achieve and sustain158
      modern, advent of144
      national patterns (c.1990)323
      Protestantism and508
      railroad's most important contribution to41
    economic performance254, 506, 507, 533
      commitments to broad ideological stances about530
      differing ideologies about532
      mining companies542
      relative decline in339
      stubborn interest in30
    economic power151
    economic restructuring219
    economics faculties585
    economies of scale54, 78, 122, 176, 246, 283, 511
      banks prevented them from benefiting from339
      distribution, manufacturers needing quickly to build412
      increasing the need for79
      less important in promoting technological innovation515
      potential, exploitation of130, n.
      urban retailers' gains in403
    economies of scope17, 176, 246, 511
      aiding the development of517
      arising from use of common materials122
      banks could not benefit from339
      cooperative competition in283
      distribution, manufacturers needing quickly to build412
      important information322
      needed to carry products over large distances401
      potential, exploitation of130, n.
      urban retailers' gains in403
    economies of variety122
    education (cont.)
      greater participation of women in560
      high school80
      history of18
      level improved183
      national systems562
      positive relationship between wages and559
      primary and secondary82
      professional364
      assessed relative to particular patterns of demand and supply126
      begetting market power55
      competition essential to288
      diversity of routes to4
      internalizing innovation in pursuit of350
      market power begetting53, 55
      persistent, family firm207
      processes aimed at achieving manipulated by employees462
      technological120
    efficiency movement383
    efficiency theory103
    EFMD (European Foundation for Management Development)592, 595
    Ehrmann, H. W.298
    EIASM (European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management)589, 592, 593
    Eisenhardt, K. M.98
    electric arc furnaces235
    electric lighting/lamps112, 270
    Electric Railway412
    electrical companies:
      economic research by28
      stress on technology, product quality and advertising413
    electrical domestic appliances408–9
    electrical goods432
      expensive20
    electrical industry405
    electrical machinery375
    Électricité de France541
    electricity145, 151, 181, 182, 186, 354, 428, 529, 615
      interstate transmission of542
      key economic role of541
      municipal ownership542
      privatization of transmission grids547
      run by private enterprise under concession systems534
      technological advances in supply547
      technological changes in532, 544
    electrification350
    electronic age284
    electronic data interchange448
    electronics160, 208, 356, 359
      consumer20
      rapid growth of firms360
      salaried managers in78
      solid‐state357
      transition from vacuum tubes to transistors353
    embezzlement226
    emerging markets/economies5, 150, 151, 264
      constraint on152
      minimizing the gap between advanced and257, n.
      self‐financing325
      tolerance of risks of156
    Emirbayer, Mustafa123, n.
    empirical variables125
    employee ownership358
    employer associations294, 295, 306, 309, 424, 426, 566
      birth and development of298
      effectiveness vis‐à‐vis interlocutors and membership299
      TAs' pivotal role in founding297
    employment:
      adjusting to fluctuations in demand79
      bureaucratic427
      high degree of insecurity82
      long‐term commitments564
      some of the largest bureaucratic systems of427
      starting age of423
      territorial pacts231
      variegated and flexible434
    employment security75, 83
    enemy nations14
    enemy‐owned companies147
    energy:
      exhaustion of forests as a source of12
      network industries in27
      privatization of548
    Energy Policy Act (US 1992)547
    engineering151
      American system of manufactures428
      superior professional education in364
      well‐recognized expertise in414
    engineering colleges380
    engineering departments355, 356
    engineering journals386
    engineers26, 82
      design office the most important occupational branch for381
      possessing no practical experience380–1
      preference for585
      specialized83
    England and Wales175, 330
      businessmen active in509
    Englander, Ernest612
    Enlightenment607
    Enterprise & Society (journal)3, 52
    Enterprises et Histoire (journal)3
    entertainment districts225, n.
    entrepreneurship/entrepreneurs4, 37, 50, 268, 285, 501–28
      behavior in peasant activities207
      corporate methods617
      cost‐conscious13
      creative regions more likely to develop complementary services that sustained360
      diaspora3
      effervescence208
      family nurture of608
      foreign women24
      how American values encouraged603–4
      importance of142
      new investment schemes as alternatives to class conflict618
      organization348
      small ventures146
      start‐ups2
    environmental policy5
    EPA (European Productivity Agency)589, 592
    EQUIS (European Quality Improvement System)595
    equity financing growth423
    equity issues321
      sharp increase in327
    equity markets:
      emergence of324
      stunted development of337
      well‐developed322
      world, faltering150
    equity shares247
    Erba toothpaste
    error detection/correction125, n.
      “root cause”234
    ESCP (École Supérieure de Commerce)585
    Estée Lauder200
    Estevez‐Abe, Margarita560, 566
    ethnic minorities513
    ethnicity147, 514, 609
      access to resources by509
      functional and instrumental view of609
      tight immigration controls based on147
    EU (European Union)231, 423, 474, 548, 596
      attempts to encourage harmonization of financial reporting452
      energy market liberalization548
      pressures from the drive to single market532
      significant role in privatization process548–9
    Eurobond markets330
    European Association for Banking History30
    European Association of Management Training Centres593
    European Business History Association29, 50
    European Coal and Steel Community278
    European Commission231
    European Economic Community279
    European empires147
    European Single Market343, 532
      consolidation of548
    Europeanization309
    evaluation techniques234
    evening courses381
    evolutionary branching points128
    evolutionary ideas/theories111, 127, 516
      based on path‐dependent firm innovations516
    exchange rates:
      efforts to influence152
    expansion:
      covering costs of479
      geographical283
      global/international142
      linked closely to marriage strategies203
    expenditure patterns398
    experience16
      technological82
    experimental workshops230
    expertise81, 351, 359, 611
      major source of209
      noted in collaborative product development123, n.
      strategic decision‐making76
      well‐recognized414
    explanatory variables304
    Explorations in Economic History (journal)49
    Explorations in Entrepreneurial History (journal)503, 504
    extended family197, 198, 224
      elderly people revered as part of209
      specialization among208
    externality principle48
    extractive industries174
      trading firms in246
    faceless bureaucrats80
    factor‐market conditions91
    factor supplies122
    Factory Accounts (Garcke and Fells)454
    factory dormitories426
    factory labor26
    Fagerberg, J.71
    Fair Trade Commission (Japan)279
    Fairchild Semiconductor504
    Family Business Magazine195
    Family Business Review (journal)195
    Farrell, Henry227
    Fascists/Fascism228, 302, 415, 430, 530
      autarkic policies533
      conventional distinctions between socialism, capitalism and532
      differing ideologies about performance under532
    “fashion intermediaries”614
    fast‐food restaurants422
      low‐level mundane work in435
    fast‐to‐market ambitions264
    Faure, D.5
    FCC (US Federal Communications Commission)546, 547
    FCI (Finance Corporation for Industry)519
    FDI (foreign direct investment)144
      American, in Europe185
      creating attractive conditions for363
      early pioneer of146
      new outflows148
      political risks of148
    FDI (cont.)
      stock reduced of to zero147
    Febvre, Lucien9
    Federal government powers534
    federal systems231
    Federal Trade Commissioners (US)229
    Federico, G.529
    Feilden Report (UK 1963)384
    Fellmann, S.583
    female liberation614
    feminist theory213
    Ferguson, T.531
    Ferrero Barilla200
    fiber optics516
    fiduciary systems481
    Filipino trading communities514
    film617
      American industry (1895–1920)111
    Financial Accounting Standards Board (US)451
    Financial History Review30
    financial institutions88, 327, 328, 405, 618
      apparent harmony with securities markets475
      different types of86, 332
      efficient, development of324
      equity stakes472
      non‐profit342
      Paris‐centric228
      political concern to limit concentrated economic power481
      private sector519
      transformation of75
    financial markets103, 196, 323
      actions undertaken to improve efficiency of337
      efficient, lack of326
      families raise resources on196
      fully‐fledged, some countries early in developing338
      globalization of478
      international, physical location of149
      labor systems shaped by423
      predominance of322
      pressure for development486
      take‐off of several327
    financial reporting449
      convergence in respect of464, 465
      development of standards450
      harmonization of452
      subservience to458
    financial sector:
      structure of320
    financial services323, 424
      patterns which have long existed435
    Financial Times top 100 business schools596
    Finanzkapital173
    Fine, Ben44
    Fine Cotton Spinners' and Doublers' Association178
    Finlay (James)179
    Finnish Institute of Management591
    fire insurers271
    first‐mover advantage329
      long‐lasting400
    First National City Bank184
    first‐tier firms260
    First World War13, 147, 180, 307–8
      industries weakened as a result of Germany's defeat181
      strengthened position of unions429
    fiscal conditions149
    fisheries112
      restructuring initiatives for280
    fixed costs72, 73, 91, 92, 274, 546
      determinants of460
      development of productive resources entails78
      distinction between semi‐fixed, variable and459
      flexible use of labor enables firm to avoid79
    fixed‐price stores414
    Fleischman, R. K.461
    flexibility17, 257, 350, 433
      access to information needed for200
      adapting to changing markets and demand patterns220
      charts of accounts453
      main source of competitive advantage199
    flexible specialization97, 106, 121, 124, 129, 134, n.
      boundaries between mass production and130
      new organizational framework for220
    flight and hotel packages545
    fluid dynamics386
    Fogelson, Robert615
    foodstuffs cartels277
    foreign banks330
    foreign exchange329
    foreign firms145, 147, 151, 188–9
      collaboration155
      gender implications of employment policies158
      governments blocking148
      historical impact on developing countries157
      importance of157
      knowledge spillovers to developing countries158
      large employers of labor158
      local entrepreneurial responses to162
    foreign firms (cont.)
      local response to157
      openness towards154
      reactions against155
      sensitivities towards155
      strategies and ethical responsibilities in repressive regimes156
      transfer of organization and technologies across borders159
      widespread decline in receptivity to148
    foreign influence18
    foreign investors157
    foreign occupation430
    foreign policy277
    foreign practices124
    foreign workers572
    foreknowledge45
    “foreshadowing”129
    forests:
      exhaustion of12
      jungle, cutting down158
    “formal monism”452
    FPC (US Federal Power Commission)542
    Franco dictatorship533
    Franco‐German cooperation278
    Franco‐Prussian War (1870–1)536
    Frankfurt School603
    Franks, Julian484
    free enterprise21
    free‐standing companies49, 104, 146, 251
      clustered in business groups153
      funds raised for251
    free trade policies512
    “freeters”84
    French Popular Front11
    French Revolution228
    Frick, Carole317
    frictionless adjustment127
    Friedman, David230
    frontier spirit506
    Fudan University Department of Business Administration596
    Fuji Conference29
    full employment431
    functionalism12
    GAAP (Generally Agreed Accounting Principles)451, 452
    Galunic, D. C.257
    Gardey, Delphine24
    Garner, S. P.454
    gas26, 182
      field exploration544
      key economic role of541
      municipal ownership542
      run by private enterprise under concession systems534
      state‐owned companies532
    GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)148
    Gay, Edwin F.39
    GDP (gross domestic product)327, 401
      capitalization as a percentage of487
      ratio of financial activity to326
      ratios of bank deposits to487
    gearing ratio327
    gender segregation437
    gender stereotyping560
    “genealogies of calculation”450
    general equilibrium theory126
    General Motors (cont.)
      trends in distribution, promotion, and product development409
      union recognition430
    general skills562
    generation market break‐up547
    generational succession221
    Genesove, David51
    “genes”71
    Genossensschaften490
    gentrification506
    geographic factors401
    geographical distance143
    geographical mobility204
    geo‐history11
    geopolitical factors545
    geopolitical strategies529, 533
      changing priorities in548
    German Historical School490
    German Society for Business History43
    German states533
    German Yearbook on Business History43
    Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration596
    Ghemawat, P.98
    Ghoshal, Sumantra257
    Gilman, Nicholas Paine490, n.
    Gimbel Brothers403
    Ginzburg, Carlo28
    Glarus printed textiles133
    “glass ceilings”24
    Glass‐Steagall Act (US 1934)330, 472
    “glass technologists”367
    global consulting firms464
    global enterprise105
    global giants146
    global history28
    global pre‐eminence2
    global reach companies264
    globalization81, 82, 141–68, 232, 307, 361, 450, 534
      financial market478
      growing literature on256
      inconsistent effects of309
      international business education characterized by582
      multifaceted nature of28
      second‐best solution to the end of278
      shock of25
    GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung)203, 491
    GNP (Gross National Product)41
    Go (Japanese board game)285
    goals:
    Godley, Andrew507
    Goldman Sachs188
    golf courses286
    Goodrich, C.539
    Goodrich Company178
    Goransson, Anita50
    Gore (W. L.)200
    Gorton, Gary51
    governance379
      development of a system260
      gap left by breakdown of international economy148
    governance (cont.)
      legally bounded nature of firms affects behavior and245
      multi‐level231
      profitable relationships322
    governance mechanisms132, 226
      closely controlled256
      collaborative133
      collective problem‐solving227
      hierarchical and non‐hierarchical233
    government banks328
    governments147
      attempt to accelerate development257, n.
      collusion among aluminum MNCs and280
      socio‐political objectives530, 535
    Graham, Edward M.288
    Gramm‐Leach‐Bliley Act (US 1999)337–8
    Grand Moulin de Paris414
    Grand Rapids furniture manufacturers229
    Granger Laws (US 1870s)540
    graphite electrodes281
    Great Depression (1930s)51, 86, 148, 181, 276, 356
      French big business weakened by182
      frugality during616
      Great Crash (1929) and75
      unionism81
    Greece14, 50
      business history and economic history29
      family businesses205
    greenfield plants/operations16, 153
    Greenhill, Robert G.49
    Greif, Avner51
    group affiliations509
    grupos economicos151
    Gualmini, Elisabetta231, n.
    Guillén, M. F.106
    Gurley, J. G.324
    Hall, Catherine608
    Hall, Charles Martin352
    Hall, R. H.99
    Halske, Johann Georg377
    Hamilton, Eleanor213
    Hamilton, G. G.101
    Hamilton, Gary518
    Han Dan Iron and Steel Company462, n.
    Hancock, David608
    Handelshochschulen585
    Hankyu Railway412
    Hansen, Per H.531
    Hanson Trust187
    Hara, Terushi44
    hard‐core cartels273
    hard labor25
    Hargadon, A. B.112
    Harley, Knick51
    Harp, Stephan610
    Harrison, G. C.461
    Hartmann, M.583
    Harvard Graduate School of Business75, 408
    Harvard University408
    Harvey, Charles E.44
    haute couture618
    Hawker Siddeley182
    Hawthorne studies (1920s)610
    HBS (Harvard Business School)9, 97, 99, 596
      close personal networks with scholars at591
      established (1908)584
      executive programs590
    HEC (École des Hautes Etudes Commerciales)585, 587, 588, 597
    Hefner‐Alteneck, Friedrich von378, 379
    Hegel, G. W. F.131
    Henley Management College590
    Hennart, Jean‐François49
    Hepburn Act (US 1906)540
    Hertner, Peter48
    “hidden” goods400
    hierarchical position81
    hierarchical responsibilities79
    high‐technology sectors155
      benefit from government research expenditures518
      contemporary regions224
      emergence of307
      industrial collaboration364
      qualified and experienced labor82
      war boost to industries181
    higher education81
      big business active role in shaping form and content of75
      national systems of591
      products of investments in77
      strengthening national systems of593
      strong belief in investment and expansion in593
      transformation of75, 82
    Hill, F. E.10
    hindsight abuse129
    hire purchase414
    hiring and firing79, 80, 246, 260
      mid‐career84
      temporary blue‐collar employees85
    Hirsch, Jean‐Pierre228
    “His Master's Voice”403
    Hishagi‐Osaka230
    historical analysis112
    historical inheritances224
    Hitachi186, 413
      company as enterprise community431
    Hitotsubashi587
    Hoffman, Elizabeth51
    Hofstede, Geert204
    Hoke, Donald13
    Holland, John H.264
    Holloway (Thomas)400
    Holt & Co. (Alfred)251
    Homestead Act (US 1862)538
    Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation329
    Hong Kong Stock Exchange252
    Hoover, Herbert278
    Hoppmann, Erich284
    Horn, Norbert43
    Hoskin, K. W.456
    hourly workers80, 81, 424
      segmentation between salaried managers and83
    house organs22
    household products403
    household staples expenditure410
    Hovenkamp, H.511
    Hudson's Bay Company143
    Hughes, T. P.388
    human resource management24, 26, 100, 101, 420–46
      psychology, ergonomics, information sciences used in28
    human resources122
      reproduction of125
    human rights423
    hunting and fishing286
    Hutchinson, Diane48
    hybrid disciplines355
    hybrid forms129, 160, 323
      potentially disruptive impact of experimentation132
      predominance over pure types124–5
      technological127
    hydrocarbons543
    hyperinflation184
    hypermarkets416
    hypotheses70, 98
      explicit tests of50
      refutable, confronting with evidence56
    “I Love Lucy” (TV show)410
    IASB (International Accounting Standards Board)452
    IASC (International Accounting Standards Committee)451, 452
    IATA (International Air Transport Association)281, 545
    Iberia (airline)533
    ICFC (Industrial and Commercial Finance Corporation)519
    ICT (information and communication technology)448, 458
    ideological differences529, 549
    ideological radicalism311
    IEA (International Electrical Association)280
    IESE (Business School of the University of Navarra)595
    IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards)452
    ill‐gotten gains47
    IMD Business School595
    immigrants424, 435
      discrimination and dependences experienced by24
      extensive controls148
      tight controls based on ethnicity147
      unskilled labor81
    Imperial Group187
    Imperial University587
    imperialism145
      historical impact of5
    imports:
      cheaper, shutting out514
    impulse purchases411
    incentives46, 52, 74, 87, 152, 273, 510
      combination of209
      individual market560
      individual‐level564
      mixture of threats and156
      not providing enough for organizational change and integration531
      takeover of local telephone companies546
    inclusive tours545
    income distribution126
    independence15
    India5, 151, 156, 274
      accelerating growth151
      affiliates of diversified business groups254
      business historians aiming at understanding28
      caste‐based weaving networks606
      central role of families in society15
      commercial diaspora147
    India (cont.)
      elderly people revered as part of extended family209
      expatriate Scotsmen514
      extended family197
      family at the very core of culture205
      first elite group to respond to British159
      “Hindu rate of growth”508
      indigenous entrepreneurs15
      labor management426
      large family firms201
      rapidly adapting firms257
    Indian diasporas509
    Indian subcontinent143
    Indian Tea Association276
    Indian tribes158
    indigenous practices124
    indirect costing460
    individualism614
    individuality25
    indivisibilities122
    industrial accounting455
    Industrial and Corporate Change (journal)71
    industrial archaeology11
    industrial associations230
    Industrial Bank of Japan88, 328
    industrial banks328
    industrial development87
      profound influence on128
      role of main‐bank system in supporting89
    industrial divides128
    industrial heritage11, 23
    industrial policy4–5, 529, 531
      rationalization and centralization of228
      significant tool of279
    “industrial public sphere” concept227, n.
    industrial schools391
    industrial securities75
    industry codes229
    infant industries278
    information costs103
      reduction in339
    information flows:
      facilitating210
    information processing:
      business history of27
      new technologies254
    information systems See AICS
    infrastructure:
      ability to raise taxes to finance projects511
      active promoters of investment513
      global economy145
      improvements to362
      investment in513
      skill development568
    INI (Instituto Nacional de Industria)533
    innovation2, 16, 18, 38, 68, 78, 233, 342
      authoritative study of516
      banks can inhibit323
      “communities of practice” in110
      competition essential to288
      competition may stimulate285
      contrasts in values and attitudes to204
      cross‐border transfer of157
      cumulative90
      design offices the centers of379
      devastating effect of decartelization on284
      entrepreneurial505
      essence of79
      fundamental phenomenon of69
      geography of360
      history of27
      how American values encouraged603–4
      indispensable foundations for business investments in90
      institutionalized348
      interfirm networks identified as playing crucial roles in244–5
      investments in75, 85
      key financial services that stimulate323
      linear model of356
      marketable and profitable17
      misconception that cartels halt269
      more frequent257
      national systems361
      necessary precondition for55
      organizational40, 98
      path‐dependent firm516
      periphery‐inward257
    innovative enterprises70, 89
      construction of a theory of91
      funds available to85
      governments often subsidize directly90
      organization and dynamics of71
      social conditions of73, 91
      theory of73
    instability:
      financial78
      predictable response to197
      tendency of laissez‐faire financial regimes toward337
    Institut Supérieur de Commerce d'Anvers588
    institutional economics109
    institutional firms564
    institutional investors76
    institutional models101
    institutional reform133
    institutional sclerosis339
    institutional structures100
    insurance companies176, 182
      relative job security435
    integrated anchors223
    integrated circuits360
    intellectual property356
    intelligence:
      foreign commercial and technological235
    interaction222, 245
      bourgeois society19
      employers and workers299
      enterprise and society4
      government, cartels, and corporate strategy285
      high velocity, limited possibilities of255
      mutual advantage drives256
      producers, distributors and customers22
      reciprocal4
      redundancy of257
      state‐entrepreneur514
      supplier‐assembler259
      transnational277
      vocational training with political‐economic institutions565, 566
    interactive localities223
    inter‐business transactions247
    interdisciplinary activities366
    interdivisional transactions247
    interest groups311
      different, relative strengths of532
      entrenched and stubborn543
      incumbent, role of322
      plurality of542
    interfirm mobility81
      facilitated82
    intergenerational succession195, 196
      impact of conflict on209
      less problematic209
      solution of problems210
    intergenerational transition203
    intermarriage203
    intermediate products283
    intermediate technical schools385
    internal cleavages132
    internal venture units516
    internalization186, 439
      incomplete, inefficient269
    international business50, 97, 142
      earlier traditions of152
      important drivers of146
      large, long‐established200
    international finance330
      large family firms200
    International Harvester178
    International Potash Syndicate277, 278
    international relations21, 287
    International Steel Cartel277, 278
    International University Contact593
    internationalization9, 253
      firms are agents of20
      local firms' attempts at235
      technological activity by large manufacturing firms157
    internationalization process model105
    interoperability261
    inter‐organizational fields111
    interpersonal relationships210
    Interstate Commerce Act (US 1887)534, 540
    intrafirm trade/transactions150, 247
    intragroup lending249
    intragroup transactions255
      low levels of252
    intraorganizational transactions259
    invention collectives360
    invention on demand358
    inventor‐entrepreneurs348
    investment asymmetries254
    investment:
      innovative strategies78  See also FDI
    investment banks175, 184
      American, leading179
      financial markets unable to develop without support of322
      main, operations orchestrated by187–8
      separation of commercial and184, 322
    investment decisions73
    invisible hand53
    invisible instruments16, 22
    “invisible objects”221, n.
    IOE (International Organization of Employers)308–9
    IPOs (initial public offerings)76, 86
    IRI (Istituto per la Ricostruizione Industriale)532
    iron and steel44, 181, 185, 455, 456
      large enterprises178
      leading producers177
      nationalized182
      rolling mills200
      takeovers of collieries by manufacturers178
    irreversibility models12
    IT (information technology)82, 151, 255, 360
      blamed for major loss of jobs356
      extensive use of435
      large‐scale systems107
      net exporter of skills in561
      shaping from tabulators through computer systems352
      skill shortages566
    iterative co‐design125, n.
    Ito‐Yokado414
    ITT (International Telegraph and Telephone)160, 185, 187, 546
    janitors82
    Japan Business History Review3, 43
    Japan Paper Manufacturers Federation276
    Japanese Army and Navy453
    Japanese Business History Society29
    Japanese Cotton Spinners Association274, 276, 284
    Japanese Cotton Spinning Federation276
    Japanese National Railways547
    Japanese Productivity Center590
    Japanese Railways538
    Japanese Yearbook on Business History43
    Japanization18
    Jardine Matheson147
    Jenks, Leland H.505
    Jeremy, D. J.98
    jeux d'échelle28
    Jevons, W. S.459
    Jews:
      commercial activities and religious and family lives607
      persecuted/attacked14, 359
      removal from employment154
    job classifications160
    job ladders81
    Johanson, J.105
    joint committees432
    joint‐stock companies253, 491
      broadly held476
      closely held family firms dominated473
      enthusiasm for474
      large‐scale489
      minority interests within472
      share gradually declined475
      state‐owned532
    Jones, S. R. H.53
    Jönsson, S.463
    Journal of Economic History51
    Journal of International Business Studies104
    Journal of Law and Economics51
    judicial reviews279
    Jungerhem, Sven50
    jungle forests158
    Justice Department (US)229, 286
    kaizen costing459
    Kast, F. E.98
    Kaufman, Allen612
    Keeble, S. P.582
    Kelly, Roy Willmarth567
    Kenly Smith, John516
    Keynes, J. M.396
    Khan, Zorina511
    Kimizuka, Y.455
    Kirkpatrick, I.108
    Kissinger, Henry596
    know‐how251
      destruction of17
      diffusion slowed down284
      importance of sharing through cartels284
      technological278
    knowledge assets75
    knowledge‐based industries151
      highly specialized start‐up companies in273
    knowledge diffusion154
    knowledge‐intensive firms108
    knowledge spillovers158
    Knox, William567
    Kobayashi, Kesaji42
    Kobe Higher Commercial School587
    Kobe University of Commerce587
    Koberg, Peter491
    kōgyō kumiai230
    Kohlberg, Kravis, Roberts187
    Korean War (1950–3)259
    Kranakis, E.390
    Kreditbanken340
    Kuijlaars, Anne‐Marie50
    Kwolek‐Folland, A.5
    la draperie elbeuvienne235
    labor (cont.)
      high‐technology, qualified and experienced82
      militant83
      shortages induced firms to substitute capital for422
    labor force:
      changing composition of422
      collective relations with437
      demographic breakdown of27
      elements of paternalism433
      industrial, growth of608
      larger, problem of attracting425
      temporary workers in84
      trade‐off between risk distribution and299
    labor‐management relations351
    labor market imperfections565, 566
    labor markets:
      authority based on relevant technical skills585
      BIAs interact with workers and unions in294
      challenge of labor movement occurred mainly in306
      changes in composition433
      collective bargaining regulated473
      competitors in297
      gender biases of560
      gendering of24
      global disintegration of147
      shorter‐term influences422
    labor mobility barriers15
    labor policy295
    labor relations107, 542
      centralization of228
      Interplay Between Development Of Vocational Training And567
      rationalization and centralization of228
    labor supply:
      flexible79
    Lagos Business School596
    Lai, C. K.5
    Laird, Pamela25
    languages:
      superior professional education in364
    Lanzalaco, L.4, 21
    La Palombara, Joseph311
    large banks341, 481
      control over credit markets486
      marginalization of184
      role played in financing and directing major enterprises43
    large corporations132, 146
      Chandler's account of the rise of38
      control of key functions150
      exploitation of world resources145
      flexible and specialized forms of production130–1
      managerial hierarchies55
    large‐scale enterprises91, 450
      accepted form for282
      associated with coal, steel and engineering404
      corporate governance focus on471
      divisionalization of99, 103
      penalized when attempting to lay off “regular” employees478
      response to booming consumer demand408
      vertically integrated98
      world's first143
    Larson, M. J.583
    late development effect257
    Latin America14, 145
      business schools596
      colonial5
      development and underdevelopment11
      emerging markets5
      evolution of large business groups206
      indigenous business systems less able to absorb foreign capabilities159
      literature in Spanish on5
      multinational investment widely spread in157
      post‐colonial5, 512
      soil and climate give comparative advantage512
      universal banking331
    Lauder, Hugh560
    laws263, 530
      development of202
      enforced against bad actors226
      taxing private stockholdings477
    “Le Chaplier effect”228
    Le Printemps414
    Leach, William614
    lean production system432
    learning bureaucracies257
    leasing facilities341
    Leblebici, H.112
    Lécuyer, Christophe225, n.
    Lee, Clive48
    leftists31
    legacy groups249
    lender of last resort:
      reliable, absence of337
    lending policy332
    Les Imprimeries Delmas462
    Lesieur (Georges et ses fils)415
    Levi, Giovanni28
    Lévi‐Strauss, Claude607
    Levi Strauss (company)200
    Lévy‐Leboyer, Maurice172
    Lewis, Frank51
    Lewis (John)400
    liberal political theory286
    Lichtenstein, N.79, n.
    Liefmann, Robert271
    life cycle design and engineering388
    lifetime employment:
      some reduction of431
    lighting and lamps386
    Lilenthal, J.454
    Lille‐Roubaix‐Tourcoing223
    lineage succession250, n.
    linguistic struggles606
    listed companies86
    Liu Kwang‐Ching518
    Lively, R. A.539
    LMS (London, Midland and Scottish) Railway364
    loans87, 88
      high‐risk, low‐yield89
      non‐performing78
      ratio to cash332
      short‐term341
      stock sometimes accepted as collateral for473
    local culture23
    local government227, 231, 542
      fiscal requirements of550
      intermediaries indispensable for514
    locality role204
    localization223
    lock‐ins359
      technological and resource515
    logarithmic tables386
    logic:
      organizational power488
    logical analysis91
    logical error91
    logistics districts223
    London Association of Foremen Engineers and Draughtsmen381
    London Business School589, 594
    London School of Economics586, 597
    long‐distance deliveries400
    longue durée13
    Lost Decade (1990s)78, 89
    “lounge wars”545
    Low Countries546
    LSE (London Stock Exchange)246, 327
    Lundvall, Bengt‐Åke126, n.
    Maastricht Treaty (1992)548
    McGowan, Sir Harry286
    machine parts:
      detailed design of380
      reducing the number of382
    Macintosh, N. B.464
    McKinlay, Alan44, 49
    Mackinnon, Sir William504
    macroeconomics11, 362, 396
      availability of homogenous data325
      disturbances (1970s)548
    Macve, R. H.456
    Magazzini Bocconi405
    Maidenform bras410
    main‐bank lending88
    Major League Baseball112
    Malay trading communities514
    male breadwinner model560
    male domination24
    man‐made fibers532
    management406
      application of science to solution of problems588
      bureaucratic437
      compensation schemes612
      development programs81
      discursive constructions of practices606
      family scions banned from249
      improvements in410
      international diffusion of American practices149
      multi‐firm, networked systems27
      multi‐unit456
      new patterns of198
      outside shareholders press demands on77
      pre‐eminence over shareholders189
      qualification system for595
      self‐identity611
      substituting the visible hand of53
      superior professional364
      systematization and rationalization of68
      three‐pronged investment in production, distribution and2
      top and key positions reserved for relatives and family members205
      training professors in593
      union conferences with83
      “unitarist” model of427
      well‐educated junior executives and engineers247
    management by exception460
    management control144
    management faculties30
    Management Science (journal)100
    management tools16
    managerial agency costs480, 481
      indirect mechanisms to regulate482
    managerial decision‐making350, 458
      relevance of full costs or variable costs to449
      socialist interests that might place limits on481
    managerial revolution74, 90
    Manchester Business School589
    Manchester University586
    Mandell, Nikki611
    Manhattan Project385
    manufacturers' associations230
    manufacturing industry184, 424
      adopting American methods157
      Chandler's focus on199
      companies instrumental in transferring products and brands across borders146
      duality of techniques and organization412
      globalization of81
      growth of big business in2
      “high‐performance” and “high‐involvement” policies436
      incentive to minimize technology leakages to competitors158
      labor‐intensive152
      new techniques362
      production easy and relatively cheap entry to324
      research and development in affiliates157
    Manufacturing Industry Cost Accounting Guideline (Japan)453
    Marchand, Roland22, 24
    marginal cost459, 460, 541
      setting marginal revenue equal to45
    marginal productivity wage562
    market‐based financial systems323, 487
    market capitalization173, 327, 333, 480, 487
      largest firms by187
      world's largest companies measured by181
      world's second largest firm by182
    market domination334
    market forces187
      pressures on firms to adjust employment more directly to423
    market intermediation254
    market penetration412
    market pressures474
    market saturation351
    market segmentation397, 400
      greater, long production runs not suited to411
      higher quality84
    market share277, 282, 400, 546
      achieved by better services545
      devastating effect of decartelization on284
      established88
      national deposit336
      predetermined459
      protection for infant industries278
    market signals52
      endogenous responses to40
      fixing wages and benefits according to439
    market time13
    market trends297
    marketing19, 22, 126, 132, 145, 178, 384, 613, 614, 618
      adapting to changing, more mature demand181
      crafted to appeal156
      drawings used in379
      foreign firms introducing new methods157
      gender segmentation of24
      ingenious strategy271
      international campaigns248
      overseas50
      psychology and statistics applied in28
      renewable resources145
      strategies to diffuse products and brands internationally160
    marketing segmentation282
    marketization452
    marriages between cousins203
    Marshall Plan (1948)589
    Martin, C. F.609
    mass production (cont.)
      fluid and variable boundaries of corporation129
      fountainhead of13
      high‐quality, low‐cost84
      high rates of throughput in81
      imitation of US415
      importance of390
      inevitable preference for122
      integration of mass distribution and41, 48
      large‐scale, decline of224
      large‐scale, flexible alternatives to106
      more diffuse than custom production391
      more interest in new design than in389
      rejection of616
    Massachusetts206
    masters422, 425, 573
      status distinctions between journeymen and570
    material culture11
    material success410
    materials:
      breweries and families combine to purchase253
    Matignon Agreement (1936)11
    Matsushita, Mitsuo274
    Matsushita Electrical Industries412
    Maurer, Harry280
    maximization131
    Mayer, M.99
    MBA (Master of Business Administration) degrees584, 590
      British universities594
      criticized for being too academic594
      expanding programs589
      first joint program in China596
      initiatives to establish business schools offering591
      joint global executive programs597
      number of degrees awarded annually in US594
      rapid growth of591
      trend in Europe for graduates to be recruited to top management595
    Meadows, D. L.388
    Means, Gardiner74, 98
    “meccano‐set” principle382
    mechanical calculation384
    mechanized factory system121
    Mediterranean countries51, 147
    medium‐sized firms132, 173, 424
      family, specialized, and internationalized210
      huge financial transactions undertaken by179  See also SMEs
    Meiji Japan77, 82, 87, 229, 323
      developing institutions to promote modernization587
      remarkable modernization506
    Melbourne university596
    mergers and acquisitions70, 75, 153, 180, 283, 251, 283
      bureaucratic pressures for20
      Cheffins's argument linking dispersal to486
      cross‐border189
      discouraging337
      diversifications via252
      expansion via252
      financed through leveraged buyouts187
      flotation of bond issues in conjunction with86
      foreign, key local companies233
      national, wide‐ranging181
      never‐ending545
      proliferation of327
      promotion of industrial concentration through227
      state policies231
      wide horizontal177
    Merrill Lynch188
    Metallgesellschaft145
    metanational firms257
    methane gas products532
    Mexico151, 156, 514
      entrepreneurial opportunities (late 19th‐century)511
    M‐form (multidivisional structure)40, 97, 98, 103, 183, 185, 189, 247, 353, 432, 450, 456, 457, 462
      communication formalized379
      determined by debate and discourse612
      diffused in Europe159
      emergence of504
      more coordinated structures424
      new pressures on internal organization that led to282
      origins and effectiveness of3
      overcoming the problems of384
    Micklethwait, J.98
    microeconomic theory324
    microelectronics76
    microfilm representation386
    micro‐history28
    microreactors122
    mid‐career recruits84
    middle classes406, 407
      American‐style20
      avenue of advancement for608
      designs available to618
      large, emergence of158
    Middle East330
      non‐Muslim and foreign merchants513
    Midland Bank184
    Midland Chemical Company285
    migrant workers19
    military ambitions538
    military regimes430
    Miller, Michael614
    milling machines177
    Millward, R.5
    Miner, A. S.111
    mines/mining104, 182, 285
      economic performance542
      establishment and maintenance of158
      foreign ownership virtually eliminated148
      investing in145
      one of the largest groups in the world187
      state company544
    Ministries of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone546
    Ministry of Finance (Japan)478
    Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing354
    Minoglou, Ioanna Pepelasis50
    minority groups21
    minority shareholder protections474, 483
    Mint, Sidney617
    MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)387
    MITI (Japanese Ministry of Trade and Industry)230, 279, 363
    Mitsubishi & Co. Ltd.456
    Mitsui Bussan285
    MNCs (multinational corporations)48, 49, 50, 152, 309, 606, 613, 618
      ability to transfer knowledge difficult to understand and codify154
      competition policies and the role of529
      first instances of manufacturing146
      food, family‐owned203
      free‐standing104
      growth of American firms in Europe330
      historical growth of142
      history of22
      integrated group175
      inward investment by233
      Jones's extensive work on105
      major, commodity cartels need tacit approval of280
      many new investments148
      national branches257
      operating in poor countries with weak state regulatory capacity286
      particularly complex task for14
      role in facilitating, or resisting, corrupt practices162
      sources of advantage held by56
      strategies in apartheid‐era South Africa156
      world's largest manufacturer of food and drink processing equipment151  See also subsidiaries
    Model A Ford391
    modernization14, 335, 610
      capitalist class as an agent of608
      corporate artisanal sector viewed as impediment to572
      modernization countryside615
      developing institutions to promote587
      education and technology important to363
      family‐backed202
      traditional view of609
    modernization theory11, 603
    Modigliani‐Miller finance model323
    Mogi‐Takanashi families253, 254
    Mona Mine Company455
    monetary policy330
    money‐market instruments334
    monitoring costs339
    Montebelluna sport shoe district233
    moral hazard341
    Morgan Grenfell179
    Morgan Stanley188
    Mori, Arinori587
    Moriguchi, Chiaki51
    Morinaga confectionery412
    Morris, Morris David508
    mortgage institutions328
    Moskowitz, Marina615
    Motivational Research410
    motor vehicle industry180, 460
      catch‐up with more advanced and internalized production systems258, n.
      flexible production and product development techniques130
      most spectacular growth181
      quasi‐independent supplier firms in123
    mountain‐based industries17
    “Mrs Middle Majority”410
    “muckraking” critiques9
    mule spinning531
    Mullin, Wallace51
    multibusiness firms247, 248
      interfirm networks resemble255
    multinational investment150, 160
      impact of national policy regimes on flows of162
      shifting geographical location of159
    multinationalization277
    multiple retellings128
    multiples400, 404, 409
      competitive advantages in logistics411
      control over clothing sales415
      influential, independent414
      problems for410
    multi‐unionism431
    municipal fires271
    municipal governments227
    municipal ownership542
    Munro, Forbes50
    Murmann, J. P.111
    Muslim entrepreneurs513
    mutual benefit247
    mutual interests286
    Nagasaki shipyards17
    Nakai Ichizo455
    Nakanichi, You17
    namesake groups249
    Napier, C. J.450
    Napoleonic Commercial Code (1807)451
    Napoleonic legal code202
    narrow focus localities223
    nation states142
    national associations29
    National Bureau of Economic Research (US)48
    national cartels276
    National City Bank (US)179, 184
    National City Bank of New York331
    national culture15, 23, 506, 507
      rational decisions deeply embedded in22
    national differences16
    national federations300
    national grids542
    National Industrial Recovery Act (US 1933)276, 453
    national interest274
      relationship between business and278
    national markets90
      integration of141
    National Provincial Bank (England)175, 184, 330
    national sovereignty544
    nationality147
      influence on entrepreneurship509
      location influenced by146
      political importance of153
    nationalization (cont.)
      pressure for538
    Native Americans534
    natural monopolies541, 542, 543
      long‐distance network with features of546
      ownership of530
      private, arm's‐length regulation of547
    natural resources104, 280, 388
      dominated by a handful of companies155
      enclavist investments in158
      exploitation of145
    natural science model101
    naval fleets549
    Nazi Germany156, 160, 161, 227, 452, 476, 478
      American cosmetics companies in160
      autarky and rearmament policies381, 388
      leading chemists and physicists fled from359
      leading firms' collaboration with154–5
      marginalization of big banks184
      scale of business complicity531
    NCR (National Cash Register)110, 378
    Near East Development Company543
    Nederland Aardolie Maalschappij544
    neo‐colonial rule280
    neo‐institutionalists103, 111
    neo‐liberalism530
    neo‐Schumpeterians71
    nepotism74
      tension between meritocracy and211
    Netherlands29, 50, 51, 147, 199, 613
      advertising agencies415
      Britain values of scientific communities359
      business education/583587
      development of financial markets336
      entrepreneurs511
      free‐standing firms146
      industrial research359
      intermarriage crucial in203
      lack of academic institutionalization30
      managers possessing engineering or technical background15
      marketing and distribution405
      organizational centralization306
      ratio of financial activity to GDP326
    network industries27
    networked specialists223
    Neubauer, F.209
    Nevins, Allan10
    new combinations503
    New Economic History40, 42, 55, 69
      interest in and willingness to make use of44
      “static sterility of”49
    new entrants486
    new markets70
      access to68
      financial resources to develop new products for76
      large‐scale and ongoing investments in74
      tacit and explicit support of governments149
    new media complex223
    New South Wales university596
    new technologies24, 189, 198, 425
      adaptation to559
      American dominance particularly strong in189
      appropriation of400
      bursting of the bubble (2000)188
      communication254
      costs and complexities of developing263
      foreign firms introducing157
      geographical diffusion speeded up284
      hurdles to introducing507
      increasing costs and complexities of developing263
      information‐processing254
      introduction of422
      large‐scale and ongoing investments in74
      limited ability of business enterprises to learn and absorb159
      production and product‐orientated strategies based on401
      productive resources utilized to create68
      transportation254
    New York University408
    Niagara Falls360
    Nicosia, F. R.531
    NIH (Not Invented Here)353
    Nihon Yusen Kaisha533
    Nippon Telephone and Telegraph547
    Nishijin silk weaving230
    Nissan186
      company as enterprise community431
      franchised dealers413
    nitrogen cartel277
    nonferrous metals145
    non‐ferrous metals cartels279
    non‐financial enterprises328
    non‐performing loans78
    Nora, Pierre23
    Noritake ceramics406
    North, Douglass C.40, 510
    North Africa544
    North‐South divide280
    North Staffordshire potteries226
    Northern Europe424
    Northwestern University39
    Norway233, 331, 548
      business education582
      pioneering relations between university and industry19
      promotion of social and political unification533
      scattered communities and fragile political structures536
      telecom industry160
    Nouvelles Galeries414
    nuclear family197
    nuclear power544
      electricity generation plants541
      investing in530
    nutritional standards143
    NYU Stern School of Business597
    occult philosophies608
    occupational illnesses19
    Ocean Steamship Company251
    oceanic trade145
    OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)78, 281, 561, n., 562, 591
    OEEC (Organization of European Economic Cooperation)589
    Ohlsson, Rolf574
    Ohtaya Kazo sake brewery455
    Okazaki, Tetsuji50
    Old Assyrian Kingdom142
    Old Economy corporations82
    Olivetti, Adriano211
    Olivetti, Roberto211
    Olofsson, Jonas574
    Olsson, Ulf50
    Onoda Cement Manufacturing Co.456
    OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)280
    open plan offices160
    open price associations229
    openness330
      outside influences20
      towards foreign firms154
      trade and cross‐border capital flows486
    opportunism/opportunistic behavior12, 125, 226, 245, n.
      “communitarian market” to contain232
      MNCs beset by233
      new business formation seen as248
      possibilities for489
    opportunity costs457
    optical glass358
    oral history10
    organization4, 72, 78–85
      building2
      contemporary upheavals in220
      contingency theories of98
      economics of101
      flexible forms of154
      incremental changes in124
      malleability of technology and123
      “modern”19
      outcome of struggles over the evolution of133
      “structure‐conduct‐performance” school of91
      territorial modes of306
    organizational behavior100
    organizational control325
    organizational design99
      theoretical developments in economics of48
    organizational forms349
    organizational learning17, 70, 81, 82, 87, 91, 103, 271, 342, 365
      commoditized labor does not engage in79
      company‐wide process of83
      contribution to generation of revenues85
      development of productive resources entails78
      necessary precondition for55
    organizational structure98
    organizational systems16
    orientations128
    O'Rourke, K. H.144
    “orthodox” model297
    Osaka City University of Commerce587
    Osaka Shôsen Kaisha533
    Osaka Stock Exchange328
    Ottoman Empire330
      Muslim entrepreneurs513
    Oulton, Nicholas561
    outsider holding model489
    outsiders478, 611
      balanced attitude to210
      forced into existing cartels276
      minority status159
      united front against273
    outsourcing82, 125, 151
      international production systems highly externalized through150
    overheads457, 458
      arbitrary allocations463
      sophisticated allocation methods462
    “overloans”88
    overproduction356
    overstocking dangers403
    “owl of Minerva” syndrome221
    owner‐entrepreneurs74, 75
    Packard, Vance410
    Palmer, Alexandra618
    Papayanis, Nicholas615
    parallel localities223
    PARC (Palo Alto Research Center)358
    Paris‐Lyon‐Méditerranée175–6
    Paris‐Orleans rail line536
    Parisian Gas Company26
    Parker, R. H.450
    Parker, William N.40
    part‐time workers433
      extensive use made of435
    Parthasarathi, Prasannan606
    partial equilibrium models40
    parts manufacturers186
    patriotic companies356
    pay systems427
      chronic gap between men and women560
      share‐ and stock‐based435
    peace production14
    Pearl River region233
    peasant activities208
      proprietorship224
    Penney (J. C.)409
    pension benefits427
    Pereire, Émile and Isaac175
    Pérez, Paloma Fernández50
    perishable goods280
    Perry, P. J. C.567
    personal responsibility607
    “personalities”397
    personnel managers424
    Peters, Thomas604
    Pettigrew, A. M.110
    Pflieger‐Haertel, H.378
    pharmaceuticals151, 182, 188, 355, 400
      problems companies have trying to make technological transitions366
      transition to molecular biology353
    Ph.Ds (Doctors of Philosophy)70, 355, 585, 592
      center for advanced studies in management to candidates593
      German‐educated355
    Philip Morris410
    photography/photographs188, 379
    physical properties355
    Pichler, Eva561
    Pickens, Thomas Boone187
    Piggly Wiggly store403
    Pigou, A. C.562
    PIGs (private interest governments)303, n.
    Pine Sewing Machine412
    Plans Comptables Généraux452, 460
    plantations104
      establishment and maintenance of158
      investing in145
      trading firms246
    “pluriactivity”208
    Podolny, J. M.255
    political cleavage336
    political distance148
    political historians17
    political parties301, 311
      competition/relationship between BIAs and299, 311
    political turbulence475
    politics618
      cartels' relationship to287
      group theory of295
      interconnecting science, technology, business and28
      interest group277
      “red” and “white” subcultures224
    Polyani, Karl603
    polytechnics362
    populist democratic revolts280
    Porsche, Ferdinand362
    Porter, D. M.455
    portfolio investment144
      investment history of28
    Portugal14, 50, 331, 532, 533
      blockaded from British exports541
      explorers to New World and Asia143
      government revenues from privatization548
      ideological surges549
    post‐colonial countries/markets5, 148
    Post Office (UK)546
    post‐Taylorism611
    poverty:
      contribution of entrepreneurship to explaining patterns of509
      persistent patterns of507
    power imbalances132
    power struggles104
    Prato Cassa di Risparmio232
    Pratt, Charles54, n.
    preferences:
      taken for granted296
    premium high‐quality goods389
    pressure groups295
    price cartels273
    price signals52
    prices157, 229
      administered453
      controlled and non‐competitive413
      distress54
      economic history of11
      final, control over402
      global regulation of148
      input, necessity to control283
      means of extending direct control over276
      using costs to determine459
    primary sector174
    primogeniture202
    principal‐agent problems52
    private ownership531
    private pension system338
    procedural cartels273
    process intensification122
    product costs286
    product design351
    product development409
      flexible technique130
      in‐house complementary investments70
      potential impact of rising expectations on415
      “scientific” organization and coordination of408
    product differentiation127, 283, 616
      creation of the film star in the service of617
    product diversification397
    product lines:
      highly diversified283
      new or higher value‐added283
    product‐market imperfections254
    product markets79, 294, 422
      competitors in297
      control by large firms over486
      degree of competition within422
      individual firms prevented from gaining advantage in573
    product planning departments384, 392
    product substitutes352
    production253
      ability to eliminate waste in83
      adapting to changing, more mature demand181
      capital‐intensive methods of449
      changes in organization of40
      closely related phases of123
      continuous‐process176
      development of systems97
      disintegration of systems151
      diversified quality432
      expanded rapidly258
      externalized, network‐based260
      factory and artisanal425
      higher valued‐added, quality‐based560
      how to organize425
      integrated systems150
      intermediate207
      international systems150
      linking of product planning with374
      means of extending direct control over276
      new processes428
      organization of422
      rationalizing and optimizing356
      regional systems220
      renewable resources145
      scale‐intensive Western system105–6
      scientific management of28
      separation of design from382
      single product183
    production costs:
      detailed information on229
      differential between cartel‐set price and283
    production costs reducing157
    production management28
    productive capacities177
    productive efficiency121
    productive resources68, 85
      complementary70
      innovating firm can transfer and reshape70
    productivity growth235
      entrepreneurial innovation the source of505
    professional associations244, 595
    professional mastery304
    professional schools227
    professionalism611
    professionalization349
      managerial activities19
    profit and loss account451
    profit maximization41, 254
    profit‐sharing cartels280
    programming languages261
    project management385
    proletarianization329
    promotions (retail)400, 409
      growing sophistication of415
      sums spent on413
    property:
      ideal‐typical systems470
      minority interests476
    property rights202, 472, 544
      clearly defined126
      command‐and‐control hierarchies to promote263
      gendered50
      political forces favoring stakeholders over480
      poorly defined511
      uncertainties regarding152
      well‐enforced259
    prosecution data281
    protection(ism)106, 126, 512
      high levels for agricultural products148
      multinational manufacturing stimulated by the spread of146
      product market422
    Protestant work ethic159
    Protestantism507–8
      counter‐intuitive affinity between capitalism and614
    proto‐multinationals143
    proto‐venture capital firms517
    Provasi, Giancarlo227
    Provincial Hydros534
    Prussia491, n.
      railroad undertakings537
      virtually complete public ownership536
    psychological models413
    public health27
    public issues179
    public opinion26
    public relations22
    public securities offerings74
    Public Utility Commissions (US)540, 542
    Public Utility Holding Company Act (US 1935)542
    public works21
    publications22
    publicly listed shares76
    publicly quoted enterprises476
    PUC (US Public Utility Commissioners)546–7
    Puig, Núria50
    pulp and paper machinery233
    punched card documentation386
    punctuated equilibria128
    purchasing facilities178
    purchasing power415
    “pure market” model564
    Puritan values506
    putting‐out systems490
    quality286, 323, 363, 388
      branded, packaged goods carrying claims of400
      branding as marks of402
      commonly known126
      manufacturing base emphasizing415
      of legal protection provided to335
      own‐label brands that combined price with416
      quantity and397
    quality assurance standards234
    quality control cartels276
    quantitative analysis100
    quantitative studies509
    quantitative tests43
    quasi‐governments143
    quotas178
      smaller firms purchased just for283
    R&D (research and development)157, 233, 284, 349
      adaptive or development‐oriented159
      corporate2, 3
      expenditures subsidized and encouraged363
      government‐funded357
      international364
      investment levels questioned358
      misallocation or overconcentration of significant resources in military projects364
      necessary investments neglected363
      permitting firms to invest and engage in284
      return on investment356
    Rabuzzi, Daniel607
    race relations508
    racial caricatures403
    Radio‐Cité414
    Radio Normandie414
    railroad/railway companies182, 456, 540
      American, fortunes of530
      biggest single group of major firms in most economies424
      bonds issued by326
      conventions (France 1883)536
      first link in north of England175
      long‐distance shippers539
      ownership rights over533
      settlement lines539
      shares sold on London and New York stock exchanges246
      workshops owned by427
    railroadization331
    railroads/railways40, 41, 53, 55, 87, 158, 350, 352, 353, 426–8, 533
      central government subsidies to538
      economic impact401
      economics of operations540
      entrepreneurs505
      locomotive building style388
      multinational ownership of104
      opening new markets144
      persistent problem for54
      regulation of conveyancing535
      specifications to locomotive builders378
      strategic behavior in51
      strategic significance of538
      vital military importance536
    Railway Agency/Ministry (Japan)538
    railway station shops414
    Ralli Brothers179
    Rama margarine414
    Rand Corporation28
    Rand Journal of Economics51
    rate regulation decisions229
    rational‐choice approach296
    rational economics410
    rationalization68, 228, 341, 362, 384, 609
      conglomerate movement75
      fragmented sectors230
      incorporating research into innovation for the purpose of362
      internalizing innovation in pursuit of350
    rationalization cartels279
    rationalization movement383, 389
    Ravensbruck concentration camp132, n.
    Raveyre, Marie‐Françoise221, n.
    ready reckoners386
    ready‐to‐use parts380
    Reagan administration (US)359, 423
    real estate89
    receiverships229
    recession cartels279
    recessions78
      resistance to price cuts in229
    reconstruction415
    reductionism604
    re‐engineering363
    regional associations29
    regional capitals414
    regional cleavages298
    regional culture23
    regional industrial policy287
    regionalization309
      Americanization as overshadowed by tendencies towards581
      international business education characterized by582
    regulatory mechanisms132
    Reich, L. S.284
    re‐invention363
    relative contribution costing449, 460
    relocation17
    Renaissance Florence617
    renewal accounting456
    rent‐seeking510
    rents:
      allowing firms to earn, from training566
      taxability of543
    reorganization of work429
    repressive regimes156
    resale price maintenance413, 416
    research‐intensive industries198
    Research Policy (journal)71
    Resistance (French politics)182
    resource‐based view111
    responsibility accounting462
    restraint of trade274
      legislation that could punish278
    Restrictive Trade Practices Act (UK 1956)279
    restructuring:
      initiatives for fisheries280
      radical, of society618
    retained earnings86, 324
      abundant89
      growth typically financed by480
    retirement83
      individualized systems338
      solidaristic systems338
    “revenue borrowers”330
    revenue farmers514
    “reverse salients”350
    rewards75, 80
      performance measures and464
    Rewe‐Zentral416
    Rhenisch‐Westphalian Coal Syndicate271
    Rhenish capitalism15
    Rhône‐Poulenc182
    Ribbon Dental Cream402
    Richardson, J. David288
    Rimailho, Émile460
    risk:
      business groups appear to reduce254
      employers are exposed to different levels of299
      hedging against124
      history of27
      importance of17
      market‐oriented definition of607
      reduced by investing in geographically or culturally proximate regions146
      tolerance of156
    River Rouge works126
    road construction539
    Robber Barons540
    Robertson, Paul L.53, n.
    Robinson, Daniel614
    Robinson, Joan320
    “robust design” notion112
    Rockefeller, John D.53, 54, 55
    Rodan, Simon257
    role theory41
    Roman gods14
    Rosenbloom, R. S.110
    Rosenzweig, J. E.98
    Rostow, W. W.121
    Rowlinson, M.109
    Royal Africa Company143
    Royal Baking Powder402
    rule‐oriented behavior20
    rules153, 226
      cost accounting453
      enforcement of341
      international property152
      set entirely in prescriptive law or statutory regulation451
      stock voting rights488
      trade behavior229
      transparency481
    rules of thumb131
    Russia14, 146, 330, 452, 537
      armament firms13
      collapse of Communism150
      growing threat to Germany533
      shipping lines from Japan to533
      wide‐ranging international commercial and shipping business147
    Russian Revolution (1917)147
    Russo‐Japanese war (1904–5)537, 538
    sabotage81
    Sado Gold Mine456
    SAF (Swedish Employers' Confederation)301, 302, 306
    SAGE (Semiautomatic Ground Environment)385
    salaried managers78, 87, 178, 180, 187
      command of strategic allocation of resources76
      extensive delegation of power to183
      family dynasties were replaced by14
      rewards of75
      seen as “adopted family”205
      segmentation between other employees and79–80, 83
      shareholder interests not always well served by187
      strategic decision‐making by74
    sales schemes402
    salt industry285
    Samuel, Raphael23, 25
    San Francisco earthquake (1906)271
    Sandage, Scott607
    sanitary conditions280
    Sapolio soap402
    SARL (Société à Responsabilité Limitée)491
    Sarno, David353
    “satisficing” routines131
    savings:
      non‐profit231
      short‐term327
    Sawyer, John506
    Saxonhouse, Gary R.44, 284
    scale bottlenecks122
    Schlumberger366
    Schmidt, R. H.343
    Schocken & Sons405
    Schoenberger, Erica611
    Schoenfeld, H. M. W.454
    Schott & Genossen358
    Schultheiss Brauerei404
    Schultheiss‐Patzenhofer Brauerei414
    Schütte, Friedhelm567, n.
    Schweitzer, M.449
    science22, 353, 588
      interconnecting technology, business, politics and28
    science and technology366
      business, politics and28
    science‐based companies355
    scientific breakthrough356
    scientific principles608
    scientist‐entrepreneurs348, 352
    Scott, Bruce99
    Scott, James606
    “screening”155
    SEC (US Securities and Exchange Commission)451, 452
    Second Industrial Revolution17, 176–80, 185, 198, 202, 428–9
      entrepreneurial spirit584
      major figures of618
      mass‐production industries506
      need for better qualified managers and administrative staff583
    Second World War148, 311, 430, 453, 461
      aircraft manufacturers389
      boost to high‐tech industries181
      damage inflicted on Europe and Japan408
      enhanced ability to fight284
      expropriation of Jewish business property14
      leading Swedish firms collaborating with Nazi Germany before and during154–5
    sections homogènes460
    securities337
      abolished separation of banking and338
      bank lending outweighed by476
      quoted on stock exchanges326
      underwriting475
    security546
      obsession with339
      telegraph and telephone no longer regarded as key sources of concern547
    Sedlak, M. W.582
    segmentation328
      hierarchical79
      learning‐based81
      salaried managers and hourly workers83
    Segreto, Luciano14
    Seibu Railway412
    Seibu‐Seiyu414
    selection process71
    self‐defense352
    self‐help manuals609
    self‐identity611
    self‐obsolescence352
    self‐reliant companies352
    self‐service403
    self‐sufficiency drive for533
      importance of531
    self‐taught people18
    self‐understanding128
    sellers and buyers297
    semi‐luxuries411
    Sengenberger, Werner220, n.
    Seravalli, Gilberto227
    Servan‐Schreiber, Jean‐Jacques185
    service providers159
    sex ratio24
    sexual success410
    SGV (Swiss Employers' Association)301
    shaft vibrations384
    Shane, Scott520
    Shane (film)263
    shareholders/shareholdings74, 77–8, 87, 89, 246, 249
      diffusion of327
      dilution of86
      dividends86
      fragmentation of ownership75
      gradual dispersal of475
      increased level of payouts325
      inter‐corporate477
      legal rules governing protection322–3
      limited liability for341
      minority protections474
      pre‐eminence of management over189
      quality of legal protection provided to335
      self‐financing325
    Sherwin‐Williams403
    Shields, M. D.464
    shipping252, 276, 490, 537–8
      central government subsidies to538
      development of indigenous lines530
      financial and information networks in50
      international cartels reasserted strongly in280
      international companies145, 147
      lucrative business285
    shipping (cont.)
      major restrictions on foreign ownership in147
      negotiations with companies for freight‐rate rebates274
    Shiseido Cosmetics412
    shop stewards430
    Shuldiner, Alec T.515
    sibling rivalry210
    “sideshadowing”128
    Signorini, L. Federico233, n.
    Silicon Valley76, 82, 208, 223, 224, 249, 256, 263
      clusters linked to software end users250
      companies compelled to meet motivational problems358
      entrepreneurial prominence360
      interfirm networks255
      most successful company formed in358
      successes of501
      uniqueness as a hotbed of innovation360
      vital stimulus to development of229
    Simmel, Georg485
    Simon, H. A.463
    Single European Act (1987)548
    Sino‐Japanese War:
    size distribution223
      differentiation in232
    Sjögren, Hans50
    skill‐intensive industries570
    skyscraper construction384
    Slaven, Tony50
    Slovakian breweries281
    small business cartels274
    small firms104, 146
      argument about inherent superiority of129
      brought into contact with modern methods461
      credits granted to340
      “entrepreneurial intuition” replaced408
      growth potential88
      protection of329
      purchased for their quotas283
      trade in human beings143
      venture capital market for50
    SMEs (small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises)280, 309, 491
      adapted to fulfilling customer demands389
      authorized cartels279
      banks' crucial role in financing development of518
      collective services to localized clusters of230
      concentration of large numbers of engaged in single industrial sector222
      cooperative forms immensely attractive to274
      dynamic local clusters of227
      extended division of labor between223
      family firms200
      high‐risk, low‐yield loans to89
      ideological radicalism mainly involving311
      informational advantages derived from intimate knowledge of customers228
      labor management424
      linked to larger firms in production and distribution chains250, n.
      low‐cost lending to519
      networks geographically localized129
      provision of collective services beyond the capacity of226
      skilled labor in25
      specialized agglomerations of219, 222
    Smith (W. H.)400
    SNCF (Société nationale des chemins de fer français)536
    Snowden, Kenneth51
    social capital363
    social class423, 480, 573
      tendency to promote managers based on586
    social contracts26
    social costs27
    social forces349
    social inclusion231
    social indicators509
    social insurance schemes299
    social interests133
    social mobility:
      entrepreneur's509
    social norms:
      significant variations in204
    social order604
    social pressures453
    social prestige204
    social problems618
    social protection566
    social psychology99
    social relations24, 502, 607
      embeddedness within closely knit community225
    social security26
    social stalemate133
    social structure604
    socialists/socialism224, 530
      conventional distinctions between fascism, capitalism and532
      differing ideologies about performance under532
      managerial decision‐making and481
      state‐imposed ban on481
    Société Générale189
    Société Générale de Belgique331
    Society of Friends402
    sociocultural notion222
      distinctive characteristics224
    SOEs (state‐owned enterprises)476, 477, 536, 538, 543, 544
      authoritarian regimes promoted14
      development of325
      establishment of training programs in572
    software130, n., 188, 189
      bugs caught early261
      Chinese and Irish firms507
      clusters linked to end users250
      development and maintenance387
      interfirm network of users261
      universal application and appeal261
    software developers261
    Sokoloff, Kenneth512
    sole dealers414
    Solomons, D.454
    Solow, Robert69
    Sonnemann, R.384
    South Improvement Company54
    South Korea151, 538
      late development used to explain efficacy of coordinated market development257, n.
      rapidly adapting firms257
    South Wales tinplate219
    Southeast Asia Chinese513, 514
    Southern Hemisphere145
    spaceflight programs385
    Spain14, 50, 533
      business history and economic history29
      capital guarantees536
      central government support for shipping537
      explorers to New World and Asia142–3
      family business205
      ideological radicalism mainly involving SMEs311
      interest groups543
      public enterprise supported by army20
      reliance on British coal exports541
      wholesale shift to private enterprise548
    Spar, Debora270
    specialist outlets406
    specialists76
      mining, engineering, and agricultural246
    specialization cartels228, 273
    specialty production121, n., 229
      highly creative200
      persistence and success of106
    specific skills562
    speculative borrowers89
    Sperry, Elmer348
    spinning‐in248
    Spitalfields silks133
    Staatsmijnen544
    stabilization330
    stakeholderism relationality489
    stakeholders473, 474
      broader attention to475
      growth of employees as478
      important role in corporate governance475
      legal protections for482
      political forces favoring480
      stockholders versus472
    Stanciu, Laura50
    Standard and Poor's86
    standard operating procedures131
    standard‐setting bodies226
    standardized equipment56
    standards:
      interchangeable product284
      international product257
      market transparency471
      raised over time389
      technology, industry‐wide82
      uniform national560
    standards and conditions cartels281
    Stanford University360
    state227
      BIAs negotiate with299
      crucial role in fostering the birth and consolidation of BIAs298
      crucially dependent on workers to achieve production429
      multiform role played by336
      regulatory role4
      relationships206
      strong role of474
    stateless firms147
    station terminal shops412
    status:
      connection between religion, values and603
      masters and journeymen570
      middle‐class, road to608
      outsider minority159
    Staubus, G. J.463
    Staveley ironworks455
    Steedman, Hilary561
    steel130, 180, 183, 529
      chemicals systems of internal contracting428
      crude production282
      firms extended horizontally then vertically283
      thin slab/strip casting in122
    Steel Works Association (Germany)283
    Stephenson, George and Robert378
    sterling area184
    STET (telephones)532
    Stevens, Margaret562
    Stigler, George270
    stock markets210, 211
      companies providing cash to87
      development of450
      ebullient86
      fundamental role of86
      law discouraging gambling in485
      size and role of474
      true role played by327
    stock options86
      broad‐based plans76, 82
      profit‐sharing plans based on358
    stock ownership dispersal473, 479
    stock repurchase programs87
    Stocking, George277
    strategic advice336
    strategic calculations128
    strategic concerns533
    strategic continuity253
    strategic control73–4, 78, 90, 208
      change in conditions under which top executives exercise75
      regained by transforming divisions into independent enterprises76
    strategic decision‐making73–4
      allocation of funds85
      bankers participate in479
      expertise in76
      younger generation in control of77
    strategic planning183
    Stratmann, Karlwilhelm567, n.
    structural cohesion funds231
    structural variables270
    structuralism11
    stylized facts4, 574
    subsidiaries104, 179, 182, 235, 415, 433, 532, 544
      adapted to local conditions160
      cooperation and cross‐fertilization of knowledge among233
      development finance to large numbers of88
      equipment‐supplying546
      financial and other general support to533
      foreign production148
      holding companies with263
      importance of considering as quasi‐independent actors151
      local adaptation of105
      local nature and autonomy153
      holding companies251
      overseas, extensive networks of257
      temporary and permanent transfers of older employees to84
      welcomed by authoritarian regimes14
      world trade between150
    “subsidiary” industries222
    subsidies531, 546
      extensive use of536
      international trade in commodities distorted by152
      re‐equipment531
      shipping, modest537
      success or failure of91
    substitute goods397
    Suez Company158
    SUNY Buffalo Management School596
    supervisory agencies278
    supervisory board positions332
    suppliers157, 186, 256, 352
      asset‐specific investments put in place by259
      drawings for communication with391
      drawings often necessary for communicating with390
      long‐term contracts with273
      nurturing and encouraging260
      pragmatic collaborations between customers and125, n.
      quasi‐independent firms123
    supply:
      determined by demand24
      efficiency assessed relative to particular patterns of demand and126
      how to balance demand and125
    supply chains406
      major implications for410
      producers forced to invest in management411
    supply‐side challenges398, 413
    supply‐side thesis320
    Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers77
    survival of the fittest262
    Suslow, Valerie Y.270
    sustainable development18
    Sweden11, 146, 211, 463, 543, 546
      Denmark telephone enterprises550
      largest industrials159
      leading firms' collaboration with Nazi Germany154–5
      multinational manufacturing firms300–1
      promotion of social and political unification533
      scattered communities and fragile political structures536
      school‐based training systems574
      state and business529
      telecom firms, joint ventures548
      uniform principles of full costing453, 460
      venture capital market for small firms50
      vocational education and training564  See also SAF
    Swire Pacific252
    switching costs249
    Switzerland281, 376, 384
      apprenticeship combined with part‐time classroom‐based vocational training563
      business education586
      business historians14, 17
      cotton textile firms146
      financial intermediaries326
      organizational centralization306
      universal banks331
      vocational education and training562
    Symeonidis, George284
    synchronic approach325
    synergies17
    synthetic products:
      development of533
    systematization68
    systems engineering385
    systems technologies350
    systems thinking385
    tabulating machines448
    tacit knowledge232
      making explicit234
    Taiwan151, 365, 513
      late development used to explain efficacy of coordinated market development257, n.
      rapidly adapting firms257
    Tanabe family455
    “tarif vert”541
    tariff barriers146
    tariffs126, 226
      international trade in commodities distorted by152
      sufficient bargaining power to manipulate206  See also GATT
    TCP/IP protocol260
    TdB (Tableau de Bord)463
    teamwork462
      management‐directed433
    Technical Assistance program589
    technical efficiencies283
    technical organizations20
    technical schools230
    Technische Mittelschulen381
    technological bureaux378
    technological change347, 350, 535
      ambition to control long‐term rate and direction of352
      lead story of356
      office and accounting procedures449
      shaping the rate and direction of348
      skill‐displacing81
      telecommunications and electricity532
    technological conditions91
    technological development364, 388, 511
      rejecting the idea of an underlying logic of133
    technological districts222, 224
    technological innovation235, 295, 347–73
      capacity for generating and diffusing220
      centrality of “paths of learning” to3
      economies of scale less important in promoting51
      how cartels positively contributed to284
      linchpin between business structures and25
    technological progress68, 122
    technological transitions366
    technology13, 46
      autonomization of history of27
      capital‐intensive335
      changes in40
      contemporary upheavals in220
      contrasts in values and attitudes to204
      diffusion of230
      geographical distance reduced by144, 148
      highly specialized start‐up companies in273
      industrial, spread of512
      interconnecting science, business, politics and28
      labor‐intensive151
      malleability of organization and123
      outcome of struggles over the evolution of133
      social construction of27
      specific, proprietary262
    Teichova, Alice274
    Telecom Denmark547
    telecommunications companies530
    Telegrafslyret546
    telephone companies533
      divestiture of547
      incentives for takeover of546
    television tubes516
    temporary workers433
    terms of trade280
    territorial cartels273
    theory of late development122, n.
    theory of the firm71, 90
      innovating72
      optimizing72
    thermal calculation384
    thermodynamics386
    “thick”, “closed” model223
    think tanks28
    “thin”, “open” model223
    Thyssen, August504
    Tietz (Kaufhof)405
    Tignor, R. L.5
    Tilly, Richard43
    Tilton, Mark284
    time‐and‐work‐study experts429
    time‐to‐market pressures263
    Tokugawa era229
    Tokyo Commercial Training School587
    Tokyo Electric412
    Tokyo Higher Commercial School587, 588
    Tokyo University of Commerce587
    Tokyo‐Yokohama Electric Railway412
    Tollkühn, Gertrud567, n.
    Tomioka spinning factory456
    top executives75, 210, 254
      control exerted through selection, promotion, and compensation of255
      ex ante strategizing by256
      remuneration of80
    total quality management16
    tourism616
      business history of23
    Toyoda Automatic Loom Works258
    Toyoda Machine Works (Toyota Engineering)258
    Toyoda Spinning and Weaving258
    Toyoda Steel258
    Toyoda Trading258
    Toyota Auto Body258
    Toyota Group260
    Toyota Motor Sales258
    Toyota Production System262
    Toyota Supplier Association260
    trade conferences229
    trade‐offs299
    trade societies426
    Tradition (journal)31
    traditional industries17
    trans‐Atlantic cable connection145
    transfers22
      significant and positive156
    transformative innovation358
    transmission lines541
    transnational firms257
    transparent paper380
    transportation technologies255
    treasury stock76
    Trempé, Rolande26
    trial‐and‐error learning260
    Tripathi, D.5
    troubleshooting352
    Tsang, Denise507
    Tschierschky, Siegfried270
    Turbin, Carol617
    turbine control384
    turbulent environments256
    Turin206, 225, n.
      automotive and industrial automation complex224
    Turkish Petroleum Company543
    turnkey systems387
    turnpike roads539
    turnpike trusts535
    UAI (Adolfo Ibáñes University)596
    UBS (Union Bank of Switzerland)188
    UCS (uniform costing systems)453
    uncertainty85, 89, 91, 124, 131, 304
      competitive73
      cultural forces reduce206
      employers are exposed to different levels of299
      execution and outcome349
      history of27
      importance of17
      innovative investments86
      interfirm networks and256
      predictable response to197
      property rights and enforcement of contracts152
      rules to clarify and try to stabilize26
      strategic decision‐makers must have incentive to confront73–4
    UCS (cont.)
      technological73
      trust may be ascendant in global economy racked by254
    uncompensated seizure145
    UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)280
    undergraduate business studies591
    underinvestment353
    undiversified investment485
    unemployment:
      fluctuating level of422
      structural, large‐scale531
      young workers560
    UNICE (Union of Industrial and Employers' Confederations of Europe)309
    unilateral force145
    Unilever150, 154, 155, 182, 185, 359, 405, 414, 415
      branding, packaging, and research capabilities160
      flexible and decentralized strategies433
      intensive advertising approaches411
      large business in emerging markets156
      penetration of personal care products into Africa613
    unitary functional organizations282
    United Auto Workers430
    United Fruit (Chiquita)158
    United States Business History Conference29
    universities208, 351, 358, 362
      attempt to transform into mass education system593
      business administration programs closed down for political reasons596
      contract science provided by355
    universities (cont.)
      high quality569
      hybrid system that combined colleges and569
      Nazi regime attacks on359
      programs in line with American concept of management591
      undergraduates studying business584
    university degrees183
    university graduates75, 82
    University of Pennsylvania584
    university scientists355
    unlimited liability202
    unlisted companies203
    unproductive activities510
    unrestricted incorporation472
    unskilled labor25, 158, 428
      immigrant81
      manufacture of standardized goods in high volumes by121
      product strategies based on561
      wages compressed566
    upstream trading relationships286
    upward mobility24
    “urban centered mercantilism”539
    “urban industrial subsystem”222
    utilities145
      foreign control over resources and155
      government‐owned103
      multinational ownership of104
      stocks issued by327
      using as cash cows550
    utility systems427
    utopian socialist ideas360
    vacuum cleaners409
    Vahlne, J.‐E.105
    value chains153
    Van den Bergh and Jurgens405
    Van der Wee, H.42
    Van Driel, Hugo50
    variability accounting approach463
    variable morphology227
    variance analysis461
    VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure)391
    Venkataraman, Sankaran520
    venture capital76, 86, 208, 249, 351
      banks role in88
      entrepreneurial finance practically synonymous with study of firms516–17
      expansion of financing501
      foundations for emergence of modern industry519
      market for small firms50
    vertical cartels273
    vertical integration47, 98, 130, 177, 186, 250, 352, 399, 400, 401, 546
      alternative to106
      alternatives to or substitutes for259
      canonical example of transactional imperatives of123, n.
      established models of industrial progress challenged by220
      horizontal cartelization encouraged283
      lower level of123
      several objectives403
      unitary functional organizations282
    vertical integration weakened or eliminated in most commodities148
    vested interests211
      state and business535
    VET (vocational education and training)564
    Veyrassat, Béatrice133, n.
    via svizzera strategy228
    Victor Talking Machine403
    video‐recorders359
    Viesti, Gianfranco233, n.
    Vietor, R. H. K.545
    Ville, Simon50
    “visible hand”353
    VLSI project364
    VNF (Dutch Employers' Association)301
    vocational schools570
    vocational training18, 24, 559, 560, 564
      collective systems226
      countries whose education systems favor academic over562
      cross‐national differences570
      institutions supporting570
      interactions with political‐economic institutions565, 566
      international comparisons focusing on561
      interplay between development of labor relations and567
      private sector565
      school‐based563
    Voith, Friedrich378
    volatility131
      attempt to limit287
      stop‐go, boom‐and‐bust288
    volume discounts540
    voluntary associations279, 618
    vortex of bad infinity131
    VOTEC (vocational education and training)562
    wage‐effort relationship425
    wages84, 406, 427
      below marginal product562
      bonus systems related to performance429
      hierarchical grading systems431
      joint regulation of573
      positive relationship between education and559
      sharp increase in325
    Wall Street75, 179
      era of the great raiders187
      main corporate‐finance role of investment houses86
    Wallenberg, Marcus504
    Walras, M. E. L.68
    Wanamaker (John)403
    WASPs (White, Anglo‐Saxon, Protestants)74, 80
    water systems158
      power sources425
      run by private enterprise under concession systems534
    water turbines378
    Waterman, Robert604
    Watkins, Myron277
    Watson, Thomas618
    Watt steam engines517
    wayward firms273
    wealth122, 405
      accumulation of509
      extreme inequality in distribution of512
    Webb‐Pomerene export cartels276
    Weiss, Andrew559
    welfare capitalism51, 423
    welfare policy303
    well‐being415
    Wells, M. C.458
    West German Constitution475
    West Jutland224
    West Point Military Academy456
    Westenholz, A.112
    Western Electric546
    Western Europe3
      business education597
      development of mass production126
      “great divergence” between East Asia and143
      holding companies with operating subsidiaries263
      larger markets159
      local and regional production systems220
      major economies171
      M‐form firms247
      multinational investment149
      noted features of415
      regulation and nationalization155
      Second World War damage408
      US manufacturing companies investment in150
    Western Hemisphere330
    Westinghouse, George348
    Westminster Bank184
    Wharton, Joseph584
    Wharton School of Finance and Economy584
    Whirlwind computer387
    white‐collar employees24, 25, 410, 437
      American large corporations26
      changing symbol of masculinity618
      employment security83
      enterprise unions of83
      militant labor movement of83
      permanent employment85
    Whittington, G.450
    Wickenden Report (US 1929)389
    Wiener, Martin605
    Williams, Raymond604
    Williams, Rosalind614
    wine industry617
    Wise, Brownie616
    women:
      crucial role in family business203
      freedom and adventure in the city614
      greater participation in higher education560
      heart of family and business213
      historical overview of5
      large numbers employed425
      middle‐class24
      pivotal and changing role of213
      working‐class24
    wooden models378
    Wooldridge, A.98
    work injuries19
    work relations420, 425
      externalization of439
      internalization of439
    worker resistance429
    working‐capital requirements341
    working classes306, 311
      ambitious members of608
      conservative craft values507
      education of568
      history of formation559
      structuring systems of representation311
      technical skills of568
    working practices507
    working time27
    world history28
    world markets:
      cartel‐controlled279
      competitive conditions across543
      disfigured by rising nationalism288
      divided up into shares543
      historic success in233
    world‐spanning cartels277
    worldwide web261
    Wray, William285
    Wright, Gavin44
    Württemberg378
    Wüstenhagen, Jana155
    Yamamura, Kozo42
    Yamey, B. S.450
    Yangtze delta region233
    Yeager, Mary5
    Yokosuka shipyard456
    Yonemitsu, Yasushi221, n.
    young female workers435
    Yui, Tsunehiko42, 43
    Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte3
    Zola, Émile405
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