
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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1945: Survival 1945: Survival
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(i) Unleashing fear (i) Unleashing fear
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(ii) Developmentalism as Survival? (ii) Developmentalism as Survival?
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1970s: Transitions 1970s: Transitions
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After 1989: Memory After 1989: Memory
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Further Reading Further Reading
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24 After the Fear was Over? What Came After Dictatorships in Spain, Greece, and Portugal
Get accessHelen Graham teaches modern European history at Royal Holloway, University of London. Her books include The Spanish Republic at War (2003), The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction (2005), which has been translated into German, Spanish, Portuguese, and Greek, and The War and its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century (2012). She is currently researching a book about Franco's prisons and writing another, Lives at the Limit, which explores the reverberations of Republican defeat internationally through a series of interlocking biographical essays. Her research interests include the social history of Spanish communism; comparative civil wars and comparative cultural and gender history. In 1995 she edited (with Jo Labanyi) the Oxford University Press volume Spanish Cultural Studies.
Alejandro Quiroga is a Reader in Spanish History at the School of Historical Studies, Newcastle University. His most recent book is Right-Wing Spain in the Civil War Era. Soldiers of God and Apostles of the Fatherland, 1914–45 (co-edited with Miguel Ángel del Arco, 2012). He is the author of The Reinvention of Spain: Nation and Identity since Democracy (with Sebastian Balfour, 2007), Making Spaniards: Primo de Rivera and the Nationalization of the Masses, 1923–1930 (2007), and Los orígenes del Nacionalcatolicismo. José Pemartíny la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera (2006). He is currently writing a monograph on football and national identities in contemporary Spain.
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Published:18 September 2012
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Abstract
What Spain, Greece, and Portugal have in common in the twentieth century is the manner in which their internal processes of change – rural to urban, agrarian to industrial – were intervened in and inflected at crucial moments and with enduring effect by the force of international political agendas. By the 1960s, in all three countries, the fearful imaginaries of traditionalists still saw a disguised form of communism in the ‘godlessness’ of Americanisation, social liberalisation, and anti-puritanism. This article adopts a tripartite structure (1945: survival; 1970s: transition; after 1989: memory) in order to explore why, how, and with what consequences Southern European political establishments with clear Nazi links or empathies not only survived the collapse of Adolf Hitler's new order, but were also able to persist as dictatorial and authoritarian regimes into the 1970s. It then interrogates the nature of the subsequent transitions to parliamentary democracy, paying particular attention to the continuities. It is remarkable, even today, how few Western European or North American commentators understand the brutality beneath the burlesque of dictatorship in Southern Europe.
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