Index

Note: Diacritical marks are not used with transliterated terms and proper names in this index, although they are used in some chapters of this Handbook. The spellings are ones commonly accepted when diacritical marks are not used. Italic page numbers refer to figures.

Abbington, James518

Abd al-Hamid al-Katib302

Abe, Stanley K.375–76, 381

Abhinavagupta118, 330, 332, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 345, 18, 346, 27, 347, 31, 351

Abrams, M. H.59, 62, 138

Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid305

Adab306

Adams, Doug19, 15, 85, 407

Adams, Henry433–34, 440, 441

Adams, John (composer)3

Adorno, Theodor239, 274, 427

Aertsen, Pieter450, 451, 460, 461

Aeschylus166

aesthetics
carnivalesque338–40
concepts and definitions of9, 11, 14, 25–26, 81, 418–23
and the environment38
and ethics418–30
“great tradition” of10
Indian330, 335–42
liturgical404–413
postmodern12–13, 73, 406–407
practical26–28
religious1, 2, 5–18, 27–34, 330, 335–42, 97–100
transgressive340–42
theological1, 4, 11, 14, 29–38, 44–54, 77–87 See also art; See also beauty; See also imagination; See also rasa; See also sublime; See also taste

African American music112, 124, 498–519

Alberti, Leon Battista213, 462

Aleichem, Sholem259

Ali, Kazim154, 156

Allen, Richard501

Alter, Robert132–34, 144, 65, 148, 261

Amaterasu166, 190, 398

Ambrose79, 289

Amichai, Yehuda157

Amida Buddha397

Angelico, Fra17

Anski, Solomon170

Antonioni, Michelangelo243

Apollo110, 168, 187

Apostolos-Cappadona, Diane20, 15, 85, 225

Aquinas, Thomas8, 9, 31, 46, 50–51, 53, 79–80

Arcand, Denys165

architecture203–218
aniconic decoration of211–12
approaches to studying sacred18
assembly places, contrasted with temples203–206
Buddhist99, 191, 205, 368, 371, 375
Christian10, 28, 204, 205–206, 207, 208–210, 212–13, 214–16, 217, 312
Confucian391–92
Gothic6, 10, 28, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217, 422
harmony and proportion in213
Hindu6, 204, 210, 352–54
Islamic209, 211, 310, 311–12, 313–15
Jewish207–208, 275–77
modern215–16
monumentality in207–209
preaching within205
postmodern12
revival styles214, 215, 217, 273
Romanesque28, 210, 215, 217, 273
sacred geometry in6
Shinto353, 396, 397, 399
symbolism in210–211
Taoist381, 383–84 See also mosque; See also museum; See also synagogue; See also temple

Aristophanes167

Aristotle30–31, 53, 79, 92, 131, 165, 166–67, 169, 175, 280, 471

Arkoun, Mohammed305

Arnheim, Rudolf224

Arnold, Matthew11, 12, 151, 279

art
and creative imagination2, 7, 11, 13, 77–87
definitions and concepts of5–6, 8, 9, 12, 26
ethical and moral aspects of12, 36, 37, 38, 418–30, 469–75
folk482–83
gender critique of469–72
and incarnation33, 47, 79, 121, 122, 123, 155, 211, 351, 355, 454, 457
and politics413, 418, 419, 424, 425, 427–30, 455, 470, 473
popular in comparison with fine or elite85, 298, 372, 429, 490–95
problems in applying term8, 310–11, 367, 372–76, 389–90
as proclamation and manifestation86
and social transformation11, 38, 86, 428–30, 463, 511, 512
in South African anti-apartheid movement428–30
and the study of religion1–18
theology and30–38, 350–52 See also aesthetics; See also visual arts;

Artaud, Antonin172

Artemis187

artistry as spiritual vocation15, 31, 34, 44, 46, 51, 59, 77–97, 91–102

asceticism32, 33, 249, 336

Ashkenazic Jews212, 260, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 271, 272, 404

Auden, W. H.154, 279

Auerbach, Eric131–32

Augustine of Hippo8, 30–32, 46, 79, 80, 86, 110, 112, 114, 167, 279, 289, 404, 419, 474

Austin, J. L.173

Avison, Margaret154

Baal Shem Tov118

Bach, J. S.115, 124, 287, 291

Baker, Houston, Jr.517

Baker, Patricia317

Bakhtin, Mikhail96, 100, 175, 439

Bal, Mieke133, 134

Baldwin, James445

Balthasar, Hans Urs von11, 35, 46–47, 48, 50, 86, 174, 177, 39, 282–84, 419, 426, 442

Barca, Pedro Calderón de la174

Barth, Karl11, 35, 115, 122, 282, 284, 287, 442–43

Basil the Great33, 113

Baudelaire, Charles151

Baudrillard, Jean65, 452

Bauman, Zygmunt73, 441

Baumgaertner, Jill155

Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb25–26, 81

bayan302, 303

Beaudoin, Tom240

beauty
in architecture209, 213
biblical ideas of35, 45, 49, 50
concepts and definitions of4, 8–9, 11, 16, 25–26, 45–48, 50
of Christ35, 49, 79, 80, 438
of the Cross32, 35
and/of God10, 21, 30, 32, 35, 44–54, 79, 80, 86, 338
and goodness (moral and ethical)9, 10, 31–32, 36, 37–38, 419, 420, 422, 424–26
in Hinduism48, 335, 338
and holiness12, 49, 51, 221, 287
incongruity of, with suffering433
in Islam48, 409
in Jewish mysticism47–48
and justice425–26
of Krishna48
ladder of45
and liberation37
in liturgy405, 406, 408, 414
of music111, 112, 115, 123, 287, 288
moral and spiritual, privileged over artistic8–9, 46, 49
multicultural38
of nature44, 46, 48–49, 433
of poetry in scripture147–48
in popular religion495
redemptive426
religious worries about44
sacramental33, 51, 84
of Shiva Nataraja490
of spirituals505
in the Talmud47
in theological or religious aesthetics4, 6, 9–10, 12, 15, 26, 34, 44–54, 335–38
as a transcendental10, 31, 32, 35, 79
in worship54 See also aesthetics; See also art; See also iconoclasm; See also sublime; See also taste

Beauvais, Vincent of31

Beck, Guy L.359, 361, 362

Becker, Judith116, 117, 118, 120

Becket, Thomas169, 173

Beckett, Samuel171, 172

Beckett, Wendy19–20, 15

Beckwith, Sarah167–68

Beethoven, Ludwig van83, 120, 291

Begbie, Jeremy85, 123

Bellow, Saul447

Belting, Hans6, 452, 473

Benedict XVI, Pope11, 283

Berdyaev, Nicholas93, 96

Bergman, Ingmar238, 241, 243

Bernard of Clairvaux33, 209–210, 283

Bernini, Gian Lorenzo454

Bernstein, Leonard264, 266

Beuys, Joseph98

Bezalel46, 47, 270

Bhagavad Gita7, 48, 59, 67, 120, 147, 331
and the sublime68–73

Bhajan28, 362, 363, 364

bhakti7, 71, 72, 194, 343, 5
in Hindu devotional poetry61, 68, 70
in Indian dance194
and Hindu aesthetics335–37
in Hindu music359

Bharata Muni360, 363

Bharata Natyam dance style183, 195–96, 347–48, 35, 335

Bhoja330, 337

Bible
and art37, 270–72, 296
cantillation of264
and literature11, 130–41, 282, 436, 440
midrash and123, 134, 135
and modern dance196
and movies165, 173, 243, 246
and music263–64, 288–89
parables and86, 122, 134, 135, 136, 139, 242
poetry of148
strangeness of God in132 See also psalms

Blackwell, Albert115, 121

Blake, Eubie505, 507

Blake, William11, 59, 61, 67, 69, 82, 96, 98, 150

Bland, Kalman277

Bloch, Ernest266

Blondel, François214

Bloom, Harold59, 142, 22, 261

blues112, 171, 498, 505–506, 508, 513, 516, 517

Blunt, Anthony297

Boehme, Jakob52

Boethius57, 114

Bohlman, Philip Vilas267

Bonaventure31

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich442

Boonma, Montien374

Brahman62, 63, 66–72, 147, 359

Brahms, Johannes121, 291

Brancusi, Constantin99

Brandon, S. G. F.225

Braque, Georges463

Brecht, Bertolt169, 170

Britten, Benjamin119

Brook, Peter172, 175

Brooks, Tilford515

Broude, Norma472

Brown, David19, 15, 35, 37, 122, 123

Brown, Frank Burch19, 6, 21, 28, 36, 37, 77, 85, 86, 148

Brown, Robert McAfee241

Browne, Sir Thomas114

Bruckner, Anton122

Buckley, Vincent152

Buddha84, 167, 205, 228, 336, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 491, 494

Buddhism5, 29, 69, 190, 328, 339, 488
aniconic aspects of7, 39, 12, 368–69
art and visual culture in8, 33, 39, 12, 99, 228, 367–76, 380
Buddha image in8, 84, 369, 370–72, 374, 375, 413, 455, 458, 491, 492, 493, 494–95
challenges to art history posed by223, 224, 374–76
Christian missionaries and494
dance in183, 191
devotional practices of403
and drama166
Mahayana28, 39, 12
mandala in94
music and358
rock gardens in13
and Shinto396, 397, 399
stupa in368, 495
Tantric/Vajrayana28, 97, 183, 413
and Taoism380–81
thangka art in97, 99, 100, 101
Zen13, 28, 38, 101, 166, 224, 228, 374, 413

Bulgakov, Sergei35

Bultmann, Rudolf442

Bunuel, Luis238, 243

Bunyan, John279

Burch Brown, Frank. See Brown, Frank Burch

Burckhardt, Titus225

Burke, Edmund57, 60, 81–82, 187

Burnet, Thomas60

Bychkov, Oleg20, 17

Cairns, Scott154, 155, 158

calligraphy28, 101, 212, 313, 379, 392, 408

Calvin, John31, 34, 80, 111, 112, 189, 289–90

cantata115, 291

cantillation263, 264, 322, 323

cantor264, 265, 267, 406, 411, 412, 414, 415

Caravaggio294, 462, 463

Carnatic music331, 361, 363

carnivalesque, the338–40

Carson, Anne159

Catherine of Siena469

Celan, Paul259

censorship418, 424

Ceppede, Jean de la149

Chadwick, Owen19, 15

Chadwick, Whitney470

Chagall, Marc274, 298

chant113, 147, 148, 191, 263, 264, 265, 289, 322, 323, 358, 359, 360, 363, 409, 411, 414, 415, 504

chazzan. See cantor

Chekhov, Anton279

Christ. See Jesus (Christ)

Christianity and the arts
architecture10, 28, 204, 205–206, 207, 208–210, 212–13, 214–16, 217, 312
dance183, 184, 187–89, 197
drama35, 167–68, 169
film241–45, 246, 247, 249
literature130–41, 148, 149, 155, 279–84
music31, 110, 111–13, 114–15, 119, 120–24, 216, 286–91
visual and material80, 221, 225, 227, 228, 229, 232, 294–99, 452–54, 456–57, 459–61, 469–70, 473–74, 487, 488–89, See also under aesthetics;, art;, icon;, iconoclasm

Church, Frederic Edwin60

Churches. See Architecture, Christian

Churchill, Caryl170

Clark, Elizabeth A.474

Clement of Alexandria46, 114, 189

Cleveland, James509, 510

Clifton, Lucille158

clown250, 2, 327, 329, 334, 339, 340, 341–42, 343, 10, 344, 12, 345, 22, 348, 38

Clunas, Craig392

Cohen, Israel208

Cohen, Richard I.277

Cole, Thomas60

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor59, 92, 279, 436

Cone, James H.112, 516

Confucianism
and architecture389, 391, 392, 393
and arts388–93
confusing concepts about388–89
images and iconoclasm in393
and music390
and ritual performance389, 390
sculpture in391, 392
studies of389–93

Confucius190, 388, 389, 390, 393

Congar, Yves37

Cook, John W.85

Coomaraswamy, Ananda K.225, 369, 370

Costen, Melva Wilson517–18

Courbet, Gustave481

Couturier, Marie-Alain298

Cowley, Malcolm442

Cram, Ralph Adams217

Crane, Stephen441

Crawford, Richard288

creativity11, 91–102
in anti-apartheid resistance429, 430
in art and religion93–94, 97–102
bisociation and332
and freedom423, 424, 427
divine48, 79
and imagination84
in liturgy406
model for understanding process of97–100
suppressed by religion226 See also art; See also imagination

Crumlin, Rosemary225, 299

Cruz, Juana Ines de la149

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly95

Cummin, Thomas225

Curran, Kathleen217

Cutler, Norman351

Dali, Salvador297

dance18, 3, 101, 109, 111, 116, 111, 166, 169, 182–98
Bharata Natyam style of183, 195–96, 347–48 n.35
funerals using184
and Buddhism183, 191
and Christianity183, 184, 187–89, 197, 198, 346, 26
connected with drama162–63, 166, 169, 183
erotic aspects of186, 194, 335, 337
Greek and Roman187–88
and Hinduism27–28, 185, 186, 191–96, 333–35, 337, 340, 341–342, 346, 26
in India191–96
and Islam117, 183, 189–90, 322
and Judaism184, 188, 197
modern196
pantomime185
prehistoric186
in processions184–85
in the Ramayana196
ritual aspects of182, 183, 185, 186, 190–91, 193, 195–96, 198
and sacred dance movement197
Shaker290
Shinto190–91
studies of religion and197–98
Sufi117, 183, 189–90, 322, 324–25
suspicion and rejection of, in religion183, 189, 197
televised198
trance in116
tribal186–87, 481

Danielou, Alain363

Dante Alighieri10, 124, 142, 22, 148, 149, 249, 279, 280, 283, 440

Daoism. See Taoism

Davis, Miles507

Davis, Todd156

darshan6, 8, 354

Darwin, Charles296, 434, 437, 440

Daumier, Honoré481–82

Davies, J. G.188, 218

Debuyst, Frédéric216

Dehejia, Vidya351, 368

Delaroche, Paul296

Demeter187

Dennis, John57

Derrida, Jacques59, 63, 64, 65, 134, 172, 472

dervishes117, 183, 189, 325

Detweiler, Craig241, 245

devadasis185, 193, 194, 196, 340, 342

Devi360

Dewey, John96

dhikr189, 324, 325

Diaghilev, Sergey196

Dickens, Charles279

Dickinson, Emily279, 438–39, 440, 445, 446, 447

Diderot, Denis425

Didi-Huberman, Georges460

Dillenberger, Jane Dagget19, 15, 20, 21, 36, 85, 225

Dillenberger, John19, 15, 20, 21, 36, 85, 225

Dillistone, F. W.139

Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite32, 46

Dionysus162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 172, 173, 187, 343, 8

Dix, Otto297

Dixon, Christa K.516

Dixon, John W.19, 15

Dome of the Rock312, 313, 316

Donne, John149, 152, 155, 279

Donoghue, Denis441

Dorsey, Thomas A.498, 508, 517

Dostoevsky, Fyodor279, 437, 438, 439, 440, 445, 446, 456

doubt and belief in modern literature11, 150–59, 433–47

Douglass, Frederick445–46

drama
African American171
ancient Greek162–64
avant-garde171–74
Buddhism and166
early Christian opposition to167
and cinema165
Corpus Christi cycle of167–68
ethical aspects of165, 167
Hindu327–42
Kenosis and174–75
liturgical166–67
“method” acting in169
mystery plays169
performance in173
and religion162–75
and ritual164, 166, 168–69, 172–73
sacramental aspects of168, 170
shamanism and166
Shinto and166
tragedy162, 166, 167, 172
and theology174–75

Dreiser, Theodore441

Driver, Tom F.171

Drury, John20, 15

Du Bois, W. E. B.498, 500

Duffy, Eamon20, 15

Dulles, Avery458

Dura Europus39, 11, 78

Durandus, William211

Durkheim, Emile172

Dwyer, Rachel351

Dyrness, William19, 15, 298

Eastern Orthodox Christianity406
and Hesychastic mysticism119
and icons6, 7, 8, 14, 33, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 122, 184, 212, 228, 245, 294
and music3, 122, 411

Eaton, Richard351

Ebert, Roger240

Eck, Diana19, 13

Eckhart, Meister62

Edwards, Jonathan9, 32, 34, 46, 49, 53, 115

Einboden, Jeffrey149

Einstein, Albert54

Elgood, Heather19, 13, 351, 353–54

Eliade, Mircea61, 62, 65, 67, 69, 72, 218, 224, 225, 245

Eliot, Charles440, 441, 442

Eliot, George439, 440

Eliot, T. S.151, 154, 168, 170, 279

Elkins, James225

Ellington, Duke507

Ellison, Ralph445

Emerson, Ralph Waldo279, 436

Empson, William152

Enlightenment, European18, 67, 82, 409
concepts of art and aesthetics in5–6, 9, 11, 14, 25–26, 33, 81, 221, 419, 425
ethical ideas from425, 434
Judaism and its arts affected by258, 259, 260, 263
supremacy of reason in82, 136, 150, 422, 435

Epstein, Dena516

Epstein, Heidi115

Erasmus, Desiderius168

Euripides162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 170, 173

Esslin, Martin171

Ettinghausen, Richard317

Evdokimov, Paul46

Faith
and art77–87
and doubt, in literature11, 150–59, 433–47

Farley, Edward34

Faulkner, William139, 279, 281–82, 284, 4

Fellini, Federico238, 243

Fenellosa, Ernest372

film
Catholic and Protestant interpretations contrasted244
compared with drama165
diverse church responses to242–45
Hindu uses of351, 355
Jesus in165, 173, 243
Jewish directors of261
methods of studying religion and241, 248–50
moral questions regarding239, 242–43
music in248
narrative in247, 248
parable-like242
and popular culture247
religion and3, 238–50
sacramental aspects of244, 245
sense of divine presence mediated by244–45, 351
sexuality and247, 248
spirituality and246
theological criticism and241–42
video and239

Finney, Paul Corbey19, 15

Fisher, Miles Mark516

Fisher, Robert E.375

Fiske Jubilee Singers504

Fitzgerald, F. Scott442

Florenskii, Pavel98

Floyd, Samuel A., Jr.515

Focillon, Henri483–84, 494

Fokine, Michel196

Foley, Edward289

Forster, E. M.131

Foucault, Michel172, 472

Foucher, Alfred369

Frances of Assisi469

Franklin, Aretha511

Freedberg, David225

Freud, Sigmund59, 136, 163, 172, 283, 452

Friedrich, Caspar David98, 299

Frost, Robert151, 152, 279, 443

Frye, Northrop59, 67

Gallie, W. B.140

Gandhi, Mahatma70

Ganesha348, 38, 354, 360

García-Rivera, Alejandro20, 15, 85

Gardner, Howard94

Garrard, Mary D.470, 472, 475, 477

Gaston, Anne-Marie197, 198, 362

Gauguin, Paul297

Geertz, Clifford168–69, 172–73

Gelineau, Joseph289, 414

gender, critical attention to in art and religion94, 198, 222, 223, 226, 243, 277, 338–40, 421, 424, 469–74

Gentz, William H.188

geometry, sacred6

Gerow, Edwin337

Ghazzali, Mohammad al-48, 117

Gheeraerts, Marcus452, 453, 463

Gibson, Mel173, 298

Gilkey, Langdon84

Gilson, Etienne50

Girard, René172

Glass, Philip3, 119, 120

globalization86, 196, 198, 226, 232, 260, 297, 517

God
as artist and poet31, 32, 34, 46, 148
beautiful names of, in Islam48
and beauty10, 21, 30, 32, 35, 44–54, 338
as ultimate Connoisseur, in Indian aesthetics341
doubt and belief concerning, in modern literature150–59, 433–47
glory of34, 35, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 79, 207, 214, 426
and modern Islamic literature308
and movie experience241, 244–45
and music11–12, 47, 117–20, 121–22, 324–25
and mystery in fictional narrative135–36
rabbinical view of134
and the sublime32, 66–73
transcendence and immanence of, in Hinduism69–70 See also mysticism;

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von118, 150, 308, 422

Gogh, Vincent van296–97

Goldsworthy, Andy99

Gordimer, Nadine428

Gorringe, Timothy19, 15

gospel music14, 112, 508–10, 511, 517

Gothic architecture6, 10, 28, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217, 422

Gottlieb, Jack266

Gottlieb, Mauricy273

Grabar, André224

Grabar, Oleg224, 317, 454

Graham, Martha196

Great Mosque of Damascus312, 316, 454

Greco, El294–95

Greeley, Andrew241, 244

Greenberg, Clement482

Gregory, Andre173

Gregory of Nyssa32, 52, 79

Grotowski, Jerzy173

Grunewald, Matthias470

Guanyin381

Guardini, Romano215

Guevara, Miguel de149

Gutt, Christine399

Hadith39, 11, 48, 307, 311, 315, 322, 323, 324

Hafiz of Shiraz149, 317

Haggadah261, 272, 452, 455

Hagia Sophia208–209, 454

Halevi, Judah149, 258

Haley, Arthur173

Hamburger, Jeffrey470

Hammond, Peter217

Ha-Naguid, Samuel258

Handel, George Frideric110, 290, 291, 514

Hanna, Judith182

Hanslick, Eduard115

Hardy, Thomas438, 440

Harrán, Don265

Harries, Richard19, 15, 85

Harris, Max168, 175

Harris, Michael W.517

Hassidism265

hasya327, 352, 360

Hart, Alexander273

Hart, David Bentley11

Hawthorne, Nathaniel279, 438

Haynes, Deborah427, 428

Hazelton, Roger19, 15, 225

Heaney, Seamus155, 158

Heemskerck, Maarten van460

Hegel, G. W. F.2, 11, 12, 34, 36, 65–68, 72, 73, 82, 421, 422, 423

Heidegger, Martin20, 23, 64, 224

Herbert, George149, 279

Herder, Gottfried481

hermeneutics29, 218, 305, 330, 350

Higgins, Gareth241

Hildegard von Bingen404

Hill, Geoffrey152, 158

Hinduism7, 63, 66, 68
aesthetics and poetics in7, 68–73, 327–42
humor and transgressive qualities in artistry of331–33, 338–42
aniconic forms of7, 39, 12
dance (or dance-drama) in27–28, 185, 186, 191–96, 335, 337, 340, 341–42, 346, 26
epic literature in331–33
and film342, 348, 37, 355
images in8, 27, 39, 12, 33, 354–55, 491
music in28, 358–64, 501
popular arts in2, 350–52, 354–55
sacred and profane in arts of327–342
temples in204, 210, 352–54
and theology of the Bhagavad Gita67–73
visual theology in350–55
worship in6, 27, 353–55
bhakti7, 61, 70, 71, 72, 194, 335–37, 343 n.5, 359, 361, 362
darshan6, 8, 354
prasada353
puja403

Hindustani music110, 119, 361, 362, 363

hip-hop499, 501, 512–13

Hirn, Yrjö19, 12, 14–15

Hirsch, Edward157, 158

Hirshfield, Jane147, 154, 156

Hisamatsu, Shin’ichi101, 224

Hoffman, Lawrence404, 405–406

Holbein, Hans, the Younger456

Holiday, Billie507

Homer92, 130, 131, 188, 279, 440

Hopkins, Gerard Manley49, 51, 52, 152, 279

Hovda, Robert414

Howard, Wayne359

Howes, Graham19, 6, 19, 15

Hudgins, Andrew153

Hudson, Dennis351

Hume, David25, 49

humor332–33, 338–42

Hunt, William Holman296

Huntington, Susan L.368

Hutcheson, Francis25

hymns28, 48, 124, 137, 147, 189, 216, 279, 286, 287, 289, 290, 359, 361, 362, 363, 408, 409, 500–501, 511

Ibn al-Bawwab313

Ibn abi’l-Dunya324, 325

Ibn al-Jawzi324

Ib al-Muqaffa303

Ibn Gabirol, Shlomo258

Ibn Khaldun322

Ibn Muqla313

Ibn Qutayba306, 307

Ibsen, Henrik169, 170

iconostasis205, 208

iconoclasm226, 227, 231, 450–63
and Buddhism39, 12, 228, 455, 458
and Christianity32–33, 78, 403
and Confucian images393
defined451
and embodiment456–58
in a gaze154
and intimations of ultimate mystery463
and Islam39, 11, 454
and Judaism38, 11, 78, 271, 277, 452
and material culture451–52
modern455
objects of, and their “life history,”460–61
and Protestantism33, 39, 11, 212, 403, 454

iconography222, 224, 225, 227, 230, 233, 298, 315, 316, 370, 372, 375, 380, 381, 391

iconology222, 233

icons6, 7, 8, 14, 33, 98, 212, 228, 294
and “art,”8, 372–74
Buddhist370–73
Daoist380
Eastern Orthodox6, 7, 8, 14, 33, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 122, 184, 212, 228, 245, 294, 454
“living,”371–72, 373
as marketable objects97, 100
musical122
not made with human hands454
wonder-working33

Idelsohn, A. Z.264, 405

idolatry in art92, 122, 283, 289, 372
iconoclastic fears of231
Jewish fears of270, 271, 272
missionary fears of488–90
Protestant fears of403

images

imagination27, 49, 54, 58, 59, 81, 82, 93, 421
and art2, 7, 11, 13, 14, 59, 77–87, 92, 133, 150, 295, 383, 422, 423, 425, 469–72
and Christian faith83–87, 133, 137, 295, 403, 455
divine84
ethical role of84
feminist critique regarding, in art and religion469–75
freedom of14
and hope428
and liberation86
poetic, in Islam149, 303, 305
and prayer158
and symbol66
theological and religious93, 455, 298–99 See also aesthetics; See also art; See also creativity; See also Romanticism

Impastato, David153

incarnation28, 30, 35, 39, 25, 47, 49, 84, 280, 452
and art33, 47, 79, 121, 122, 123, 155, 211, 351, 355, 454, 457

Internet455

iPods498

Irenaeus46, 79

Islam and the arts
aniconic and representational39, 11, 315–16
art and architecture310–18
calligraphy313
cantillation of Qur’an323
classifying and studying310–11
dance117, 183, 189, 190, 324–25
dhikr324–25
literature in relation to the Qur’an302–308
in Mughal empire310, 317, 350, 362
Muhammad as depicted in316
music109, 113, 116, 117, 118, 190, 321–25, 335, 363, 412
poetry118, 149
sama’116, 117, 322, 325
Sufi109, 113, 117, 118, 149, 190, 315, 317, 324–25, 363, 409–410, 412 See also iconoclasm; See also mosque

Israëls, Jozef273

Jabès, Edmond134

Jackson, Mahalia509

Jackson, Michael118, 518

Jacobsen, Douglas19, 15

Jacobson, Israel215

Jahiz303, 304, 307

Jain, Kajri354

Jainism191, 328, 337, 363

James, William62, 117, 445

Jameson, Anna Brownell Murphy223

Janson, H. W.297

Jarman, Mark155, 158

Jasper, David18n.4

jazz507–508

Jeffrey, Peter264

Jenson, Robert288

Jensen, Robin18, 3, 19, 15

Jeremias, Joachim148

Jesus (Christ)
beauty of35, 49, 79, 80, 438
in divine drama174–75
film depictions of165, 173, 243
historical questions regarding, and literature136–37, 435
and icons6
music about the Passion of291
and narratives of the Passion of136, 139
painting of the Passion of295
plays about life and Passion of165, 167–68, 169

Joby, Christopher296

John XXIII, Pope511

John of Damascus32, 98, 212, 404, 454

John Paul II, Pope37–38

Johnson, James Weldon505

Johnson, J. Rosamond505

Johnston, Robert K.241, 243, 246

Jones, Everett LeRoi171

Jones, Lindsay1, 218

Josephus258

Josipovici, Gabriel133

Joyce, James279, 441

Judaism
and literature257–61
and museums275–77
and music113, 118, 263–69, 288–89, 403–404
and visual and architectural art270–77 See also iconoclasm; See also synagogue; See also temple;

Justinian208

Justin Martyr473

Ka’ba316

Kabuki191

Kafka, Franz134, 135, 139, 259

Kageyama Haruki399

Kali184

Kalidasa329, 330, 337, 346, 31, 348

Kandinsky, Wassily299

Kant, Immanuel11, 14, 26, 32, 33, 35, 36, 58, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72, 73, 79, 80, 81, 82, 92, 421–23

Karlstadt, Andreas80

Karr, Mary154

Katz, Paul381

Kaufman, Gordon D.93, 96

Kavanagh, Aidan405

Keach, Benjamin290

Kearney, Richard80

Keil, Charles517

Keller, Catherine11, 20, 23

Kermode, Frank131, 135, 139–40, 443, 444, 445

Khalafallah, Muhammad Ahmad305

Khan, Nusrat Fateh Ali118

Khuli, Amin al-305

Khyal362

Kieckhefer, Richard19, 15

Kierkegaard, Søren14, 33, 82, 136, 421, 423

Kim, Atta374

Kirk-Duggan, Cheryl A.516–17

Kirtan363

klezmer109, 266

Kligman, Mark L.267

Knapp, Jeffrey168

Koch, Kenneth147

Kohn, Livia379, 380, 383

Kol Nidre406

Kramrisch, Stella224, 351, 353

Krishna48, 69–72, 120, 192–93, 210, 358, 359, 362, 363

Kristeller, Paul19, 11

Kumin, Maxine158

Kushner, Tony3, 170, 259

Kuspit, Donald426–27

Kuyper, Abraham34–35, 36

Lacan, Jacques472

Landow, George296

Lane, Belden452

Lao Tsu (Laozi)147, 380

Lara, Jaime217

Lash, Nicholas175

Latour, Bruno461

Lawrence, D. H.130, 137, 140, 279

LeCompte, Elizabeth173

Lee, Li-Young153

Leeuw, Gerardus van der12, 15–16, 35–36, 61, 65, 69, 227, 405

Leidy, Denise Patry375

Leonardo da Vinci221

Levertov, Denise154, 158, 447

Levi, Primo259

Levinas, Emmanuel175

Levine, Lee217

Lewis, C. S.250

Lidova, Natalie360

Liebermann, Max273

Lindsey, Alfred Lord223

Lipchitz, Jacques274, 298

Lissitzky, El274

literature
African American445–46
and the Bible130–41, 134, 140
Christianity and130–41, 148, 149, 155, 279–84
doubt and belief expressed in modern433–47
drama162–75
folk482
Hindu epic and dance-drama70, 327–42
Islam and the Qur’an, in relation to302–308
Judaism and257–61
parables86, 122, 134, 135, 136, 139, 305
poetry146–59
and politics330, 445
and race424, 445–46

Little, Stephen379–80, 381–82

liturgy. See worship

Locke, John81

Lollards167, 168

London, Jack441

Lonergan, Bernard35

Long, Richard99

Longinus57

Loughlin, Gerald245

Lowell, James Russell440

Lowrie, Walter225

Lucian187

Luria, Isaac174

Lutgendorf, Philip351

Luther, Martin111, 114, 132, 134, 212, 289, 404

Lyotard, Jean-François139, 409

Macarius50

MacGregor, Neil3

Mackey, James86

MacLeish, Archibald170

MacMillan, James3

Madonna (in Christianity)461
Black228, 229
as Theotokos (God-bearer)229, 452

Maeterlink, Maurice171

Mahabharata172, 173, 185, 194, 331, 333

Mahler, Gustav118, 119, 122

Maimon, Moses ibn (Maimonides)258

Mâle, émile19, 12, 37, 224

Malick, Terrence3, 298

Malraux, André225

mandalas94, 210, 228, 353

Mandelstam, Osip147

Mander, Karel van461

Man, Paul de58

Mann, Vivian B.277

Manning, Russell Re20, 21, 26

Marcus, Ivan G.277

Marcuse, Herbert87, 427

Marini, Stephen116

Maritain, Jacques36, 225

Marsh, Clive241, 243, 244

Martin, Joel243

Marx, Karl93

Mary Magdalene469

Mary, mother of Jesus469

Mass (liturgy and music)6, 28, 109, 123, 204, 286, 291

Masson Jeffrey337

Matisse, Henri297–98, 485

material culture480–95
and fine art483–85
and “kitsch,”482
and popular art480–83
and popular religion487–95
and religious studies486–95

Maultsby, Portia K.502

McCallum, Donald373

McCarthy, Mary446–47

McClain, Carl242

McDannell, Colleen19, 15, 245

McFeely, William446

McIntyre, John77, 84

McKay, David P.288

Medved, Michael243

Meenakshi Sundareshwar Temple352–55

megachurches205–206

Melville, Herman139, 279, 437–38

Mencius390

Mendelsohn, Eric216

Mendelssohn, Felix287, 291

Merwin, W. S.153

Messiaen, Olivier119, 122

Milbank, John11, 20, 24

Michelangelo Buonarroti8, 96, 98, 294, 452, 458, 459, 460–61, 484

Mickiewicz, Adam450

Miles, Margaret11, 19, 15, 20, 23, 225, 239, 243

Miller, Arthur170

Mills, Kenneth225

Milosz, Czeslaw155, 157, 447

Milton, John150, 279, 435–36

Ming, Gao166

Mirabai362

Mithen, Steven2

Mitter, Partha351

Mnyele, Thamsanqa429

Mochizuki, Mia19, 15

Moltmann, Jurgen54

Mondzain, Marie-José452

Monk, Samuel57, 64

Moore, Albert C.225

Morey, Charles R.225

Morgan, David19, 15, 225

Mori, Mariko374

Moritz, Karl Philipp491

Morris, David B.57

Morris, William425

Morrison, Toni447

mosque203, 214, 216, 311, 312, 316
arts within211, 212, 227
as assembly place204, 209, 311
and design of world210–11
mihrab and imagery of204, 310, 315
minaret of206
minbar within204, 314
Qibla of313

Moynahan, Michael E.407

Muhammad (Prophet)39, 11, 48, 148, 189, 303, 307, 311, 312, 313, 315, 316, 322, 323, 409

Murdoch, Iris36, 130, 140, 141

Murray, Les146, 147, 149, 150, 152, 157, 159