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Book cover for Oxford Handbook of the Politics of International Migration Oxford Handbook of the Politics of International Migration

Contents

    Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk521
    Act to Discourage the Immigration to This State of Persons Who Cannot Become Citizens (California)435
    Act to Prevent the Further Immigration of Chinese or Mongolians to This State (California)435
    Act to Protect Free White Labor Against Competition with Chinese Coolie Labor (California)435
    acute refugees40, 41
    Adamic, Louis417
    Advanced Passenger Information System586
    advocacy groups, lobbying by333
    Africa
      displaced population integration in66
      female genital cutting practice in69
      gender issues in the Cameroons489
      and migration issues372
      1968 Africanization policy in Kenya157
    African Americans
      and Vietnamese immigrants399, 400
      women and domestic work193
    African immigrants
      and U.S. naturalization175, 280
      visas for U.S. immigration for255
    African Union (AU)584
    afro-descendent and indigenous peoples461
    Agiprocessors Inc.296
    Al-Huda women's network226
    Alien Friends Act of 1798275
    al Turabi, Hassan524
    al Zawahiri, Ayman523
    Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU)559
    American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)619
    American Development Bank86
    American Health Care Association627
    American Hotel and Lodging Association627
    American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA)336, 624
    American Legion333
    American Protective Association (APA)279
    amnesty programs622
    Amsterdam Treaty, 1997536, 589
    Andean Community585
    Andean Labour Migration Instrument585
    Anglo-Americans462
    anticipatory refugees40, 41
    antidiscrimination laws, immigration and155
    Anti-Federalists League (UK)158
    antigang, antiterror, and antidrug policies471
    anti-immigrant radical Right parties154
    Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, U.S.555, 624
    APEC Business Mobility Group586
    APEC Business Traveller Card586
    Arab American organizations334
    Arab immigrants292
    Aristide, Jean-Baptiste92
    Arizona Taxpayers and Citizens Protection Act297
    arranged marriages225
    Ashcroft, John292
    Asian American second generation
    Asian Indian Americans391, 392
    Asian Indian occupational niches195
    Asian Punjabis, South217
    Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)366
    Asiatic Barred Zone Act435
    Assemblies of God in America208
    Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins (Gordon)418
    Associated Builders and Contractors627
    Association for American Universities333
    Asylum and Migration Policy (EU)536
    asylum seekers296
      from Central America289
      from developed countries66
      labor migration and85
      labor unions and asylum policies536
    asylum-seeking migration575
    Atlanta, Georgia30
    Australia
      as destination for migrants35
      effect of immigration on employment in111
      immigration surplus in115
      and impact of immigration on wages110
      jus soli citizenship in257
      Vietnamese migrant homes in222
      visa point system in254
    Austria
      effect of immigration on employment in111
    authorized immigrants39
    Balladur, Edouard163
    Bangladeshi Americans392
    banking industry, remittance business and world86
    Barber, Brendan543
    beggar-thy-neighbor policies368
    Belgium's Royal Commission on Policy towards Immigrants165
    “beneficial brain gain,”134
    Bene Israel immigrants223
    bifocal vision approach, with transborder migrants467
    bilateral approaches to managing migration263–266
    bilingual education203
    black utility heuristic444
    Bolshevik Revolution56
    borders
      international and national54
      regional borders within national borders463–466
      smuggled illegal border crossers518
    Border Security and Immigration Act of 2007, U.S.561, 629
    Bosnian women225
    boundaries
      between developed and less-developed countries581
    boundary buildup581
    Bourne, Randolph417
    “brain circulation,”132
    “brain gain,”134
    Bretton Woods system368
    British National Front (BNF)158
    British Pakistani wedding rituals219
    British South Asian immigrants219
    Brown, Gordon161
    Budapest Process regional dialogue575, 580, 582
    Buddhist temples207
    Byrd, Robert629
    California Foreign Miners’ License Tax435
    California Police Tax435
    California Supreme Court435
    California Vagrancy Act, 1855437
    Cambodian Americans392
    Cambodian immigrants396
    camp management cluster, UN's60
    Canada
      effect of immigration on employment in111
      and guest worker programs265
      immigrant selection in Quebec606
      and impact of immigration on wages108, 109, 110
      international migrants in2
      Italian Canadians228
      jus soli and jus sanguinis citizenship rights257
      naturalized citizens in174, 175
      political participation among Canadian immigrants439
      traveler partnership with U.S.266
      U.S.-Canadian border258
      wage inequality in112
    Caribbean Community (CARICOM)586
    Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME)586
    Cariceri, Don297
    Case, Clifford P.412
    Catholic Charities400
    Catholic cults229
    Celler, Emanuel287
    chain migration288
    Chamber of Commerce, U.S.619, 627
    Changing Face of Home: Transnational Lives of the Second Generation, The (Levitt and Waters)95
    Chicago, Illinois205
    Chinatown Service Center (CSC)397
    Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association441
    Christian immigrants207
    Churches’ Committee for Migrants in Europe165
    circular migration39, 85
    Citizens Committee on Displaced Persons (CCDP)56
    Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Bureau of173, 258
    civic and community activities, immigrant participation in176–177
    classical assimilation theory388, 389
    Cleveland, Grover283
    client politics, interest groups and328
    Code de la Nationalité Francaise (CNF)163
    codevelopment agreements266
    coethnics
      coethnic economies393
      coethnic political candidates447
    collaborative leadership approach60
    Colombo Process regional dialogue575, 580
    Commission on Immigration Reform, U.S.624
    Commission on Racial Equality (UK)165
    Commonwealth Immigrants Act, 1962 (UK)157, 539
    communism
      collapse of58
      French Communist Party162, 548
    community, culture and216
    community-based organizations (CBOs)397
    comparative advantage theory362
    concentrated benefits and concentrated costs, interest groups and327–328
    concentrated benefits and diffuse costs, interest groups and327–328
    concentration camps57
    Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail (CFDT)549–550
    Confederation of British Industry (CBI)542
    conflict-induced displacement56, 70–72
      needs of conflict- and disaster-induced forced migrants67–70
      refugees, decolonization, and the Cold War57–58
    conflicts
      between immigrant minorities and African Americans198, 200–201
      between physicians and immigrant patients206
      identity-based249
    Congressional Budget Office, U.S.289
    Congressional Hispanic Caucus630
    contact with immigrants, immigration attitudes and304
    Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective (Cornelius et al.)573
    cosmopolitanism489
    costs and benefits distributions, interests groups and327–328
    Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (UN)523
    Criminal Alien Program, U.S.259
    criminalization provisions, and U.S. immigration policy171
    Crocker, E. P.279
    cross-border connections, transnationalism and75, 79, 81, 84–88
    cross-national spatial mobility135, 142
    Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966288
    Cuban-Haitian entrants288
    Cuban immigrants109, 114
      and political effects of migration from Cuba135, 142
      political participation in U.S. politics440
      U.S. immigration policies and increase in288–289
    Current Population Survey, U.S.392
    Customs and Border Patrol (CBP), U.S.622
    Danish Progress and People's Parties311
    Davis, David160
    day laborers297
    de Gaulle, Charles161
    de Gotari, Raul Salinas372
    demand-based systems, employment-based visas as253
    demographic aging34
    demographic transition32
    denaturalization173
    Deng Xiaoping147
    Denmark
      education and immigration issues in114
      fiscal impact of immigration in120, 121
      immigration control measures in260
      visa point system in254
      voting rights for immigrants in178
    Department of Justice (DOJ), U.S.292
    depression69
    derivative citizenship485
    developed countries
      asylum seekers in66
      psychosocial service programs in69
      wages and low-skilled immigrants in110
    diaspora cultivation92
    diaspora effect139
    diasporas81, 97
      and effects on political economy142
      and international criminal networks143
      nation-states and78
    diaspora stock-flow model139
    Dickstein, Samuel286
    diffuse benefits and concentrated costs, interest groups and327–328
    diffuse benefits and diffuse costs, interest groups and327–328
    diffuse reciprocity, multilateral361
    Dillingham, William283
    Directory for Population and Migrations, 1966 (France)161
    disequilibrium, labor market32, 33
    displaced persons (DPs)553, 556
    documents verification260
    domestic spatial mobility135, 142
    domestic violence484
    “don't touch my buddy” campaign (France)155
    Dorgan, Byron629
    Douglas, Paul557
    Drachler, Norman421
    drugs
      and deportation of Salvadoran immigrants471–472
      and international criminal networks143
      Mexican drug-trafficking organizations520
    Dutch disease effects139
    Dutch National Bureau against Racism165
    earned legalization system263
    Eastland, James619
    Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)584, 585
      Protocol Relating to Free Movement of Persons and the Right of Residence and Establishment584
    economic downturn, 20072, 268
    economic growth
      migration and27
    economic preferences, on immigration policy326
    economic protectionists617
    economic stagnation, migration and27, 35
    economies of scale, efficiency gains and119
    education lobby333
    egalitarianism307
    Egyptian Islamic Jihad523
    Eisenhower, Dwight D.286
    Elementary Forms of Religious Life, The (Durkheim)219
    El Salvador63
    “emerging gateway” metropolitan areas30
    emigrant stocks133
    emigration250, 264
      costs associated with348
      and diaspora engagement92
      early Swedish emigration to U.S.33–34
      Indian emigration to the U.S.139
      from Latin America35
      within sub-Saharan Africa35
    employer sanctions, and hiring of unauthorized immigrants29, 31
    employment
      employer sanctions and workplace enforcement538, 618
      employment eligibility screening system260
      migrant inflows and job types113
      migration and economic effects of unemployment and111–112
    enforcement and prevention, immigration258–261
    enforcement gap268
    English as a second language (ESL)203, 445
    English-language ability
      barriers in public schools203
      cultural assimilation and386, 389
      job placements and191
      of Vietnamese American children400
    environmentally induced migration42
    environmental refugees42
    equilibrium-restoring migration32
    Essential Worker Immigration Coalition (EWIC)627
    ethnic and national origin, visas issued on254–255
    ethnic diversity417
    ethnic enclave communities
      Chinatown and Koreatown in Los Angeles396–399
    ethnic enclave economies28, 118
    ethnic group-employer coalition336
    Ethnic Heritages Act419
    ethnic tourism of immigrants86
    ethnoracial groups196
    ethnoracial identity446
    Eurobarometer307
    Europe
      Arab Spring of 2011260
      documents verification in260
      effect of immigration on employment in111–112
      fiscal impacts of immigration in119
      immigrant self-employment rates in118
      immigration policy in249
      immigration surplus in115
      large-scale migrations from135, 143
      low worker mobility in119
      and naturalization in U.S.175
      political presence of immigrants in172
      transnational engagement among immigrants in184–185
      voting rights for immigrants in178
    European Catholics433
    European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)366, 587
    European Convention of Human Rights549
    European Court of Justice587
    European mass migration, nineteenth- and early twentieth-century33–34
    European Parliament (EP)159, 166
    European return fund146
    European social fund258
    European Trade Union Confederation541
    European Trade Union Council536
    European voluntary workers (EVWs)539
    Evangelical churches208
    E-Verify electronic employment eligibility screen system (U.S.)260, 261, 628, 630, 631
    exit revolution601
    Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Hirschman)141
    extreme Right parties310
    factor-price equalization348, 349
    family businesses, immigrant women in493
    Farm Workers Association (FWA)559
    fatalities, migrant border471
    feedback effects, of migrant remittances35–36
    female genital cutting practice69
    female migrants2, 483
    femininity, and culture of migration487–490
    few defeat the many idea, the, interest groups and327
    Finnish Aliens Act63, 64
    Flemish-Belgium Vlaams Blok311
    Florida
      Catholic Haitian immigrants in South207
      Cuban American voters in181
      immigrant voters in180
    food
      for displaced populations68
      raid on food facility296
    forced marriages225
    forced transnationalism472, 474
    Ford Foundation334
    Ford, Gerald632
    foreign direct investment (FDI)349
    Foreign Influences in American Life (Bowers)416
    forever foreigner image394
    France
      displays of cultural differences in257
      expatriate voting in94
      family reunification issues in164, 249
      fiscal impact of immigration in121
      immigration control measures in260
      and impact of immigration on wages108, 109
      jus soli citizenship257
      Malian immigrants in485
      naturalized citizens in173, 174
      organized labor and immigration policy in545–552
      Paris uprisings154
      rituals of Sufi immigrant women in223
    Francophone immigrants606
    free migration39
    free migration area371
    free-rider problem, interest group327
    free-trade coalitions359
    free-trade policies360
    French Communist Party162
    French Confection (TV documentary)162
    French Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT)161, 162
    French General Confederation of Labour (CGT)161
    French Socialist Party162, 163
    Friends or Strangers: The Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy (Borjas)352
    fusion of the races461
    Gangmasters Licensing Act (UK)543
    Garifuna society in Honduras496
    gender-based violence68
    gender, family, and migration
      feminization of global migration flows482–484
      gender, households, and transnational families493–498
      gender, the state, and the governance of migration484–487
      immigration attitudes and gender303
      masculinity, femininity, and the culture of migration487–490
    gender ideology494
    gender inequality495
    gender oppression497
    Geneva Convention, 1950347, 364
    Geneva Conventions on Armed Conflict59
    Geneva Refugee Convention, 1951602
    genocide43
    Gentlemen's Agreement, 1907–1908281
    geography, immigration attitudes and305
    German Democratic Republic305
    Germany
      Catholic immigrants from277
      effect of immigration on employment in111
      family reunification issues in164, 249
      fiscal impact of immigration in121
      Gastarbeiter program in358, 484
      immigration and political parties in155
      international migrants in2, 25
      jus sanguinis and jus soli citizenship rights257
      migrant mobility in119
      naturalization criteria in West Germany356
      naturalized citizens in173, 174
      racism against German immigrants282
      returnees from140
      self-employed immigrants in118
    Gilpin, Robert350
    Gingrich, Newt624
    glass-ceiling barriers394
    global care work492
    Global Entry259
    globalization losers634
    goods and services
      immigration and production of113
    government lobby333
    Grant, Madison282
    Grassley, Charles629
    Great Famine277
    Greenberg, Stan629
    gross national product (GNP)115
    Growing up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States (Zhou and Bankston)399–405
    Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement54, 59, 62
    Haitian immigrants, Catholic207
    Haitian Refugee and Immigrant Fairness Act of 1998289
    Handbook on Voting from Abroad (IDEA)93
    Hanson, Pauline310
    Hapsburg Empire56
    Harlem Désire155
    Hassidic Jews227
    health-care industry, West Indian women in194–195
    health insurance206
    Heath, Edward158
    hegemonic stability358
    herbs and remedies206
    High Commission for Refugees56
    high land-to-labor ratios143
    Highly Skilled Migrants Program (UK)540
    high-skilled immigrants
      self-employment rates among117
    hijab (veil)225
    Hindu homes, sacralization of222
    Hindu temples207
    Hispanic immigrants
      as business owners118
      in Chinatown and Koreatown in Los Angeles396, 397, 399
      in construction industry295
      legalization issues and617
    Hispanic organizations334
    Hmong Americans392
    Home Bound: Filipino American Lives across Cultures, Communities, and Countries (Espiritu)484–485
    Hong Kong35
    Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE)559
    housing
      and racially based zoning laws440
    Howard, Michael160
    Hoxha, Enver598
    Huckabee, Mike294
    Hughes, Bishop John278
    humanitarian immigrants256
    humanitarian intervention59
    humanitarianism307
    humanitarian law59
    humanitarian migration251
    human rights
      and humanitarian law59, 251
      immigration attitudes and307
    Huntington, Collis279
    Huntington, Samuel292
    hybrid systems, economic visas as254
    Illegal Immigration Reform and Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), 1996, U.S.554–555, 625
    immigrant citizens in the U.S.410, 426
      civic education and multicultural and global nationhood418–421
      cultural pluralism and public image from the Great Depression to the Cold War416–418
      immigrant citizen and rise of state-empowered developmental pluralism421–422
      the immigrant community and naturalization422–423
      the immigrant in a revolutionary republic411–412
      return migration423
    immigrant emergencies293
    immigrant friends304
    immigrant-headed households, welfare program benefits in120–121
    immigrant settlement industry439
    Immigrants National Commission (France)162
    Immigrant Workers Project (AFL-CIO)561
    Immigration Act of 1917 (U.S.)435
    Immigration Act of 1971 (UK)158, 539
    Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), U.S.259, 470, 622, 631
    Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 199063, 620
    Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), U.S.289, 555, 557, 627
    Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act of 2006 (UK)540, 542, 543
    Immigration Restriction League283
    Immigration Works USA298
    impelled migration39
    income
      of immigrants in Chinatown and Koreatown in Los Angeles396
      immigration attitudes and303
      of Vietnamese Americans400
    India
      citizenship rights in257
      immigration to U.S. after World War II286
      Indian emigration to the U.S.139
      inducements for return to146
      large-scale migrations from135, 143
    Indian Ocean slave trade144
    indigenous peoples461
    indivisibility, multilateral361
    industrial restructuring, demand for immigrants and34
    Industrial Revolution33
    Inheriting the City (Kasinitz et al.)96
    in-migration and immigration28
    In Mortal Danger: The Battle for America's Border and Security (Tancredo)292
    Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA)93, 94
    Integration of the European Second Generation (TIES)184–185
    Integration of Third Country Nations (INTI) fund258
    intensity interest328
    Interagency Standing Committee (IASC) Guidance Note on Using the Cluster Approach60–61
    interest group politics and immigration policy324–326, 337–339
      from preferences to organization and from organization to action333–337
      how individual preferences are translated into organized groups327–329
      preferences and groups in U.S. immigration politics331–333
    interethnic
      racial relations in U.S.197
    Intergovernmental Conference on Asylum, Refugees and Migration in Europe, North America, and Australia582
    internal migrant designation54
    international borders, persons crossing54
    International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD)582
    international criminal networks143
    international division of labor490
    international interests, immigration and250–251
    internationalists604
    International Labour Organization (ILO)517, 542
    International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU)559
    international law
      and internally displaced persons59
      and those displaced by natural disasters62–63
    international migrants54
    international migration, regions and regionalism573–590
    International Migration Review573
    international refugee law59, 251
    International Refugee Organization57
    international relations (IR), migration and345–373
    International Social Survey Programme307
    International Trade Organization (ITO)366
    interpreting services, hospital205
    interracial and interethnic marriages392
    interstate regionalism573, 574
    involuntary migration40, 41, 42
    Iranian immigrants222
    Ireland
      Great Famine in277
      and impact of immigration on wages109
      return immigration to146
      visas for U.S. immigration255
      voting rights for immigrants in178
      wage inequality in112
    Irish Immigration Reform Movement336
    Iris Recognition Immigration System259
    Islamic fundamentalism524, 525
    Islamic migrants485
    Islamic study groups, female226
    Israel
      Bene Israel immigrant rituals in223
      effect of immigration on employment in111
      ethnic heritage visas to Jews255
      immigration surplus in115
      jus sanguinis citizenship257
      Law of Return255
      migrant inflows and production techniques in113
      North African Jewish immigrants in230
      price controls in114
      rituals of Filipina Catholic women in223–224
    Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 194857
    Italy
      effect of immigration on employment in111
      fiscal impact of immigration in120
      women and gender issues in488, 497
    Jacoby, Tamar298
    jail screening programs259
    Japan
      as destination for migrants35
      immigration to U.S. after World War II286
      jus sanguinis citizenship257
      and migration issues372
      temporary work visas to descendants255
      UNHCR dependence on365
    Japanese American Citizens League334
    Japanese Americans
      fourth generation of393
      mixed-race heritage of392
      in U.S. Asian American communities391, 392
    Japanese immigrants
      racism against281
    Javits, Jacob288
    Jewish American interest groups334
    Jewish immigrants299
    Jewish lobby335
    Jordan, Barbara624
    Jordan Commission624
    jus sanguinis citizenship rights257, 356
    Kalin, Walter62
    Kallen, Horace417
    Kearney, Dennis280
    Kennedy, John F.558
    Kirkland, Lane559
    Kohl, Helmut525
    Korean Church Directory of America, The208
    Korean churches208
    Koreans
      gender issues and immigrant women494
      health-related beliefs of205
      racism against Korean immigrants281
      in U.S. Asian American communities392
      women and family issues495
    Korean Youth and Community Center (KYCC)397
    Krasner, Stephen350
    Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK)523
    Kuwait2
    Labor Council for Latin American Advancement (LCLAA)559
    labor recruiters
      recruitment processes491
    Lagan (Indian film)219
    land-to-labor ratios143
    language
      cultural assimilation and386, 389
      English as a second language (ESL)203, 445
      job placements and191
      Korean and Chinese-language schools397, 398
      problems in hospitals205
      problems in public schools203, 204
      programs in public schools203, 204
    Laotian Americans392
    large-scale refugee movements58
    Latina immigrant women
      gender and family issues497, 498
    Latin America
      Christian immigrants from207
      emigration from35
      expatriate voting in94
      immigrants from460
      and OAU/Cartagena Declaration57–58
      regionalism in585
    Latin American immigrants, Mexican and30, 31
    Latino immigrants
      and California's Proposition187, 441
      in civic and political activities176, 177
      exclusion of440
      health-related beliefs of205
      in Evangelical and Pentecostal churches208
      and Korean grocery businesses193
      in meat-processing industry195
      support for U.S. Democratic Party180
      transnationally engaged183
      and U.S. naturalization176
    Lautenburg Amendment of 1989299
    Lawrence, Stephen165
    Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (AFL-CIO)559
    League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)334
    Lefebvre immigration law (France)551
    Legal Immigration Family Equity Act of 2000, U.S.291
    Lewis, John L.560
    Liaison Bureau (Israel)334
    liberal internationalists604
    liberalism, and international political economy357–360
    linked fate concept444
    Lisbon Treaty, 2009589
    loi Chevenement547
    loi Hortefeux548
    loi Mehaignerie547
    London School of Economics158
    long-distance nationalism142
    Los Angeles, California
      children of immigrants in184
      exclusion of Latino immigrants in440
      Latina domestics in194
      Latinos and African Americans in199, 201
      migrant inflows and employment rates112
    Los Angeles Times285
    loss of limbs68
    low land-to-labor ratios143
    low-skilled immigrants31, 326
      fiscal impact of120
      homeland politics and88
      migration of85
      as wage and salary workers117
      wage effects of immigration on109, 110
    Lyon, Matthew275
    MacKinnon, George E.412
    macropolitical economy, effects of remittances on138–139
    mail
      transatlantic86
      voting by94
    Malaysia35
    malnutrition68
    marital status
      immigration attitudes and303
    Mason, Walter557
    mass-influx63
    materialism, immigration attitudes and306–307
    matrifocal family496
    Mazzoli, Romano619
    McKinley, William280
    Meany, George558
    meat-processing industry31, 195
    media, portrayal of immigrants in the305
    medical labor force and immigration
      conflicts between physicians and immigrant patients206
      West Indian women and health-care industry194–195
    medical lobby333
    mental health problems, among displaced persons69
    methodological nationalism74
    metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)114–115
    Mexican-American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF)334, 619
    Mexican Chicago, concept of460
    Mexican Migration Project (MMP)30
    Mexican Revolution461
    microlevel models of migration27, 28, 29
    migrant border fatalities471
    migrant smugglers, migration industry and37–38
    migration and international relations
      strategies for regulating international migration365–369
      transnationalism and the globalization thesis353–357
      whither migration and international relations?348–350
    migration hump37
    migration industry
      migrant smuggling369
      refugees and development of41
    Migration Policy Institute483, 560
    militarization and security, in transborder communities469–473
    Milner, Helen359
    Minutemen Civil Defense Corps628
    mixed legal status families484
    mobility transition32
    mobilization
      and political engagement177
    Montserrat63
    Morocco
      and guest worker programs265
      Moroccan women in Italy497
    Morse, Samuel F. B.277
    Movement Against Racism, Anti-Semitism and for Peace (France)155
    multiethnic neighborhoods197, 396
    multiethnic workplaces196, 197
    multilateral approaches to managing migration263–266
    multinational corporations (MNCs)350
    multiple citizenship609
    Nansen International Office for Refugees56
    Nansen passports56
    National and Local Government Officers Association (UK)541
    National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium334
    National Association of Manufacturers619, 624
    National Association of Teachers (UK)541
    national borders, persons remaining within their54
    National Conference of State Legislatures297
    National Council of Chain Restaurants627
    National Council of La Raza (NCLR)334, 619
    National Council of Social Studies417
    National Guard, U.S.293
    National Immigration Forum624
    Nationality Act of 1948 (UK)539
    Nationality Act of 1964 (UK)539
    Nationality Act of 1981 (UK)539
    national origin
      termination for immigration to U.S.287
    National Retail Federation627
    national security358
    Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation States (Basch et al.)77, 83, 91
    Native Americans279
    Nelson, Alan620
    neoclassical economic models of migration27–28, 33
    Netherlands
      female henna rituals in224
      fiscal impact of immigration in120, 121
      and impact of immigration on wages110
      naturalized citizens in174
      preclearance systems for travelers in259
      UNHCR dependence on365
      voting rights for immigrants in178
    networked governance582
    network migration28, 35
    new citizens, immigrants becoming414
    New Commonwealth countries540
    New Commonwealth (NCW) immigrants539, 544
    New Community166
    new destination states438
    new economics of labor migration (NELM) theory29–30, 35, 36
    newly industrialized countries35
    New York Board of Immigrant Commissioners276
    New York City
      anti-Catholic immigration laws in433
      Chinese restaurants in192
      debt bondage arrangements for migrants517
      human smuggling from China to516
      Italian festa in228
      Jewish neighborhoods in192
      Korean-African American conflicts in200–201
      Korean families in495
      Latino immigrants in Queens444
      multiethnic neighborhood in Queens197
      new forms of music in201
      terrorism and attacks of 9/11 in515
      West Indian domestic workers in193, 194
      West Indians and African Americans in198
    New Zealand
      jus soli citizenship in257
      and security issues515
      visa point system in254
    NEXUS program266
    Nicaragua63
    Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act of 1997, U.S.289, 291
    Nigerian immigrants521
    nomadic groups595
    normative integration404
    North Africa367
    North African Jewish immigrants230
    North Carolina204
    Norwegian Progress Party311
    O'Connor, Herbert R.412
    offering and sacrifice, rituals of223, 224
    Office National d'Immigration (France)545–546
    Office of the High Commissioner for All Refugees under League of Nation Protection56–57
    official development aid (ODA)367
    “off-whiteness,”437
    1.5 generation392
    One America: The History, Contributions, and Present Problems of Our Racial and National Minorities (Brown and Roucek)416, 417
    One Nation Party (Australia)310, 311
    Operation Gatekeeper470
    organizational costs, interest group327
    Organization for the African Union 1969 Refugee Convention54
    Organization of African Unity (OAU)57–58
    Organization of Chinese Americans334
    Orientalism (Said)215
    “other-whiteness,”437
    Otis, Harrison Gray274
    Ottoman Empire56
    Pacific, the35
    Page Act of 1875280
    Pasqua immigration laws (France)547, 549, 550
    Patriot Act, 2001440
    patriotism, migrant long-distance89
    patrons, interest group sponsorship by328, 334
    pay-as-you-go programs121
    per capita income133
    peripheral vision approach, with transborder migrants467
    permanent migration39
    permanent residents175
    Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), 1996, U.S.555, 625
    persons other than Mexicans (OTMs)296
    Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life206–207
    Philippines
      English-speaking nurses from195, 491
      and guest worker programs265
      immigration to U.S. after World War II286
      ritual icons from229
      women and gender issues in494
    pioneer migrants36
    planned migration160
    political asylum514
    political economy
      effects of remittances on138, 139
    politics
      homeland political involvement88–91
      immigrant political engagement participation176–177
      political persecution41
      political rights and democratic citizenship607
    Pompidou, Georges161
    Population Division (UN)595
    ports of entry, enforcement at258, 518
    Posted Workers Directive (EU)537
    post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)69
    poverty
      in Chinatown and Koreatown in Los Angeles396–397
      global justice and605
      impact of remittances on138
      and Vietnamese Americans400
    preclearance systems, at ports of entry259
    prevention and removal policies, in immigration control260
    prices, immigration and its effects on114–115
    primitive migration39
    principles, norms of conduct, multilateral361
    Programa de la Naciaones Unidas para el Desarollo86
    Promised Land, The (Antin)415
    prospect channel134
    protection, for displaced populations67–68
    protectionism359
    protectionist economic model35
    Protocol Relating to Free Movement of Persons and the Right of Residence and Establishment (ECOWAS)584
    provider of last resort concept61
    provisional visas256
    Psychosocial Working Group69
    public festivals, processions, and carnivals227–233
    public opinion
      causes of public support for xenophobic popuist parties and movements310–311
      characteristics of immigrant groups and immigration-related309
    public sphere, immigrant220
    Puebla Process regional dialogue575, 580, 582
    Puerto Rican migrants497
    Punjabi women migrants217, 225
    push-pull migration models27, 347
    Qatar2
    quarantine laws433
    Race Relations Act, 1965 (UK)157, 158
    racial identity and group consciousness442–448
    racial stereotyping394
    radical immigrants281
    radical Islamists250
    Rally pour la Republique (France)163
    rape and sexual violence67, 68, 70
    REAL ID Act of 2005, U.S.297, 439
    realistic group conflict303
    referendum, immigration policy by325
    Refugee Act of 1948, U.S.413
    Refugee Act of 1980, U.S.288
    Refugee Convention (OAU)57
    refugee theory40
    regional borders, and national borders463–466
    regional consultation processes (RCPs)582
    reintegration, of displaced populations67
    religion
      immigration and religious congregations206–208
      immigration attitudes and304
    remittance flows136
    repatriation
      of displaced populations66, 67
      migration control and264
      1990s as the decade of58
    replacement migration34
    resettlement programs67
    Resisting Protectionism: Global Industries and the Politics of International Trade (Milner)359
    restaurants
      immigration and ethic diversity of113
    reterritorialization458
    returnees or resettled persons54, 55
    Reuther, Walter558
    Revolutionary War, American275
    Riess-Passer, Susanne167
    right-wing conservative parties154
    Rodino, Peter619
    Roosevelt, Franklin D.416
    Ross, Edward A.282
    Rubio, Marco633
    Russian Federal Security Service518
    Russian Federation2
    Russian Revolution of 1917281
    sacralization rituals222
    Salinas, Carlos578
    Saltonstall, Leverett412
    Sandoval, Brian633
    San Francisco, California
      Russian immigrants in492
    Saturday Evening Post284
    Schattschneider, E. E.633
    Schumacher-Matos, Edward617
    Schüssel, Wolfgang167
    “science” of anthropology436
    science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields117
    seasonal male migration489
    second generation (children of immigrants)
      and ethnic niche jobs in NYC197
      family and domestic rituals and225
      new culture creation by201
      and translocation of culture217
      transnational engagement among184
    second generation decline387
    Secure Communities259
    securitization of migration511, 521
    security communities513
    segmented labor market (SLM) theory28
    Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy (SCIRP)336
    selective immigration164
    self-employment
      immigrant women and493
    self-identity442
    sending countries, economic effects of emigration on131–147
    Senegalese migrants230
    Sensenbrenner, James628
    SENTRI program266
    service-based economy, and demand for immigrants34
    Service Employees International Union (SEIU)559
    shelter, for displaced populations69
    Sidgwick, Henry603
    Sierra Leonian Muslim women225
    Simcox, Chris628
    Simpson-Mazzoli Act629
    Singapore35
    Single European Act589
    single-issue party159
    Six Companies441
    social diffusion theory33
    social field concept468
    social integration theory405
    social network effect35
    social remittances489
    Somali immigrants473
    Soros, George176
    South African Network for Skills Abroad (SANSA)145
    South America585
    South Asian immigrants, British219
    South Asian Punjabis217
    South Asian women225
    Southern African Development Community (SADC)584, 585
    Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)585
    Southern California Chinese Consumer Yellow Pages398
    South Korea
      citizenship rights in257
      inducements for return to146
      and migration issues372
    Spain
      Ecuadorian immigrants in461
      effect of immigration on employment in111
      fiscal impact of immigration in120
      and guest worker programs265
      international migrants in25
      naturalized citizens in174
      2004 attacks in Madrid522
      wage inequality in112
    Special Agricultural Worker legalization program (U.S.)263
    Spector, Stanley421
    splinter groups334
    Stanford, Leland279
    Starting Line Group (SLG)166
    State Department, U.S., Trafficking in Persons Report517
    State of Emergency: the Third World Invasion of America (Buchanan)291
    State of the World's Refugees: Human Displacement in the New Millennium (UNHCR)64–65
    Stockholm Programme589
    structural assimilation386
    student migration575
    student visas117
    sub-Saharan Africa35
    Sumner, Charles433
    Supplemental Security Income (SSI)555
    Sweden
      Bosnian women in Stockholm225
      early Swedish emigration to U.S.33–34
      expatriate voting in94
      fiscal impact of immigration in120, 121
      self-employed immigrants in118
      UNHCR dependence on365
      voting rights for immigrants in178
    Swiss People's Party311
    Switzerland
      displays of cultural differences in257
      immigration policy in325
      and security issues515
    Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements (SAVE) Program (U.S.)260, 261
    systems feedback, for proactive and reactive migration41
    tactical issue linkage, migration and366, 367
    Taft, William Howard283
    Taiwan
      as destination for migrants35
      inducements for return to146
      and migration issues372
    Taiwanese immigrants494
    Tampere agreement589
    Tanton, John334
    task force-style enforcement259
    taxes
      on Catholic immigrants433
    Tebbit, Norman219
    telecommunications industry, migrants and86, 182
    temporary migration39, 85
    Temporary Protection Directive (EU)63
    temporary visas256
    Texas
      Buddhist temples in Houston207
      efficiency gains from immigration in118–119
      Hispanics and African Americans in199
      illegal immigrants in337
      Latino immigrants in441
      Mexican migrants in Dallas-Fort Worth30
    Thai Americans392
    third-country nationals (TCNs)371, 536
    third-country resettlement67
    third generation392
    tourism, ethnic86
    tourist visas194
    trade-based economic regionalism576, 577, 584
    Trafficking in Persons Report517
    transatlantic migrations, era of86, 135
    transatlantic slave trades144
    transferred rituals221
    transitional bilingual programs203
    transnational citizenship369
    transnational corporations (TNCs)355, 519
    transnational criminal organizations519–520
    transnational networks369
    transnational NGOs165
    transnational social practices38
    Treaty of Ascuncion585
    Treaty of Cartagena, 1969585
    Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo436, 462
    Treaty on European Union (TEU)166, 167
    true acquaintance theory304
    trusted-traveler and watch list systems259
    Turkish returnees140
    unauthorized migrants, designation as39, 54
    undocumented agricultural workers (SAW)289
    undocumented immigrants
      benefits for children of624, 625
      designation as54
      farm workers290
      hospital care for206
      labor unions and undocumented labor migrants536
      politics and issue of undocumented immigration294
      remittance business and86
      terrorists as292
      West Indian women194
    Union Democratique Francaise (UDF)163
    United Farm Workers (UFW)559
    United Kingdom
      ancestral visas for British descendants255
      “cricket test” for British South Asian immigrants219
      effect of immigration on employment in111
      family reunification issues in164
      fiscal impact of immigration in120, 121
      hybrid visa system in254
      and impact of immigration on wages109, 110
      Indian-educated returnees from England141
      interest groups and immigration policy in330–331
      jus soli and jus sanguinis citizenship's in257
      naturalized citizens in173, 174
      organized labor and immigration policy in538–545
      preclearance systems for travelers to259
      Punjabi women migrants in217
      “shortage industries” list254
      visa point system in254
      wage inequality in112
    United Nations (UN)25, 34
      definition of global mobility521
      definitions of smuggling and trafficking517
      global refugee population346
      leadership approaches for internally displaced persons60
      1951 Refugee Convention160, 255
      Population Division595
      recognition of environmental refugees42
      world emigrant stock133
    United Nations Convention on Refugees251
    United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees54, 57
    United Nations Development Programme86
    United Nations Economic Commission for Africa584
    United Nations Global Forum on Migration and Development266
    United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)43, 251, 602
      client states365
      definition for refugee41
      establishment of57
      and forced displacement66
      humanitarian visas and255
      and natural-disaster-induced displacement64–65
      and protection for displaced populations68
      and total refugee population346
    United Nations High-Level Panel on System-wide Coherence61
    United Nations Population Division (UNPD)1, 2
    United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)57
    United Nations Relief and Work Administration for Palestinian Refugees57
    United Nations Security Council523
    United Nations Transnational Crime Convention517
    United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)522
    Universal Declaration of Human Rights602
    upward assimilation389
    urban flight514
    Van Gogh, Theo153
    Vecoli, Rudolph J.418
    venue shopping, immigration policy and329, 335
    verification, documents260
    veteran migrants85
    Vietnamese Americans
      in low-skilled jobs392
      in U.S. Asian American communities392
    Vietnamese Catholic Church400, 402
    Vietnamese immigrants
      in Chinatown in Los Angeles396
      gender and family issues496
      refugee children in eastern New Orleans399–405
      sacralization of homes and gardens by222
    Villaraigosa, Antonio181
    visa abusers296
    visa point systems254
    Wagner Act of 1935 (U.S.)563
    War Brides Act of 1944, U.S.286
    war on terror292
    Washington, D. C.30
    Washington, George298
    Washington State337
    watch list systems259
    Weil, Patrick422
    welcome and integration contract (France)164
    welfare programs
      fiscal impact of welfare121
      and illegal immigration625
      visas and welfare benefits335
    welfare states607
    Western Hemisphere immigration288, 289
    West Indian immigrants
      and immigration policies to U.S.286, 288
    We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant (Wittke)416
    Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity (S. Huntington)292
    Wilson, Woodrow283
    women and children, displaced
      children and loss of education69
      female migrants2
      and forced displacement66
      malnourished women and children68
      rape and sexual violence against6, 67
      in resettlement programs67
      shelter for69
    Women and Migration in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands (Segura and Zavella)460
    Working Sub Group Number 10 on Labour Relations, Employment and Social Security585
    world population
      international migration rate and1–2, 25
      total emigrant stock and133
    world systems theory, migration and35
    World Values Survey307
    Zammar, Mohammed Haydar525
    Zamora, Rodolfo Garcia514
    Zedillo, Ernesto372
    zero tolerance472
    zoning laws, racially based440
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