Index

741Name Index

Note: Includes all referenced authors.

Abelson, R P

Abler, D G

Abramowitz, A I

Abrams, B A

Abramson, P R

Achen, C H

Acker, J

Adamany, D

Adams, G D

Adams, G S

Adams, J

Adams, John

Adams, John Quincy

Adams, W C

Adatto, K

Aday, S

Adkins, R E

Ahn, T K

Ahuja, S

Aistrup, J A

Aldrich, J H

Alesina, A

Alexander, B

Alford, J R

Alford, R

Ali, S

Allen, M

Allen, P L

Allport, F H

Allport, G W

Almond, G

Alozie, N O

Althaus, S L

Alvarez, R M

Alwin, D F

Amaro, H

Amundson, D

Andersen, K

Andersen, R

Anderson, B A

Anderson, C J

Anderson, D W

Anderson, K

Anderson, M R

Anderson, R

Andrews, K T

Andsager, J L

Angrist, J D

Ansolabehere, S

Antonsson, E K

Aparicio, A

Appolonio, D E

Arceneaux, K

Arden, W

Arian, A

Armstrong, J S

Arnold, R D

Aronson, E

Aronson, P H

Arvizu, J

Ashworth, S

Atkeson, L R

Atkin, C K

Austen‐Smith, D

Avery, J M

Axelrod, R M

Ayres, R E

Ayres, R U

Baer, D L

Bafumi, J

Bagdikian, B H

Bailey, D R G

Bailey, M

Bain, H M, Jr

Baird, V A

Baker, G

Baker, W

Ban, H

Banducci, S A

Banerjee, A

Banfield, E C

Banks, J

Banning, S

Bantimaroudis, P

Barabas, J

Barabási, A‐L

Barber, B

Bardwell, K

Bargh, J A

Barker, D C

Barnes, S

Baron, D P

Barrens, R B

Barrera, M

Barreto, M

Bartels, L M

Barvosa‐Carter, E

Basinger, S

Bass, B M

Bass, L

Bauer, R

Baum, L

Baum, M

Baumgartner, F R

Baybeck, B

Baym, G

Beard, C A

Beck, N

Beck, P A

Beckmann, M N

Beckmann, S J

Beckwith, K

Bedlington, A H

Belknap, G

Belli, R F

Belson, W A

Belt, T L

Bendor, J

Benedict, M L

Benesh, S C

Bennett, S E

Bennett, W L

Benoit, W L

Bensel, R F

Berelson, B

Berent, M K

Berg, J E

Bergan, D

Berggren, D J

Berinsky, A J

Berk, R A

Berkman, M B

Bernstein, J L

Bernstein, R

Berry, C R

Berry, J M

Bertrand, M

Best, S

Bianco, W T

Bimber, B

Birch, A H

Bishin, B

Bishop, G F

Bittner, A

Black, D

Black, G

Black, J H

Blackley, P R

Blais, A

Blake, F

Bless, H

Bloom, H S

Blumberg, S J

Blydenburgh, J C

Boatright, R

Bodenhausen, G

Bodet, M A

Boehmke, F J

Bohara, A K

Bonchek, M S

Bond, J R

Bonneau, C W

Borgida, E

Born, R

Borrelli, S A

Bositis, D A

Boudreau, C

Bowen, D

Bowen, W G

Bowers, J

Bowler, S

Box‐Steffensmeier, J M

Boyd, R

Boyea, B

Brace, P

Bradburn, N M

Brader, T

Bradshaw, K

Brady, D W

Brady, H E

Brams, S J

Brannon, L A

Branton, R

Brasher, H

Bratton, K A

Brau, S

Breaux, D A

Brehm, J

Brewer, M B

Brians, C L

Brichta, A

Bridges, A

Brockington, D

Broder, D S

Brodie, M

Brody, R

Bronars, S G

Brook, D

Brook, L

Brooks, C

Brooks, D J

Brown, C W

Brown, John Young

Brown, P

Brown, R D

Brown, T A

Browning, R P

Brownstein, C

Brumberg, B S

Brunell, T L

Brunk, G G

Bryan, William Jennings

Bryce, J

Buchanan, J

Buchanan, John P

Buchanan, S

Buchler, J

Bucy, E P

Budge, I

Bueno de Mesquita, B

Bullock, C S III

Bundrick, C M

Burchett, J

Burden, B C

Burnham, W D

Burns, J

Burns, N

Burr, Aaron

Burrell, B C

Burstein, P

Busch, A E

Bush, George W

Butkiewicz, J L

Butler, D

Buttice, M

Cacioppo, J T

Cain, B

Caldeira, G A

Calhoun‐Brown, A

Caliendo, S

Callaghan, K

Calvert, J W

Calvert, R L

Cameron, C

Cameron, M A

Camobreco, J

Campbell, A

Campbell, B A

Campbell, D E

Campbell, D T

Campbell, J E

Canes‐Wrone, B

Cann, D

Cannell, C F

Canon, D T

Capella, J N

Card, D

Cardy, E A

Caren, N

Carlson, Tucker

Carman, C J

Carmines, E G

Carpini, M X D

Carr, L G

Carroll, S J

Carrubba, C

Carsey, T

Carson, J L

Carson, Rachel

Casper, L M

Cassel, C

Cassesse, E

Cassie, W E

Cassino, D

Castells, M

Catterberg, G

Caul, M

Celeste, C

Chadha, A

Chadwick, A

Chaffee, S H

Chang, L‐C

Chappell, H W, Jr

Charles, G‐U

Chaves, M

Chavez, L

Cherry, L L

Christal, R

Christenson, D P

Christian, L

Cigler, A J

Citrin, J

Civettini, A J W

Clagett, W

Clark, J

Clark, W C

Clarke, H D

Clausen, A R

Clawson, R A

Clemens, E S

Clinton, Hilary

Clinton, J

Cloud, J

Cloward, R A

Clubb, J

Cogan, J F

Cohen, B

Cohen, C

Cohen, M

Cohen, R L

Coleman, J J

Coleman, J S

Coleman, R

Collins, M

Collins, N

Colomer, J M

Comer, J

Compaine, B M

Coney, K A

Connor, Eugene

Conover, P J

Conrad, F

Converse, J M

Converse, P E

Conway, M

Cook, E

Cook, T D

Cooper, A

Cornfield, M

Corning, A

Corrado, A

Cosgrove, K M

Coughlan, P J

Coulson, S

Couper, M P

Cover, A D

Covington, C

Cox, E P

Cox, G W

Craig, S C

Crawford, V

Crewe, I

Crigler, A N

Cronin, T

Croteau, D

Crouse, T

Cue, L

Currinder, M

Curtin, R

Cuzán, A G

Dahl, R A

D'Alessio, D

Dalton, R J

Darcy, R

Darmofal, D

Darr, C

Dartnell, M Y

Daudt, H

Davila, A

Davis, B C

Davis, M D

Davis, P

Davis, R

Dawson, M C

Dean, Howard

de Boef, S

Deckard, B S

de Figueiredo, J M

de Heer, W

Dehejia, R

DeHoog, R H

de la Garza, R O

de Leeuw, E

Delli Carpini, M X

DeNardo, J

Desantis, M

Desart, J A

Desipio, L

Desposato, S W

Devine, T

Dexter, L

Di, Z X

Diamond, I

Diamond, L

Diermeier, D

DiGennaro, C

Dillman, D A

DiMaggio, P

Dimock, M A

Dionne, E J

Dipko, S

Djupe, P A

Dodd, L C

Dodds, P S

Doherty, D J

Dolan, K

Domke, D

D'Onofrio, R

Donohue, G A

Donovan, T

Dore‐Cabral, C

Dowdle, A J

Downs, A

Dozier, D M

Druckman, J N

Dubin, J

Dubois, P L

Duerst‐Lahti, G

Duff, B

Duflo, E

Dunaway, J

Duncan, J A

Dunn, E W

Dunn, R E

Dupeux, G

Dutton, W

Duverger, M

Dyck, J J

Eagly, A H

Ebring, L

Eckel, C

Edelman, M

Edwards, B

Edwards, John

Eijk, C V

Eisenberg, D

Eismeier, T J

Eland‐Goosensen, M

Eldersveld, S J

Elias, A

Elinson, J

Elling, R C

Ellis, R

Emery, E

Emmert, C F

Enelow, J M

England, R E

Engstrom, E J

Engstrom, R N

Enokson, S N

Ensley, M J

Entman, R

Epstein, C F

Epstein, D

Epstein, E M

Erickson, B H

Erickson, R S

Erikson, R S

Escobar, C

Espinosa, G

Espiritu, Y L

Eulau, H

Evans, D

Evans, E C

Evans, G

Evans, J H

Evans, J J

Evans, R I

Eveland, W P

Fabrigar, L R

Fair, R

Fairlie, R

Falcon, D

Falconi, J L

Farlie, D

Farnsworth, S J

Farrar, C

Farrell, C

Farrell, J

Faulkner, H U

Feddersen, T J

Feldman, S

Fenno, R F

Fenster, M J

Ferejohn, J

Ferraz, C

Ferrington, A

Fey, Tina

Filla, J

Finan, F

Finifter, A

Finkel, S E

Fiorina, M P

Fischle, M

Fisher, R

Fishkin, J S

Fiske, S T

Fitzgerald, M

Flanigan, W

Fleisher, R

Flickinger, R

Flowers, J

Foner, N

Foot, K A

Ford, L E

Forehand, M

Forman, I

Foster, L S

Fountain, J E

Fournier, P

Fowler, E P

Fowler, F J, Jr

Fowler, J

Fowler, L

Fox, R L

Fox, S

Fraga, L R

Francia, P L

Franklin, Benjamin

Franklin, C H

Franklin, D P

Franklin, M N

Franz, M

Fraser, J L

Fredrickson, G M

Freedman, P

Freeman, J

Freeman, L C

Freudenburg, W

Fricker, S

Fridkin, K L

Fridy, K S

Friedkin, N E

Friedrichs, R D

Frisina, L

Fritzley, V H

Frymer, P

Fulton, S A

Funk, C L

Gaddie, R K

Gaines, B J

Gainous, J

Gais, T

Galanes‐Rosenbaum, E

Gamble, B

Gamson, W A

Gans, H

Gant, M M

Garcia, F C

Garcia, J A

Garcia‐Bedolla, L

Garcia‐Monet, P

Garramone, G M

Garrett, K

Gastil, J

Gastwirth, J

Gaudet, H

Gaudino, J

Gaventa, J

Gay, C

Gearing, A F

Geer, J G

Geer, J H

Gelman, A

Gentzkow, M

Gerber, A S

Gerber, E R

Gershon, S A

Gershtenson, J

Gertzog, I N

Gibson, J L

Gibson, R K

Gilbert, C P

Gilbert, M

Gilchrist, J

Gilens, M

Gilkes, C

Gill, J

Gilliam, F D

Gimpel, J G

Ginsberg, B

Gitlin, T

Giuliani, Rudy

Glaser, J M

Glasgow, G

Glass, D P

Glasser, T L

Glazerman, S

Glick, H

Globetti, S

Goethals, G R

Goidel, R K

Golan, G

Goldberg, A S

Goldberg, R A

Goldenberg, E N

Goldstein, K

Golebiowska, E A

Gomery, D

Gomes, T

Gomez, B T

Gómez‐Quiñones, J

Goodliffe, J

Goodrich, M

Gordon, A

Gordon, L

Gordon, S C

Gore, Al

Goren, P

Gosnell, H F

Goss, K

Gouvea, H

Grabe, M E

Graber, D A

Graf, J

Granovetter, M S

Grant, J T

Graves, J W

Gray, V

Grayson, C E

Green, D P

Green, J C

Green, M C

Green, M N

Green, P E

Green, S B

Greenberg, J

Greene, J P

Greenwald, A G

Greer, S

Grenzke, J M

Grice, H P

Grier, E E

Grier, K B

Griffin, J D

Grigg, D

Grob, D

Groendyk, E Q

Grofman, B

Gronke, P

Grose, C R

Groseclose, T

Gross, K

Grossman, L K

Groves, R M

Grummel, J

Grynaviski, D

Guest, L

Guiliani, Rudy

Gunning, M

Gunther, M

Gunther, R

Gurian, P‐H

Gurin, G

Gurin, P

Guth, J L

Gutierrez, A

Ha, S E

Hadaway, C K

Hadley, C D

Hafer, C

Hagan, J

Hagen, M G

Haider‐Markel, D P

Hajnal, Z

Hall, A

Hall, M G

Hall, R L

Hall, T E

Hallin, D C

Hambleton, R

Hamill, R

Hamilton, Alexander

Hamilton, J T

Hamilton, R

Hamner, M J

Han, H

Hancock, A‐M

Handler, E

Handley, L

Hanmer, M

Hansen, B E

Hansen, G J

Hansen, J M

Hansen, S

Hansen, W B

Hansen, W L

Hansford, T G

Hanson, G S

Hardy, B W

Hardy‐Fanta, C

Harris, F

Harris, F C

Harris, J P

Harris, R A

Harris‐Lacewell, M

Hart, D M

Hartley, T

Hartmann, G W

Harvey, A L

Hasen, R

Haspel, M

Hassan, R

Hastings, J S

Hattam, V

Hawkesworth, M

Hawkins, D I

Hayama, A

Haynes, A A

Haythornthwaite, C

Healy, A

Heckathorn, D D

Heclo, H

Hecock, D S

Heffernan, V

Heilig, P

Henry, C

Henry, K

Herbst, S

Hero, R

Herring, E P

Herrmann, R K

Herrnson, P

Herron, M

Hess, F

Hess, V K

Hester, J B

Hetherington, M J

Hibbing, J

Hibbs, D A

Hickman, J

Highton, B

Hill, D

Hill, K A

Hill, K Q

Hill, S A

Hill, S J

Hill, S S, Jr

Hill, T G

Hillygus, D S

Himmelfarb, G

Hinckley, B

Hindman, M

Hinich, M J

Hinnant, C

Hinton‐Andersson, A

Hirczy de Miño, W P

Hirsch, H

Hitler, Adolf

Ho, D

Hobson, D L

Hoekstra, V

Hoffman, A H

Hofmans, J

Hofstadter, R

Hofstetter, C R

Hogan, R E

Hojnacki, M

Holbert, R L

Holbrook, A L

Holbrook, T M

Hollander, B A

Hood, M V III

Hopkins, D A

Horrigan, J

Hotelling, H

Hovland, C I

Howard, P

Hoynes, W

Hritzuk, N

Hu, Y‐W

Huang, C

Huang, Z

Huber, G A

Huckfeldt, R

Huddy, L

Hughes, C

Hull, C C

Humphrey, Hubert

Humphreys, M

Huntington, S

Hurley, P A

Hurwitz, J

Hutchings, V L

Hyde, S D

Ignatiev, N

Ikeda, K

Imai, K

Imbens, G W

Inglehart, R

Issacharoff, S

Itzigsohn, J

Iyengar, S

Jackman, R W

Jackman, S

Jackson, Andrew

Jackson, B

Jackson, J E

Jackson, R A

Jacobs, L R

Jacobson, G C

Jacobson, M F

Jacoby, J

Jacoby, W G

Jalazai, F

Jamal, A

Jamieson, K H

Jarvis, M

Jason, L A

Jefferson, Thomas

Jeffries, J

Jelen, T G

Jennings, M K

Jensen, L

Jensen, R

Jewell, M E

Jeydel, A S

Joe, W

Johannes, J R

Johnson, C A

Johnson, E

Johnson, J

Johnson, M

Johnson, P E

Johnston, R

Jolly, J P

Jones, B D

Jones, B S

Jones, C C

Jones, D A

Jones, J M

Jones, J P

Jones, R

Jones, S

Jones‐Correa, M

Jowell, R

Joyce, P

Junn, J

Jurek, S

Just, M R

Kaase, M

Kahn, K F

Kahn, R L

Kahneman, D

Kaid, L L

Kalton, G

Kam, C D

Kane, J G

Kang, I

Kanthak, K

Kaplan, D

Kaplan, E H

Kaplan, N

Karch, A

Karl, T L

Karnig, A

Karol, D

Karp, J A

Karps, P

Kaslow, G

Kassel, J

Katosh, J P

Katz, E

Katz, J E

Katz, J N

Katz, L F

Kaufmann, K M

Keating, C F

Keck, M E

Keeter, S

Keim, G D

Keith, B E

Kelleher, C A

Kelley, S, Jr

Kellstedt, L A

Kellstedt, P M

Kelly, S, Jr

Kendall, K E

Kendrick, T

Kenney, P J

Kenney, S J

Kenny, C

Kenny, L W

Kenski, H C

Kenski, K

Kerbel, M R

Kernell, S

Kerr, B

Kerry, John

Ketcham, J

Key, V O

Keyssar, A

Kiesler, S

Kiewiet, D R

Kim, J‐O

Kim, S‐H

Kimball, D C

Kinder, D R

King, A

King, D C

King, G

Kingdon, J W

Kiousis, S

Kirkpatrick, J J

Kirksey, J F

Kish, L

Klarner, C

Klein, D

Klein, E

Kleppner, P

Klesner, J

Kling, J R

Klockars, A J

Klockner, J D

Klotz, R J

Knack, S

Knauper, B

Knight, K K

Knoke, D

Knotts, H G

Ko, W

Kohut, A

Kolodny, R

Koppell, J G S

Kotler‐Berkowitz, L

Kousser, J M

Kousser, T

Kovach, B

Kramer, G H

Krasno, J S

Krause, G A

Kraut, R E

Krebs, T B

Krehbiel, K

Kremer, M

Krieger, A

Kropf, M

Krosnick, J A

Krueger, B S

Kselman, D

Kuklinski, J H

Kumar, S

Kunda, Z

Kyllonen, P

Lachat, R

Lacombe, D J

Ladinsky, J

Ladner, M

LaLonde, R J

Lancaster, T D

Landa, D

Landale, N S

Langbein, L I

Langer, L

Lanier, D N

Lanoue, D J

Lanzetta, J

Lapinski, J S

la Raja, R J

Larimer, C W

Larson, B

Larson, C

Lascher, E L, Jr

Lau, R R

Lauby, J

Lavine, H

Lawless, J L

Lawrence, A B

Lawrence, E

Lawson, E J

Lawton, D

Lay, J C

Layman, G C

Lazarsfeld, P F

Lazarus, J

Leal, D L

Lebo, M J

Lee, C

Lee, D J

Lee, D S

Lee, E

Lee, K

Lee, S

Leech, B L

Leege, D C

Leggett, J C

Lehman, D R

Lehoucq, F

Leighley, J E

Leighton, M V

Lengle, J I

Lenski, G E

Lenz, G S

LeoGrande, W M

Leonard, S T

Lepper, M R

Letterman, David

Leubsdorf, C P

Leung, C C

Levendusky, M S

Levi, M

Levine, R

Levinson, S C

Levitsky, S

Levitt, S D

Levy, D M

Lewin, K

Lewis, J B

Lewis, P

Lewis‐Beck, M S

Leyden, K M

Li, F

Lichter, L S

Lichter, R S

Lichter, S R

Liebman, J

Lien, P‐T

Lijphart, A

Limbaugh, Rush

Lin, T‐M

Lincoln, Abraham

Linden, W van der

Lindzey, G E

Lineberry, R

Linn, S

Lipari, L

Lippmann, W

Lipset, S

Lipsky, M

Lissitz, R W

Listhaug, O

Livingston, G

Lizotte, M K

Llewellyn, M

Locke, John

Lockerbie, B

Lodge, M

Loftus, E F

Lohmann, S

Long, M

Lopez, M

Lord, C G

Lotfinia, B

Lott, J R, Jr

Lott, Trent

Lotwis, M A

Louch, H

Lovrich, N P

Lowery, D

Lowi, T J

Lowry, D T

Lubell, S

Lublin, D

Ludington, A

Ludwig, J

Luke, J V

Lumsdaine, A A

Lupia, A

Luskin, R C

Lusoli, W

Lutz, D

Lyons, W

McAdam, D

McAdams, J C

McBurnett, M

McCain, John

McCall, M A

McCall, M M

McCann, J A

McCarthy, J

McCarty, J A

McCarty, N

McChesney, R

McClain, P D

McClendon, M J

McCleod, D

McClerking, H K

McClure, R D

McClurg, S D

McCombs, M E

McConahay, J B

McConnaughy, C M

McConnell, G

McCormick, R L

McCoy, K

McCubbins, M D

McCurley, C

McDermott, M L

McDermott, R

McDevitt, M

McDonagh, E

McDonald, M P

Macdonald, S E

McGerr, M

McGhee, E

McGraw, K

McGuire, W J

McIlwain, C

McIntyre, S H

McIver, J P

McKee, S C

McKelvey, R D

McKenna, K Y A

McKenzie, B

McKnight, R N

MacKuen, M B

MacLeod, C

McManus, J

MacManus, S A

McMullen, J L

McNamara, D

McNeal, R

McNulty, J E

McPhail, C

McPhee, W N

Macrae, C N

McSweeney, D

McVeigh, R

Madison, James

Madland, D

Maestas, C D

Mager, E

Maggiotto, M A

Magleby, D

Magnani, R

Mahajan, H

Mahler, V A

Maisel, L S

Malanchuk, O

Malbin, M J

Malhotra, N

Manganaro, L L

Manheim, J B

Mann, T

Manna, P F

Mansbridge, J

Manza, J

Marable, M

Marcus, G E

Margolis, M

Marietta, M

Markko, G A

Markus, G B

Marler, P L

Marschall, M J

Marsden, P V

Marsh, M

Marshall, T R

Martin, E

Martin, P S

Martinez, M D

Martinez‐Ebers, V

Marx, G

Masket, S E

Masters, M F

Masuoka, N

Matell, M S

Mather, G B

Mathews, A

Matsaganis, M D

Matsubayashi, T

Matsusaka, J

Matthews, S

Mayer, J D

Mayer, J P

Mayer, W G

Mayhew, D R

Mazotti, J A

Mazza, M

Mebane, W R, Jr

Meffert, M F

Meier, K J

Meinke, S R

Mellman, Mark

Meltzer, A H

Mendelberg, T

Mendelsohn, M

Mendes, S

Mendez, F

Mendez, J

Menning, J O

Meredith, M

Merkle, D M

Merolla, J L

Merriam, C E

Merrill, S, III

Meyer, D

Meyer, P

Micheletti, M

Michelson, M R

Miethe, T D

Mikhaylov, S

Milbrath, L

Milgram, S

Mill, J S

Miller, A H

Miller, F D

Miller, J E

Miller, J M

Miller, K

Miller, M M

Miller, N

Miller, P

Miller, R E

Miller, W E

Milyo, J

Mindich, D T Z

Mitchell, G E

Mitchell, N J

Mittelmark, M B

Mixon, F G, Jr

Mockabee, S T

Mondak, J J

Monson, J Q

Montgomery, M J

Montjoy, R

Moon, D

Moon, M J

Moon, W

Moore, D W

Moore, M

Moreno, D

Moretti, E

Morgan, S

Morris, A D

Morton, R B

Moss, J

Mossberger, K

Moule, E

Moy, P

Mueller, C

Mueller, D C

Mueller, J

Muhamad, R

Muhlberger, P

Mulkern, J R

Mullainathan, S

Mullin, M

Mullins, D

Mundt, R J

Munger, M C

Munoz, C, Jr

Munson, J M

Murguia, E

Murray, R

Mutz, D C

Myagkov, M

Myers, D

Nadeau, R

Nader, Ralph

Nagel, J H

Nagler, J

Nance, T

Narayan, S

Nardulli, P

Neeley, G

Neiheisel, J R

Neimi, R G

Nelson, F D

Nelson, K R

Nelson, T E

Neuman, W R

Newcomb, T M

Newhagen, J E

Newman, B

Newman, J

Newport, F

Newswanger, J F

Newton, L

Nichols, S M

Nicholson, S P

Nickerson, D W

Nie, N

Niemi, R G

Nimmo, D

Niou, E

Nisbett, R E

Niven, D

Nobles, M

Noel, H

Nordlinger, G

Norpoth, H

Norrander, B

Norris, P

Nye, J S, Jr

Obama, Barak

Oboler, S

O'Connor, R E

Odegard, P

O'Halloran, S

O'Keefe, D J

Oldendick, R W

Olien, C N

Oliver, J E

Olson, L R

Olson, M

Omni, M

Ondercin, H L

Oppenheim, A N

Oppenheimer, B I

Ordeshook, P C

O'Regan, V R

Orfield, G

Oropesa, R S

Ortiz, D R

Osborn, T

Ostermeier, E

Ostrom, E

Overacker, L

Overby, L M

Owen, D

Owen, G

Owens, C

Oxley, Z M

Pachon, H

Padilla, F M

Page, B I

Page, R

Palfrey, T R

Palin, Sarah

Pallares, A

Palmer, B

Palmquist, B

Paluck, E L

Panagopoulos, C

Pancer, S M

Pantoja, A D

Pappi, F U

Parenti, M

Park, D

Park, E J W

Park, J S W

Parker, G L

Parker, S L

Parkin, M

Parks, Rosa

Parmelee, J

Partin, R W

Paskeviciute, A

Pateman, C

Patterson, K D

Patterson, S C

Patterson, T E

Payne, J G

Pearson, K

Pearson‐Merkowitz, S

Peffley, M

Peltason, J

Peltzman, S

Penn, Mark

Perlmutter, D

Perloff, R M

Perot, Ross

Pesendorfer, W

Peters, J G

Peters, M D

Peterson, D A M

Peterson, P

Peterson, S A

Petrocik, J R

Pettersson‐Lidbom, P

Petty, R E

Peytcheva, E

Pfau, M

Phillippe, J R

Phillips, E B

Philpot, T S

Piazza, T

Picard, R G

Pierce, J C

Pierce, R C

Piereson, J E

Pinkleton, B

Pinnello, D R

Pitkin, H

Piven, F F

Plane, D L

Plutzer, E

Poindexter, P M

Pollock, P H

Polsby, N W

Pomper, G M

Pool, I de S

Poole, K T

Pope, J C

Popkin, S L

Portes, A

Poterba, J

Potter, D

Potter, T

Powell, B

Powell, E N

Powell, G B, Jr

Powell, L W

Pratto, F

Presser, S

Preuhs, R R

Prevost, A K

Prewitt, K

Price, H D

Price, V

Primo, D

Pring, D

Prior, M

Prothro, J W

Przeworski, A

Putnam, R D

Quirk, P J

Rabin, M

Rabinowitz, G

Radcliff, B

Ragsdale, L

Rahn, W M

Rainie, L

Ramakrishnan, S K

Ramírez, R

Ramsay, J O

Randall, D

Ranney, A

Rao, V R

Rapoport, R

Rasinski, K A

Ray, B H

Reams, M A

Reckman, R F

Redlawsk, D P

Reeves, A

Reeves, K

Reichley, A J

Reif, K

Reingold, B

Reinsch, P S

Repass, D E

Resnick, D

Resnick, P

Reuben, K

Reynolds, A

Reynolds, M

Reynolds, T J

Rhee, J W

Rheingold, H

Rhine, S L

Rhode, P

Rice, R E

Rice, T W

Richardson, L

Richerson, P J

Richey, S

Rickershauser, J

Ridout, T

Riechert, B P

Rietz, T A

Riker, W H

Rimmerman, C

Ritter, G

Rivers, D

Roberts, B

Roberts, J M

Roberts, J V

Roberts, M S

Rocha, R

Rochlin, S A

Rodriguez, C E

Rogan, D P

Rogers, R

Rohde, D W

Rokkan, S

Roman, A M

Romero, D W

Romney, Mitt

Roosevelt, F D

Roper, E

Rosen, R

Rosenbaum, P

Rosenberg, M

Rosenfeld, M

Rosenstiel, T

Rosenstone, S J

Rosenthal, A

Rosenthal, C S

Rosenthal, H

Ross, L

Rossi, P H

Roth, A E

Roth, S K

Rounder, D

Rousseau, Jean Jacques

Rove, Karl

Royed, T J

Rozell, M J

Rubin, D

Rudolph, T J

Rugg, D

Ruhil, A

Rusk, J G

Russett, B

Ryan, J B

Ryans, A B

Sacerdote, B

Salganik, M J

Salisbury, R H

Saltman, R

Samples, J

Sanbonmatsu, K

Sanchez, G R

Sanders, D

Sanders, M E

Sapiro, V

Sartori, G

Saunders, K L

Savage, R L

Schaffner, B F

Schattschneider, E E

Scheufele, D A

Schickler, E

Schier, S E

Schildkraut, D J

Schlesinger, J A

Schlozman, K L

Schmitt, H

Schmitter, P C

Schneider, A

Schneider, S M

Schnell, F

Schonhardt‐Bailey, C

Schrag, P

Schramm, S S

Schuknecht, J

Schultz, C

Schultz, D A

Schuman, H

Schumpeter,J

Schur, L

Schwarz, N

Schwarzenegger, Arnold

Scott, E

Scott, J C

Sears, D O

Segal, J A

Segura, G M

Sekhon, J

Seltzer, R A

Semann, S

Sen, A

Serra, G

Shachar, R

Shaefer, R C

Shafer, B E

Shafie, D M

Shah, D

Shah, P

Shaikin, D

Shamir, M

Shanahan, J

Shanks, J M

Shanks, M

Shapiro, C

Shapiro, I

Shapiro, R Y

Sharp, E

Shaughnessy, T M

Shaw, D L

Shaw, D R

Sheafer, T

Sheffield, F D

Sheldon, C H

Shepard, E M

Shepsle, K A

Sherman, L W

Shidler, J A

Shields, T G

Shingles, R

Shively, W P

Shotts, K W

Shrum, L J

Sidanius, J

Sides, J

Sidman, A H

Sigall, H

Sigelman, L

Sikkink, K

Silver, A

Silver, B D

Silver, M D

Silverman, A L

Simon, A

Simon, D

Simpser, A

Simpson, G R

Sin, G

Sinclair, B

Sinclair, D E B

Sinclair‐Chapman, V

Singer, E

Singer, M M

Skalaban, A

Skaperdas, S

Skocpol, T

Slater, M D

Sled, S

Slotnick, E E

Smidt, C E

Smirnov, O

Smith, A

Smith, B A

Smith, C

Smith, D

Smith, E R

Smith, M A

Smith, R A

Smith, R C

Smith, R M

Smith, T W

Smith, W R

Smooth, W G

Smyth, J D

Sniderman, P M

Snyder, J M

Snyder, L

Sobel, J

Sohkey, A E

Son, Y J

Sonenshein, R

Sorauf, F J

Soumbatiants, S

Southwell, P

Spelman, E V

Spence, L K

Spiliotes, C

Spill, R

Sprague, J

Spratt, M

Sproull, L S

Squire, P

Stambough, S J

Stanley, H W

Stanley, J C

Stansbury, M

Starr, M

Staton, J K

Steen, J A

Steenbergen, M R

Steger, W P

Stehlik‐Barry, K

Stein, R

Steinfeld, R J

Steinfels, P

Stengel, Casey

Stephens, L

Stephens, M

Stewart, C, III

Stewart, J, Jr

Stewart, Jon

Stewart, M C

Stimson, J A

Stoker, L

Stokes, A K

Stokes, D E

Stokes, S

Stolle, D

Stone, W J

Stonecash, J

Stouffer, S A

Strack, F

Strange, J J

Strate, J M

Stratmann, T

Streb, M

Streib, G

Strimling, W S

Strizek, G A

Strogatz, S H

Stroh, P

Strom, K

Stroud, N J

Strumpf, K F

Strumpf, K S

Studlar, D

Su, Y

Sudman, S

Sullivan, J L

Sundquist, J L

Sunstein, C

Suro, R

Taber, C

Tadlock, B

Taebel, D

Tafoya, L

Tafoya, S

Tajfel, H

Tarrow, S

Tate, K

Tavits, M

Tedesco, J C

Tedin, K

Teixeira, R A

Telles, E E

Terhanian, G

Terkildsen, N

Teske, N

Tetlock, P E

Tewksbury, D

Theiss‐Morse, E

Thomas, E

Thomas, J

Thomas, M

Thomas, N C

Thomas, S

Thomma, S

Thompson, Fred

Thompson, J A

Tichenor, D J

Tichenor, P J

Tien, C

Tien, S

Tierney, J T

Tillman, Ben

Tilly, C

Timpone, R J

Ting, M

Tiritilli, E

Tocqueville, Alexis de

Toffey, D K

Tolbert, C

Tomz, M

Torres, M

Tottenberg, N

Tourangeau, R

Transue, J E

Traugott, M W

Traugott, S

Travers, J

Trechsel, A H

Tripathi, M

Trippi, J

Tronto, J C

Trounstine, J

Truman, D B

Truman, Harry

Tsfati, Y

Tuchfarber, A J

Tucker, H J

Tufte, E R

Tullock, G

Turcotte, M

Turner, C F

Tursky, B

Tverdova, Y

Tversky, A

Twiggs, D

Tyler, T R

Uggen, C

Uhlaner, C

Upton, G J G

Vaillancourt, P M

Valentino, N A

Van Der Zowen, J

Van Gorp, B

Van Houweling, R

Van Laar, C

Vasilatos, N

Vaughan, J M

Vavreck, L

Vedlitz, A

Vellrath, M

Verba, S

Villarreal, M

Visser, P S

Vonnahme, G

Wackman, D B

Wahba, S

Wahlke, J

Wald, K D

Waldfogel, J

Waldman, P

Walker, J L

Wallace, George

Wallsten, T S

Walter, O

Walters, Barbara

Walton, H, Jr

Walz, J S

Wand, J

Wanta, W

Wantchekon, L

Ward, S

Washington, George

Wason, P C

Watt, J H

Wattenberg, M P

Watts, D J

Watts, M D

Wawro, G

Wayman, F W

Weaver, D H

Weber, R A

Weber, T

Wedeking, J

Wegener, D T

Weimann, G

Weinstein, J M

Weisberg, H F

Weissberg, R

Weissman, S R

Wejnert, C

Wekkin, G D

Welch, E W

Welch, M D

Welch, S

Weldon, S

Welles, Orson

Wellman, B

Wells, W D

Wenzel, J P

West, D M

West, V J

Westholm, A

Westin, D

Westlye, M C

White, I K

White, J

Whitford, A B

Whitten, G D

Wiebe, R H

Wielhouwer, P W

Wilcox, C

Wildavsky, A

Wilhelm, T

Williams, A P

Williams, B A

Williams, D

Williams, E

Williams, K C

Williams, R

Willis, G B

Wilson, C

Wilson, J M

Wilson, J Q

Wilson, T D

Winant, H

Winebrenner, H

Winik, P

Wink, K A

Winship, C

Winter, N J G

Wirls, D

Witko, C

Wittman, D

Wlezien, C

Wolak, J

Wolbrecht, C

Wolfers, J

Wolfinger, R

Wolfram, C D

Wong, J

Wood, C

Wood, W

Woods, N D

Woodward, C V

Woodward, J L

Wright, G C

Wright, J D

Wright, J R

Wu, X

Wuhs, S T

Wuthnow, R

Xenos, M A

Yagade, A

Yamagishi, M

Yates, J

Yetim, M

Yohn, K

Yoon, K

Yoshinaka, A

Young, D G

Young, R

Zald, M

Zaller, J R

Zambrano, R E

Zax, J S

Zelikow, P D

Zerilli, L M G

Zhao, X

Zingale, N

Zipp, J F

Zitewitz, E

Zukin, C

761Subject Index

527 organizations

absentee voting:

and availability of

and demographic characteristics

and long-established procedure

and party/candidate mobilization efforts

and turnout

and voter confidence in

See also

early voting

acquiescence response bias, and survey design

activism:

and conventional participation

and marginal groups

tactical repertoires

and protest activities

and social movement perspective on

and toolbox theory of participation

advantages of

assessing effectiveness of political actions

data and methods

impact of access to decision‐makers

influence on tool deployment

opportunities for engagement

political action repertory

questions and theory building

resources

and unconventional participation

impact on policy outcomes

increase in

lack of attention to

advertising:

and ballot proposition elections

and focus on battleground states

and impact of tone on turnout

and interest groups

in judicial election campaigns

and mobilization:

issue content

negative campaigning

and primary elections

and voter behavior

agenda‐setting:

and direct democracy

and influence of the media

and interest groups

ambition theory

American Civil Liberties Union

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

American Independence Party

American National Election Studies (ANES)

and developments in

and impact of research approaches

and participation questions

and representativeness of voters

and survey questions asked

and survey research

probability based web surveys

Ameriquest

Association of Trial Lawyers of America (ATLA)

attitude structure, and voter behavior

Australian ballot

ballot order effects

ballot proposition elections

See

direct democracy

ballots

See

voting technology and procedures

behavioral revolution

bias:

in media

and survey design

and turnout

class bias

and voter registration

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) (2002)

boundary delimitation

See

districting;

See

redistricting

business, and campaign funding

See also

interest groups

campaign finance:

and 527 organizations

and advocacy to restricted classes

and Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (2002)

and challenges for research on

and donors

coordination with interest groups

demographic composition of

impact of internet

individuals

motivations

multiple beneficiaries

stability of donor pool

and early twentieth‐century reforms

and election outcomes

candidate beliefs about spending

challenger spending

debate over impact on

election competitiveness

incumbent spending

interest group spending

models of impact on

reciprocal causation

types of spending

and EMILY's List

and expenditure on national elections

and Federal Corrupt Practices Act (1925)

and Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)

and Federal Election Commission (FEC)

and impact on election outcomes

and independent expenditures

and interest groups

corporate donations

political action committees (PACs)

visibility

and the internet

and judicial elections

and policy influence

congressional committees

congressional voting

signalling to bureaucracy

state level

and political action committees (PACs)

and Publicity Act (1910)

and regulation of

adaptation to

contribution limits

disclosure

impact of new rules

problems with research on impact of

public funding

source prohibitions

spending limits

state level

and soft money

and Tillman Act (1907)

campaigns:

and defining campaign effects

and early voting

and experiments on:

impact of campaign spending

influence of campaign communications

influence of media

information processing

interpersonal influence

persuasion

role of political stereotypes

source credibility

voter mobilization

and Federal Election Commission (FEC)

and heterogeneity in campaign messages

focus on battleground states

impact of new media environment

message content

voter targeting

and heterogeneity in voter decision‐making

and issue awareness

and learning

and measurement and analysis of effects

and minimal effects perspective

and mobilization effects

and party identification

and persuasion

and political communication:

influence of

manipulability of voters

optimal behavior of uninformed voters

and primary elections:

advertising

forecasting models

momentum

negative campaigning

press releases

variations in dynamics

variations in strategies

winnowing of candidates

and priming

and research on campaign effects

and responsiveness to campaign information

mediating factors

and strategic voting

and survey research on

and voter behavior

and voter‐candidate interactions

candidate choice, and representation

candidate evaluations:

and congressional elections

and images

and judgmental criteria

and multidimensional scaling approach

and personality judgments

and voter behavior

candidates, and influence on voter behavior:

candidate differentials

candidate investment

experimental research on

ideological polarization

interaction of factors

issue voting

mobilization hypotheses

policy positions

survey research on

valence differentials

voter ideology

voting choice hypotheses

canvassing:

and mobilization

and turnout

See also

mobilization

causal modeling, and voter behavior

chain‐referral sampling, and survey research

Christian Coalition

Christian Right

citizen engagement, and voter behavior

citizenship, and nature of

civic capacity, and low levels amongst voters

Civil Rights Act (1964)

civil rights movement

and group‐based consciousness and mobilization

class:

and support bases of parties

and turnout

and voter behavior

communication

See

political communication

Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES)

confidence, and voting technology

conformity, and field experiments

congressional elections

and candidate‐centered tradition

and challenger emergence

and characteristics of Congress

and coattail effects

and congressional voters

campaign dynamics

candidate evaluations

election competitiveness

issue attitudes

partisanship

and context of

and contrast with presidential elections

and diversity of

and impact of national conditions

and incumbency advantage

campaign funding

casework hypothesis

challenger quality

changing nature of

network television

overemphasis on

redistricting

trends in

and midterm losses

comparative perspective on

surge and decline

and scandal

and strategic politicians theory

and tensions between local and national forces

constituencies

conversational norms and conventions, and survey design

Cooperative Campaign Analysis Project

Cooperative Congressional Election Study

correlational studies:

and mobilization

and survey research

corruption, and voting

culture wars

Democratic Party, and support bases of

democratic politics, and party competition

definition of

definition of party system

definition of political party

intraparty competition/factions

value of party labels for politicians

value of party labels for voters

direct democracy

and ballot propositions:

diversity of issues

length and complexity of

and changing of institutions

and citizenship

and criticism of

and divided opinions over

and framing effects on voter decision making

and influence on views of candidates

and influence on vote choice

and initiative process

agenda‐setting

fluctuating use of

and introduction of

and issue/partisanship relationship

and mobilization of candidate support

and new issues on ballot

and prevalence of

and priming of candidate campaigns

and public opinion dynamics

and public policy

adverse effects on

California's Proposition

impact on

representativeness of opinion

transmission of mass preferences

and responsiveness to citizens

and social policies

and turnout

and voter attitudes towards

and voter decision making:

competence

ease/difficulty of decision

impact of spending and advertising

use of cues

use of heuristics

districting

and public neglect of

See also

redistricting

divided government:

and economic voting

and impact on turnout

Dorr war (1834)

Duverger's Law

early voting

and accessibility of polling places

and characteristics of early voters

and conduct of party campaigns

and costs of election administration

and history of

and impact of party campaigning

and impact on infrequent voters

and media coverage of campaigns

and popularity of

and turnout

impact on

types of election

varying effects on

and vote choice:

differences from election‐day voters

informational availability

partisan effects

and voter participation

failure to increase

See also

absentee voting

economic voting

and aggregate economy

and criteria for voters' economic evaluations

and distributional impact of economic policy

and divided government

and endogeneity of economic perceptions

and groups

Kramer

refinement of

and media impact on economic evaluations

and personal economic situation

and pocketbook voting

and policy preferences

and retrospective vs prospective voting

and sociotropic voting

and sophistication of voters

and subnational economic conditions

education:

and internet use

and Latinos' political behavior

and participation

and social stratification

and voter registration

e‐government

See also

internet, and participation

election‐day registration (EDR)

election reforms:

costs of election administration

media coverage of campaigns

methodological challenges

models of voter turnout

personality traits

social influences

and turnout

See also

early voting

elections:

and impact of voting technologies

and public policy

and research approaches to:

changes in National Election Studies

characteristics of

comparative approaches

comparison of

experimental research

internet‐based surveys

rational‐choice approaches

sociological approaches

socio‐psychological approaches

and response order effects

See also

congressional elections;

See also

judicial elections;

See also

local elections;

See also

primary elections

electoral change, and voter heterogeneity

electoral competition:

and campaign finance

and congressional elections

and judicial elections

and redistricting

and representation

marginality hypothesis

varying effects of

and turnout

electoral proximity, and representation

electoral realignments

and comparative perspective on

United Kingdom

and compositional changes in electorate

and expansion of franchise

and impossibility of old‐style of

electoral rules, and primary elections

proportional representation

reasons for changing

run‐off primaries

electoral salience, and turnout

electoral systems

separation of powers system

weak party‐group linkage

electoral systems:

and minority representation in local elections

and number of parties

and turnout

local elections

elites, and formal modeling of behavior

EMILY's List

emotions:

and construction of political meaning

mobilization appeals

ethnicity, and definition of

See also

race

experimental research:

and campaign effects

and forms of

and growth of

and limits of observational research

and purpose of

and survey research

and value of

and voter behavior

See also

field experiments;

See also

laboratory experiments

expertise

See

political expertise

Federal Corrupt Practices Act (1925)

Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)

Federal Election Commission (FEC)

felon voting rights

field experiments

and benefits of

and campaign effects

impact of campaign spending

persuasion

source credibility

voter mobilization

and conformity

and criteria for assessing approximation to real‐world

and different forms of

and distinction from other types of experiments

laboratory experiments

natural experiments

quasi‐experiments

survey experiments

and elite/mass public interactions

and growth of

and history of

and interpersonal influence

and learning from

and mobilization

and voter behavior

field theory

forecasting, and presidential elections

and 2000 election

and 2008 election

and citizen forecasts

comparison with market forecasts

and determinants of accuracy

data points

lead time

retrospective elements

year of election

and differential weighting of data

and evaluating models

and forecasting accuracy (1996–2004)

and forecasting models (2004)

retrospective nature of

variations in

and incumbency effects

and learning from single elections

and meta‐analytic approach to

and political markets

advantages of

behavioral model

comparison with citizen forecasts

comparison with trial‐heat polls

operation of

and state‐level models

trial‐heat polls

and trial‐heat polls

state‐level forecasting

Founding Era (1789–1824), and turnout

framing:

and ballot propositions

and influence of the media

France, and voter registration

game theory:

and formal models of voting behavior

and political communication

gate‐keeping, and media effects

gay marriage, and ballot propositions

gender:

and 2008 presidential campaign

and composition of court benches

and differences in candidacy and officeholding

gender gap

impact on social beliefs about women

political origins of

and differences in political behavior

gender gap in political participation

gender gap in voting behavior

impact of interest differences

magnitude of

partisan identification

political origins of

and experiment on gender stereotypes

and mobilization of women voters

and organization of American politics

and political construction of

elite messages

public beliefs about women

generational effects:

and electoral change

and turnout

God gap

See

worship attendance

group identity, and worship attendance

Help America Vote Act (2002)

immigration, and impact of

Immigration Act (1965)

incumbency advantage:

and campaign spending

and congressional elections

campaign funding

casework hypothesis

challenger quality

changing nature of

dispersion of network television

overemphasis on

redistricting

trends in

and forecasting presidential elections

and judicial elections

and locality rule

and redistricting

and representation

accountability

causes of

consequences of

information processing, and laboratory experiments on role of

on‐line or memory‐based

initiative

See

direct democracy

interest groups:

and agenda‐setting

and campaign funding

527 organizations

adaptation to legal changes

advocacy to restricted classes

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) (2002)

bundling

corporate donations

independent expenditure

political action committees (PACs)

reforms of

soft money

visibility

and campaign services

and campaign training schools

and conflicting views of

and definition of

and freedom of association

and growth of

and information provision

and Madison's view of

and mobilization effects

and policy influence

campaign finance

and role of

and strategies of

ideological

impact of early 20th‐century reforms

impact of main goal

impact of political context

legislative

networked

nineteenth‐century practices

resource constraints

internet, and participation

and advantages of

and criticism of internet politics

selective information

weakening of social capital and interpersonal trust

and digital inequality

access

education

and fundraising

and impact on voting

and influence on offline participation

as information source

‘accidental’ mobilization of individuals

diversity of

easy access

expressive capacity

micro‐targeting of campaign ads

multi‐media capacity

and interactivity

and networks

and new forms of participation

and potential for increasing

and presidential campaigns

and primary elections

and remote internet voting

and transformative potential of

and trust in government

and the young

internet surveys

and advantages of

and comparison with other survey modes

and disadvantages of

and non‐probability samples

assessments of

debate over

Polimetrix

respondent recruitment

sample selection and weighting

interpersonal influence, and field experiments

Iowa Electronic Markets (IEM)

issue attitudes:

and campaign effects

and conditions for issue voting

and congressional elections

and directional theory of issue voting

and incorporation into voting choices

and issue proximity of candidates

and issue salience

and measurement of

and median voter theorem

and prospective issue voting

and retrospective issue voting

and voter behavior

item response theory (IRT)

Jim Crow era, and franchise restrictions

judicial elections:

and campaigns:

impact on judicial legitimacy

increase in television advertising

and campaign spending:

effects of

growth of

judicial impartiality

and candidate quality

and challenger quality

and characterized as unimportant

and composition of court benches

gender diversity

ideological positions

and electoral competition

and impact on confidence in courts

and impact on judicial behavior

death penalty cases

influence of money

responsiveness to public opinion

and impact on judicial legitimacy

and increased saliency of

and incumbency advantage

and incumbent defeats

and institutional context

and judicial impartiality

and new conceptualization of

and open‐seat elections

and research on:

distribution by journal

distribution by primary question

increased interest in

journals publishing

questions studied in

and turnout

and uninformed voters

and vote choice

jury duty, and selection for

Justice at Stake campaign

laboratory experiments

and advantages of

causal relationships

simplicity and economy

untangling complex phenomena

and influence of campaign communications

and influence of the media

agenda‐setting

framing

priming

tone of political advertising

and information processing

on‐line or memory‐based

and limitations of

external validity

replicating citizens' attention to politics

‘true attitude’ vs ‘non‐attitude’

and political communication

and role of political stereotypes

gender

race

and significance of

and voter behavior

labor unions, and impact on turnout

Latinos and political behavior

as ethnic or racial group

and group consciousness

and immigration policy

and Mexican‐Americans

and mobilization of

and naturalization

and nature of community among

and pan‐ethnicity

assimilation

behavioral dimension

factors associated with

multiple identities

political ramifications

and racial identification

and situational identity

and social identity

and socio‐demographic variables

education

generational status

income level

language use

length of time in America

nativity

occupational status

transnationalism

learning:

and campaign effects

and field experiments

and media's impact on

Likert scales, and survey design

literacy tests

local elections:

and forms and functions of local government

and methods of election

and minority representation

cross‐over voting

electoral systems

racial voting

rainbow coalitions

and non‐partisan elections

and research on:

approaches to

macro‐level studies

micro‐level studies

multi‐level studies

and timing of

and turnout

city size

contextual factors

electoral systems

municipal forms of government

non‐partisan elections

off‐cycle elections

racial/ethnic characteristics of candidates

socioeconomic factors

local government:

and forms and functions of

and offices and officials of

See also

local elections

locality rule

and turnout

McCarran Walter Act (1953)

mail‐in registration

mail‐in voting

See

early voting

marginal groups, and participation

tactical repertoires

See also

minority representation

media:

and agenda‐setting

and bias

and campaign momentum

and changes in

and constructionist approach to media effects

and construction of content

and emotions and construction of political meaning

and entertainment programs

and focus on candidates' personal qualities

and framing of issues

and gate‐keeping

and identity‐based thinking

and impact on perceptions of the economy

and impact on voters' learning

and increased competition in

and influence of

and the internet

political engagement

and journalists

and laboratory experiments on influence of

agenda‐setting

framing

priming

tone of political advertising

and meta‐narratives

and non‐traditional outlets

and persuasion

and political content

and priming

and privileging of perceived winners over losers

and racial attitudes

and structural influences on

and talk shows

and use of images

and voters' interpretation of content

median voter theorem

and issue voting

and marginality hypothesis

methodological individualism

methodology

See

field experiments;

See

laboratory experiments;

See

observational research;

See

survey design;

See

survey research

midterm loss:

and comparative perspective on

and congressional elections

surge and decline

and first‐and‐second order elections effects

minimal effects hypothesis, and campaign effects

minority candidates, and local election turnout

minority representation

and collective representation

and descriptive representation

and dyadic representation of

and goals of scholarship on

and identifying minorities

in local government

cross‐over voting

electoral systems

racial voting

rainbow coalitions

and partisan minorities

and redistricting

and trustee model of representation

mobilization:

and absentee voting

and campaign effects

and changes in nature of

and definition of

and direct democracy

and effectiveness of

and field experiments

and interest groups

and the internet:

‘accidental’ mobilization

impact on young people

and Latinos

and marginal impact of

and message communication

campaign advertising

characteristics of campaign messages

emotional appeals

importance of message

issue content

mobilizing effects of

targeting

and participation

and personal canvassing

and political goal of

and racial group identity

and rational prospecting

and reducing costs of voting

as strategic behavior

and turnout

correlational studies

field experiments

impact on

as two‐stage process

and voter contact

impact of

of women voters

momentum, and primary elections

muckrakers

multiple elections

and split‐ticket voting

National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB)

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)

Nationalization Era (1952‐present), and turnout

decline in

electoral systems

federal initiatives

felon voting rights

increased party competition

increase in

measurement error

party competition

removing barriers to voting

state‐level experimentation

uniform voting procedures

National Voter Registration Act (1993)

and impact of

non‐partisan elections, in local government

observational research

organized interests

panel data, and survey research

participation:

and calculus of voting

and class bias in turnout

and context of power

and decline in

and differential levels of

and education

and gender gap

and individual‐level analysis

and marginal groups

tactical repertoires

and measurement of

and mobilization

reducing costs of voting

and multidimensionality of

and narrow conception of

and political agency:

assumption of uniformity of

education

impact of power structures

inequalities in

political context of

and political context

and political effectiveness

and protest activities

and ‘puzzle of participation’

and race

changing racial environment

dynamic nature of categories

and reconceptualization of

and representation

and requirements for

and research approaches to

compared with social movement research

individual‐level analysis

study of continuity

and social movement perspective on activism

and socioeconomic status

limitations as explanation of

and structural inequalities

and toolbox theory of

advantages of

assessing effectiveness of political actions

data and methods

impact of access to decision‐makers

influence on tool deployment

opportunities for engagement

political action repertory

resources

as two‐step process

and unconventional

increase in

lack of attention to

and unconventional participation, impact on policy outcomes

and worship attendance

See also

activism;

See also

turnout;

See also

voter registration

party coalitions:

and religious traditions

and social composition of

party identification

and attitudes and behavior

and campaign effects

and comparative perspective on

and decline in

and economic evaluations

and gender gap

and independent leaners

as perceptual screen

and political integration

as psychological state

and religious traditions

and social groups

and stability of

and theoretical importance of

and voter behavior

and weak partisans

Party Machine Era (1828–1896), and turnout

party system:

and definition of

and voter behavior

persuasion:

and campaign effects

and definition of

and the media

and source credibility

and voting behavior

pocketbook voting

political action committees (PACs)

political behavior, and survey research

political communication:

and decline in voter contacting

and experimental strategies

and expert citizens

and impact on voters

and influence of

and knowledge/expertise distinction

and manipulability of voters

and optimal behavior of uninformed voters

and political communication networks

autoregressive influence

clustered preferences within

diversity within

frequency of political discussion

heterogeneous

homogeneous

limits on persuasion

network specialization

observing interdependence

selection criteria

and political expertise

and social communication

See also

media

political expertise

and communication networks

autoregressive influence

clustered preferences within

diversity within

experimental strategies

frequency of political discussion

heterogeneous

limits on persuasion

network specialization

observing interdependence

selection criteria

and definition of expertise

and distinction from knowledge

and heterogeneous levels of

and imitation

and interdependent citizens

and opinion leaders

criticism of concept

political parties:

and definition of

and democratic politics

and party competition

definition of

intraparty competition/factions

and party system, definition of

and value of party label for politicians

ambitious politicians

guidance of conduct in office

meaning to voters

office‐seekers

and value of party labels for voters

prospective voting

retrospective voting

political science, as American discipline

power structures, and participation

presidential elections

See

forecasting, and presidential elections;

See

worship attendance, and voting in presidential elections

pressure groups

See

interest groups

primary elections

and 2008 presidential nominations

and campaigns:

advertising

forecasting models

momentum

negative campaigning

press releases

variations in dynamics of

variations in strategies

winnowing of candidates

and candidate field

impact of number of

women candidates

and candidate positioning

and divisive primaries

and electoral rules

proportional representation

reasons for changing

run‐off primaries

and technological innovation

and turnout

and voter decision making

priming:

and campaigns

and influence of the media

Progressive movement:

and direct democracy

and impact of reforms on turnout

municipal forms of government

non‐partisan elections

and interest group reforms

and turnout

propensity matching, and survey research

proportional representation, and primary elections

prospective voting:

and economic voting

and issue voting

and value of party labels

protest activism

psychology, and voter behavior

public policy:

and direct democracy

adverse effects on

California's Proposition

impact on

representativeness of opinion

transmission of mass preferences

and interest group influence

and public opinion

and voter behavior

question order effects, and survey design

race:

and changes in racial environment

and dynamic categories

and experiment on racial stereotypes

and group identity

and Latinos

and malleability of categories of

and the media

and participation

structural inequalities

and racial voting in local elections

and redistricting

as social construction

and turnout in local elections

See also

minority representation

rainbow coalitions, in local elections

Rasch models

rational choice theory:

and paradox of voting

and voter behavior

rational retrospection, and voter behavior

redistricting:

and bipartisan gerrymandering

and competitive elections

and courts' role in

and criteria for

candidate status

communities of interest

compactness

contiguity

existing political units

geographically‐based

natural boundaries

party

population‐based

preservation of existing boundaries

race

and distinction from apportionment

and gerrymandering

cracking

packing

and impact of reapportionment revolution

and incumbency advantage

and incumbency protection

and legal challenges to, grounds for

and legal requirements for

and line drawing

kidnapping

and long‐term effects:

party polarization

political competition

and malapportionment

and partisan gerrymandering

and political elite's attention to

and racial representation

and responsibility for

impact on outcomes

importance of control over process

partisan control

reform proposals

and tradeoffs among criteria for

partisan and racial representation vs geography

partisan representation vs racial representation

population equality vs geography

racial representation vs policy influence

and Voting Rights Act (1965)

reference group theory

religion

See

worship attendance, and voting in presidential elections

religious beliefs, and presidential vote

religious traditions, and party coalitions

representation:

and candidate choice

and collective representation

and complex models of

complex party‐defining issues

constituency‐representative linkages

issue‐based theory

public opinion and policy

and conceptualizing

and definition of

and descriptive representation

and dyadic policy representation

and elections

median voter theorem

responsible‐parties model

and electoral competition

marginality hypothesis

varying effects of

and electoral proximity

and empirical problems in assessing

demographic indicators

legislator action

measurement of preferences

and extent of

and incumbency advantage

accountability

causes of

consequences of

and instructed‐delegate model

and issue voting:

median voter

prospective issue voting

retrospective issue voting

and mechanisms for achieving

belief‐sharing

elections

passive representation

and minority representation

collective representation

descriptive representation

dyadic representation

goals of scholarship on

identifying minorities

partisan minorities

trustee model of

and policy responsiveness

interests vs preferences

and research on

shortcomings of

and sub‐constituencies

and symbolic representation

passive representation

and trust

and trustee model of policy representation

and turnout

Republican Party, and support bases of

residual votes, and voting technology

respondent‐driven sampling, and survey research

response order effects:

and elections

and survey design

retrospective voting

and economic voting

and issue voting

and value of party labels

scandal, and congressional elections

second‐order elections

secret ballot:

as disenfranchising tool

and introduction of

Segregation Era (1900–1948), and turnout

separation of powers

and impact on turnout

situational identity

snow ball sampling, and survey research

social capital:

and the internet

and worship attendance

social communication

social desirability effects, and surveys

worship attendance

social groups:

and party coalitions

and party identification

and voter behavior

social identity

social movements

and activism

and definition of

social networks, and respondent‐driven sampling

social pressure, and voting

social psychology:

and stereotypes

and voter behavior

social stratification, and education

sociotropic voting

spatial models of voting

split‐ticket voting

and multiple elections

state court elections

See

judicial elections

stereotypes, and laboratory experiments on role of

gender

race

strategic voting, and formal modeling of

Bayesian perfect equilibrium strategies

Duverger's Law

expectations

implications of

Niou‐Kselman hypothesis

perceptions of party positions

preferences

third‐party supporters

utility maximization

voters' estimation of election closeness

survey design

and acquiescence response bias

and American National Election Studies, types of questions asked

and attitude recall

and attitude strength

and basic design principles:

basic rules

conversational norms and conventions

features of good questionnaires

optimizing respondents

survey satisficing respondents

and closed questions

benefits of

disadvantages of

problems with numerical answers

and dangers of asking ‘why?’

and ‘don't know’ options

and Likert scales

and open‐ended questions

benefits of

satisficing

and poorly designed questions

and question order effects

perceptual contrast

priming

subtraction

and question wording

and ranking questions

and rating questions

and rating scale points

verbal labels

and response order effects

primacy effects

recency effects

and seemingly open‐ended questions (SOEQs)

and social desirability response bias

turnout estimation

See also

survey research

and American National Election Studies

types of questions asked

and campaign effects

and changing nature of

changes in telephone use

coverage issues

representativeness

response rates

and contextual data

and correlational studies

and experiments

and face‐to‐face surveys

and framing of questions

and future of

and importance of

and internet surveys

advantages of

comparison with other survey modes

disadvantages of

and mixed‐mode designs

advantages of

potential disadvantages

and non‐probability samples:

assessments of

chain‐referral sampling

debate over

non‐probability internet samples

respondent‐driven sampling

respondent recruitment

sample selection and weighting

snow ball sampling

and panel data

and political behavior

and propensity matching

and response rates:

decline in

non‐response error

representativeness

and social desirability effects

worship attendance

and survey modes:

comparison of

expansion of

and telephone surveys

and value of

and wide application of

See also

survey design

talk shows

technology

See

internet, and participation;

See

voting technology and procedures

telephone use, and survey research

term limits, as proposed solution for low turnout

Time‐sharing Experiments for the Social Sciences (TESS)

transnationalism, and Latinos' political behavior

trust:

and the internet

and representation

turnout:

and accessibility of polling places

and canvassing

and class bias

and comparative perspective on

and consequences of varying levels

bias

class bias

partisan effects

patterns of representation

policy outputs

policy preferences of voters and non‐voters

puzzle of voting

and decline in

changes in labor unions

decline of partisanship

decrease in voter contacting

explanations for

impact of political advertising

measurement error

social changes

and direct democracy

and Downsian model of

and early voting

absentee voting

characteristics of early voters

impact of

impact of party campaigning

impact on infrequent voters

studying impact of

types of election

varying effects of

and election reforms

and electorate size

and elite incentives

and evolution of

and fluctuations in

and increase in

and judicial elections

and local elections

city size

contextual factors

electoral systems

municipal forms of government

non‐partisan elections

off‐cycle elections

racial/ethnic characteristics of candidates

socioeconomic factors

and low level compared with other democracies

characteristics of American people

country‐level effects

divided government

electoral salience

electoral systems

impact of separation of powers

incentives to vote

institutional differences

locality rule

making voting more convenient

measurement differences

safe districts

turnout evolution

uncompetitive elections

voter fatigue

voter registration

weak party‐group linkage

and mobilization

correlational studies

impact of

and negative campaigning

and overestimation in surveys

and party competition

and primary elections

and procedural changes

and representation

and short‐term and long‐term components of

and social pressure

and stimulating voting

and term limits

and tone of political advertising

and vote centers

and voter mobilization campaigns

and voter registration

impact of reforms

and worship attendance

See also

turnout, historical perspective on

turnout, historical perspective on:

and absolute number of voters

and electorate expansion

in Founding Era (1789–1824)

congressional elections

distant polling locations

expansion of electorate

limited political competition

measurement error

property requirements

in Nationalization Era (1952‐present)

in Party Machine Era (1828–1896)

and rates of (1789–2006)

problems in calculating

in Segregation Era (1900–1948)

United Kingdom, and electoral realignment

United States Constitution:

and Fifteenth Amendment

and Nineteenth Amendment

and Twenty‐Fourth Amendment

and Twenty‐Sixth Amendment

United States Supreme Court:

and Baker v Carr (1962)

and Bandemer v Davis (1986)

and Buckley v Valeo (1976)

and Bush v Gore (2000)

and Caperton v A T Massey Coal Company (2009)

and Gaffney v Cummings (1973)

and Georgia v Ashcroft (2003)

and Newberry v United States (1921)

and Shaw v Reno (1993)

and Smith v Allwright (1944)

and Thornburg v Gingles (1986)

US Election Assistance Commission

valence issues, and voter behavior

vertical proximity effects, and ballots

vote centers

voter behavior

and advances in study of

and assumptions underlying research

and atomistic model of

and calculus of voting

and candidate evaluations

judgmental criteria

multidimensional scaling approach

personality judgments

and candidates' influence on

and causal modeling

and class voting

and the Columbia studies

and contextual analysis

and continuity in research findings

and eclectic nature of research on

and economic voting

and elite‐citizen interactions

and experiments on

and factors affecting

and heterogeneity in voter decision‐making

and impact of campaigns

and influences on

and issue attitudes

directional theory of issue voting

incorporation into vote choice

issue proximity of candidates

issue salience

measurement of

and limitations of voter‐centered approach

and measurement issues

and median voter theorem

and the Michigan model

attitude stability

influence of

long‐term and short‐term influences

partisan loyalties

political attitudes

revisionist work on

voters' limited familiarity with politics

and party/candidate positioning

and party identification

and party labels, value of

prospective voting

retrospective voting

and party system

and political advertising

and political context

candidate differentials

candidate ideological polarization

candidate investment

candidate policy positions

candidate valence differentials

citizen engagement

competitive elections

experimental research on

interaction of factors

issue voting

mobilization hypotheses

survey research on

vote choice

voter ideology

voting choice hypotheses

and primary elections

and public policy

and rational choice theory

and rational retrospection

and research approaches to

changes in National Election Studies

characteristics of

comparative approaches

comparison of

experimental research

internet‐based surveys

newer approaches

rational‐choice approaches

sociological approaches

socio‐psychological approaches

and retrospective voting

and social groups

and social psychology

and spatial models

and transient macropartisanship

See also

voter behavior, formal models of

voter behavior, formal models of:

and assumptions underlying

clarity

simplification of reality

and controversial nature of

and distinguishing characteristic of

and inferential process

and non‐cooperative game theory

and roles of

contextual effects

institutional effects

psychological explanations

and strategic voting

Bayesian perfect equilibrium strategies

Duverger's Law

expectations

implications of

Niou‐Kselman hypothesis

perceptions of party positions

preferences

third‐party supporters

utility maximization

voters' estimation of election closeness

and voter competence

knowledge threshold for competent voting

manipulability of voters

optimal behavior of uniformed voters

persuasion

sources of information

voter competence

and direct democracy

and formal modeling of

knowledge threshold for competent voting

manipulability of voters

optimal behavior of uninformed voters

persuasion

sources of information

voter registration:

and concerns over effects of

and influences on

and limitations of research on

and motivations for

and National Voter Registration Act (1993)

and participation as two‐step process

as political act

and reforms of

election‐day registration (EDR)

future efforts

impact of

mail‐in registration

registration‐roll purging

and representativeness of electorate

impact of reforms

in Segregation Era (1900–1948)

and state‐level variations

and themes of research on

and translating into voting

and turnout

impact of reforms

impact on

Voting Rights Act (1965)

and redistricting

voting technology and procedures:

and ballot roll‐off

and changes in

and convenience voting

remote internet voting

and direct recording electronic voting equipment (DREs)

and election auditing

and election manipulation

and election outcomes

and growth of research on

and history of

and interdisciplinary approach to

and residual votes

and usability of voting systems

ballot complexity

ballot order effects

split‐ticket voting

vertical proximity effects

voting machines

and voter confidence

Voting Technology Project (VTP)

Watergate scandal

welfare policy, and bias in turnout

women:

and enfranchisement of

as primary election candidates

See also

gender

worship attendance, and voting in presidential elections

and accuracy of reporting of

and the God gap

and impact on 2004 election

on turnout

on vote choice

as measure of religiosity

and presidential elections (1952–2004)

and religious beliefs

and religious engagement

campaign contacts

mobilization efforts

and religious traditions

and Republican presidential vote

and turnout

young people, and mobilizing impact of internet

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Contents

Index

741Name Index

761Subject Index

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Contents

Index

741Name Index

761Subject Index

Email alerts

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