Index

Note: Figures and boxes are indicated by an italic “f” and “b”, respectively, following the page number.

aboriginal children209, 582

abortion89

access
to CRC Committee complaints procedure459–60
to health care services367–68

accessibility and outreach, in IHRICs506–7

access to justice
due process and683–84
of indigenous children580
for migrant children683–84
for trafficked children648–49

Accountability/Professional Development Model, for HRE706

ACERWC. See African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child

ACHR. See American Convention on Human Rights

ACRWC. See African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child

action popularis460

Activism/Transformation Model, for HRE706

Additional Protocols, of Geneva Conventions664, 667

adequate standard of living, right to410–12, 452, 457

adolescence
brain development in496
childhood and24–25
CRC Committee General Comment on616
CRC Committee on266

adolescents
as caregivers, in child-headed households623
child participation and263–72
developmental neurobiology of670
independent619
rights of410

adoption. See also international adoption
best interests of children and331
families and331, 335
illicit643–44

adoption service provider (ASP)333–34

adoptive parents338

adults288
children charged as150
cruelty to children22–23
trafficking of635–36, 646

affirmative action145, 523

Africa
Berlin Conference and434–35
childhood concepts in, traditional56–57
child marriage in189
CRC and43, 71–72, 438–40
human rights system of461, 464
postindependence112
reciprocity in434
sub-Saharan189, 428–29, 432, 434–40
violence against children in318–19

African American youth151

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights461, 464

African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1999) (ACRWC)43, 131, 206
on children respecting parents438–39
on children’s protection from violence313
on children’s rights to family240
climate change protections and451
CRC and189–90, 207, 240, 243, 313, 438–39, 464, 525
on health care371–72
Mauritania ratifying525
on refugees228
on right to healthy environment453

African Commission on Human and People’s Rights461

African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACERWC)
on child marriage211, 319, 626
complaints before461, 468
CRC Committee and525
on Mauritania525

African Court of Human and People’s Rights461, 464

African Movement of Working Children and Youth361

African Union (AU)319, 438
against child marriage626
on refugees682

age-based discrimination352–53

agency
of children, promoting321–22
evolving capacities and628–29
rights, of children53–54
subjectivity and480–81, 489

age of criminal responsibility667

age of discretion84

Ahmed, Sara485

AIDS622–24

air pollution452

Akan peoples433

Al-Akhdam518

Albania637

Alber, Erdmute436

albinism318–19

Alderson, Priscilla58

Ali, Sardar74

Allman, Jean436

Almog, Shulamit129

Alston, Philip57, 380

Alternative Report by Children from India to CRC Committee520

American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR)228–29, 241, 282, 464
CRC and284–85
on discrimination558

American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man227–30, 558

American Indian children151

American War of Independence429–30

Anand, Mulk Raj521

anger management486–87

anthropology109

anti-discrimination provisions, of human rights treaties147–48

anti-poverty work
child rights406–9
by states, CRC on413–14

Anti-Slavery International524–25

apartheid, South Africa147–48

Arab League’s Charter on Human Rights241

Aranguren, Martin519

Arctic Athabaskan Council464

Arendt, Hannah52

Argenti, Nicolas112

Argentina109

Ariès, Philippe11–12

armed conflict. See children in armed conflict

Arneil, Barbara55–56

ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASP. See adoption service provider

assimilationism142, 144

assistance rights645–49

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)315

Atala, Karen558

Atala Rifo v. Chile (2017)558

AU. See African Union

AUC660

Australia580, 582

Australian National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families208–9

authoritarianism498

Autism Europe v. France (2003)603

autonomy54, 58–60, 123
children’s rights and721–22
culture, rights and105–6
individualism and430–31

Badis522–23

Bah, Chernor41

Balagopalan, Sarada528

Bangladesh107

Ban Ki Moon557

beggar master637

Beidan524

Beijing Rules280–81, 284, 295

Belgium465

Bell, Derrick142

Benin436, 644–45

Bennett, Lynn517, 522, 533n18, 535n55

Bentham, Jeremy53

Bentley, Kristina430–31

Berlin Conference of 1884–1886434–35

best interests of children84, 683
in adoption331
application of principle208–10
areas of protection209
CRC on27, 57–58, 77–78, 206–8, 213, 455, 646, 659
defining210–12
ECHR on210
European Court on210–16
health care and266–67
impact of principle210–16
insights on216–17
international adoption and330, 336
as mainstreaming principle in children’s rights205
migrant children685–87
migration and211, 215–16
noncustodial parents and213–14
OPSC on207
parents in211, 239
state obligations to212–16
as substantive rights216
UNHCR on209
weight given to214–16
well-being and407

Bhabha, Jacqueline675–76, 688–89

Biggeri, Mario123–24

Bindel, Julie51–52

Bishwakarma, Bhakta521

Blake, William12–13, 17–18

Bloom, Allan16

boarding schools436

Boko Haram661

Bolivia42, 109, 357–58

Bolotta, Guiseppe631n15

Border Patrol, US249

border wall531

boys186–87, 195–96

brain development291, 309, 496

Brazier, Margaret54–55

Brazil112, 602–3

Brennan, Samantha54

Brexit250, 711

Bridge, Caroline54–55

Brighouse, Harry53

British colonialism435

Brofenbrenner, Urie119–21, 133

Brown, Wendy166

Buck, Trevor577, 584, 592n129

budgets and resources, in addressing poverty412–14

Buduburam Refugee Camp686

bullying
cyberbullying310, 317, 320
LGBT youth550

the Burakumin518

Burr, Rachel431

Cambodia650, 660

Canada209, 464, 507
CERD Committee on582
indigenous children in580, 582
indigenous people in574
Stewart v. Canada229

Canadian Armed Forces, on child soldier engagement666

cannabis farms648

capabilities approach123, 407

capacities, evolving78–79, 91, 617–18, 628–29

car accidents596

Carbado, Devon142

cash435

caste
non-discrimination principle and515–16
service522

caste discrimination
CRC Committee Concluding Observations on520, 522–23, 529–31
CRC Committee on517–18, 520, 527–31
descent-based discrimination and517–26
against implementation of rights526
in India519–21, 526, 528
Izsák-Ndiaye on516–18
in Mauritania523–26
in Nepal521–23, 527–28
religion and527–28
researchers including529
in vulnerability of children526

caste system526, 531
CRC Committee Concluding Observations on520, 522
in South Asia517

CBR. See community-based rehabilitation

CEDAW. See Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women

CEDAW Committee
General Recommendations of86–89, 91, 555–56
Joint General Comment on Harmful Traditional Practices626

Centuries of Childhood (Ariès)11–12

Century of the Child25–27

CERD Committee. See Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

Charter of Human Rights, Arab League241

Cheney, Kristen624

Cheria, Anita528

child abuse22–23, 49 See also violence against children
by adoptive parents338
CRC on76
online309, 320–21

Child and Adolescent Code, Bolivia357

child care85–86

child-care institutions22

child development15–17, 119–20, 410–11

child employment19–21

child-friendly justice289–91, 302n124

child-headed households
adolescents as caregivers in623
CRC Committee, General Comments on623–24
HIV/AIDS and622–23
independent children in622–25
research on623–24
rights-based approach to624
in South Africa623

childhood
adolescence and24–25
Ariès on11–12
child development and15–17
CRC on616–17
defining617–18
early, development171–72, 242–43
early, equality in172
early, violence in309–10
English Romantics on12–13
innocence of17–18
Locke on14–17
non-Western constructs of74
right to15–16
right to freedom from violence in23
Romantic poets glorifying17–19, 27–28
Rousseau on12–13, 15–17
as social construct73–74
stages16, 19
traditional African concepts of56–57
Victorian22
Western model of28n3, 73–74
work and355

child labor18, 33–34, 36, 42, 44, 113
in Bangladesh107
CRC on78, 80
forced637–38, 644, 650, 653n20
in India80, 105
laws, paternalism and103–4
laws, socioecological model on132
laws, US21, 37
migrant children and687
minimum work age and352
NCLC21
Royal Commission reports on19–20
working children and356–57

child marriage42–43, 80–81
ACERWC on211, 319, 626
AU on626
CEDAW on182, 184, 186
child trafficking and637
CRC and186–88
CRC Committee on626–28
cultural norms and practices and191–93
dowry and193, 195
education and192
girls in183–85, 195
Girls Not Brides against39–40, 191
in India189
in Indonesia634n75
international and state laws against186–91
international treaties against182–84
intersectionality and182–84, 192–96
Islam and185
married children625–28
menstruation and193
national laws on626
parents and182–83, 193
poverty and627
refugees in185–86, 194
in religious traditions185, 190
right to be free from forced182–86
school distance and192–93
SDGs on188
socioeconomic status in184
in sub-Saharan Africa189
Tutu on191–92
UNICEF on183, 634n75
in US190–91
violence and626
in Yemen184–85
in Zambia191–92
in Zimbabwe193

Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929 (CMRA)189

child migrants. See migrant children

child participation722
adolescents and263–72
adults on492
Article 12 and480, 504
in community and society, CRC Committee on270–72
CRC on58, 122, 257–59, 272
CRC on family and263–64
in England479
in fair trials289–91
IHRICs and504–6
in resource allocation for schools395
as right258–63
in rights-respecting pedagogy390–91
RRSI and481–82
in school264–65
against violence322

child participation, CRC Committee on
Concluding Observations257–59
Day of General Discussion 2006259–61
education and264–65
General Comment No. 12 on Article 12261–63
General Comments on499
health care and266–67
legal proceedings and267–70

child pawning433, 435

child poverty
anti-poverty work, child rights and406–9
assistance408
child rights approach to406–16
CRC, child rights and409–14
CRC Committee on406, 408–14
CRC on406, 408
in crisis contexts412
disability and411–12
economic and social rights and409
non-state actors and408
participation rights and409
SDGs and414–16
social justice and406–7
UNICEF on405–6

child protection approach81

children. See also best interests of childrenindependent children, indigenous children, migrant children, trafficked children, violence against children, working children
aboriginal209
African American151
agency and voice ofx
agency of, promoting321–22
agency rights of53–54
American Indian151
autonomy of54, 58–60
being “seen” and “heard”486–87
Brofenbrenner on worlds of119
capacities of, evolving78–79, 91, 617–18, 628–29
caste discrimination against526, 528
caste- or descent-based discrimination against518–19
charged as adults150
citizenship, migration and225–32
citizenship of223–24, 230–31
claims before national courts by465
commercial sexual exploitation of636–37, 650
CRC Committee complaints procedure and459–60
in criminal justice system150–51
criminal responsibility of52, 667
cruelty to22–23
Dalit519, 522, 528–30
death penalty as unconstitutional for279–80
as decision-makers54–55
as dependent persons, ICESCR on350–51
deportation of parents230–31
deprived of liberty289, 311
detention of660–61, 666–67, 681–82, 692n36
dignity of54, 287–88
as domestic workers644–45
economic and labor rights of352–57
economic exploitation of353–54, 358–60
under eighteen663–64, 670, 677
in extreme poverty315, 405
factory19–22
family unity, migration and228–31
First Nations209
foster644
free from work355
health care decision-making by370–71
health rights of367–68
human rights of52, 73–74, 101–2, 110, 224
human rights of, climate change and449–54, 464, 469
ICTs and320
identities of, intersectionality and181–84, 196
incarceration of667
justice system for284–88
legal rights of168
legal standing460–61, 465
in LGBT families559–60
LGBTQ7, 126
liberty interests of681–82
married625–28
maturity of58–59
medical treatment54, 60
as migrants See migrant children
migration and225–31, 675–76, 684–85, 688–89
minimum age for work352–53
mobilization by40–42
moral rectitude of489
moral regulation and487–88
nature and15–16, 19
needs, children’s rights and122–24
needs-rights of122–26
as objects, of protection13
online abuse of309, 320–21
parental rights and51
parents, family and82–84
participation rights of74, 81, 101–2
protection from exploitation and hazardous work353–54, 358–60
protection from violence312–22
psychology on24–25
race of151
reasoning with15
under Refugee Convention226–27
refugees676, 682, 684–86
in regional human rights courts460–61
relationships with teachers in schools393
right to seek asylum682
Rohingya675
in Rwandan genocide661
of same-sex couples547–48
sentencing294
stateless679
statelessness224–25
stigmatization, in juvenile justice system293
street21–22, 622, 631n24 See also children in street situations
as subjects12–13
as subjects and objectsx, 12
very young, education for391–92, 395
violence against39, 80, 292, 308
voices ofx, 477, 481, 483, 485, 506, 509, 722
voting rights496
welfare rights of53
well-being of407, 428–29
women and159, 164

Children Act of 2004479

Children and Adolescents Code of Peru357

Children and Young People’s Commissioner, in Scotland505

children in armed conflict7–8, 186–87, 195–96 See also child soldiers
Geneva Conventions on663–64
ILO on663
Paris Principles on658, 668
SCSL trials on664–65
UN Security Council on657–58
in US Civil War657

children in street situations21–22, 282, 619–22, 631n24
child rights approach to620–22
CRC Committee General Comment on620–22
CRC Committee on419n30
criminalization of621
defining619–20
donor agencies and619
independent children and619–22
international law on620
NGOs on619, 622
states, in securing basic services for620–21
UN Human Rights Council on620

Children’s Act 38 of 2005623

Children’s Crusade40

children’s HRE
challenge for710–12
CRC Committee and702, 704, 706–7, 712
CRC on699–702, 711
in early school years701–2
movement for703–5
need for700–702
pedagogical models of706–10
RRR for389, 705, 707–10
in school129, 701–11
teachers and709, 711–12
transformational706–7
in UK711

children’s rights.

children’s rights activists103

children’s rights agencies108, 113

Children’s Rights Alliance for England (CRAE)514

Children’s Rights Impact Assessment (CRIA)506

Children’s Rights International Network396

children’s rights laws1–3 See also international children’s rights law
ecosystems and127–31
enforcement of119
implementation, across ecosystems129–31
socioecological model on119, 121, 127–29, 132

children’s rights movement
advocacy to establish standards33–37
for children’s HRE703–5
controversies and criticisms of42–43
ECPAT in38
Global Campaign for Education in38–39
ILO and36–37
mobilization by children in40–42
national-level organizing in40
NGOs in35–36, 39, 42–43
in practice167
progress in44
on right to work361
thematic campaigns38–40
welfare in50

children’s rights standards, advocacy to establish33–37

children’s rights to family237
African Charter on240
challenges to249–51
CRC on238–40, 243–44, 252
custody rights and242
early childhood development and242–43
ECHR on241, 245
European Court on245–48
human rights charters articulating238–42
perspectives and critiques242–44
progress and obstacles in assuring245–49

Children’s Welfare Foundation of Sweden505

children with disabilities7, 206, 608
car accidents and596
CBR programs and606–7
children’s rights legal framework for597–601
communities of, education and601–2, 604–5
community living for605–7
CRC complaints procedure and599
CRPD on rights of600–603
deinstitutionalization of605–7
discrimination against597
education599, 601–5
equality for599
in humanitarian crises596
inclusive education for601–5
in India603
institutionalization of597, 605–7
population of596–97
poverty and411–12
poverty and malnutrition and596
rights of595–96
Save the Children and600
sexual abuse of597
victimization of597

Child Rights Connect36–37, 41

Child Rights International Network (CRIN)40, 43, 460

child soldiering658, 671–72
CRC Optional Protocol on662–63
as global phenomenon660
legal responsibility for662–66
practices of659–62

child soldiers7–8, 105, 107–8
Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers37
in Colombia660
CRC on194, 662
crimes by667
in DRC659, 661, 664–65
engagement of, in combat666
enlistment of664–65
international awareness of657
international law on657–58
in Iraq660
in ISIS660–61
in LRA658, 661–62
in LTTE658, 660
penal responsibility of667–69
recruitment of666
reintegration and homecoming of669–71
reparations for665–66
in Sierra Leone661–62
transitional justice for669–70
UNICEF on658
violent crimes by667
volunteering671

Child Soldiers International37

Child Soldiers Protection Act of 2008666

Child Study Association25

child survival rates379

child trafficking
in Benin645
child marriage and637
child migration and679
commercial sexual exploitation of children636–37, 650
domestic workers and644–45
European Court of Human Rights on648–49
of foster children644
illicit adoption as643–44
independent child migration and644
law enforcement and638
NGOs on650–51
preventing649–50
slavery and636b, 637–38, 648–49, 651
state interpretations of644–45
in UAE649
UN on635–36, 647–48
UN Trafficking Protocol635–36, 636b, 638–44, 647

child welfare73–74

China342

Christianity437

Christians51

Christie, Chris190

chronosystem119–21, 125, 125f, 128

citizenship
families and223
of indigenous children577
migration and223–32
as right of children223–24, 230–31

civic engagement506

civil and political rights308, 351, 455

civil liberties76, 84

Civil War, US657

Clarhäll, Eva527

Clifford, Bob519

climate change6 See also Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2015
ACRWC protections and451
cases, before regional human rights courts460–64
causality462–63
children’s rights and449–51, 726
children suing governments over41
CRC, human rights and450–52, 455–59
ECHR and462
families affected by458
GHG emissions in456, 462–64, 468
Global North in468
health effects of456
health rights and456–57
healthy or adequate environment, as right452–53
human rights, Paris Agreement and454
human rights law, children’s rights and451–59
human rights of children and449–54, 464, 469
IACHR463–64
legal obstacles460–64
national courts and465
Paris Agreement on human rights and454
participation rights and449–52
regional human rights courts and460–64, 467–68
school strikes and protests against449
state challenges466
states’ policies on455

CLS. See critical legal studies

CMRA. See Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929

CMW. See Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers37

Cobbah, Josiah433

CoE. See Council of Europe

Cohen, Cynthia Price35, 513–14

Cohn, Haim515–16

Cold Warx, 35

Coles, Robert528

collective rights
CRC Committee on583–84
of indigenous children583–84
of indigenous peoples573–74, 577–78, 583
individual rights and468, 578
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on573–74, 577, 583

collectivism, individuality versus429–34

Colombia507, 660

colonialism71, 143, 148
British435
families and437
indigenous people and435, 571, 576
international adoption and330, 340–41
marriage and435–36
missionaries in436–37, 441
postcolonialism112, 340–42
in sub-Saharan Africa428–29, 434–38

colonial states, indigenous children in571

colorblindness, structural racism and142

coming-out age, of LGBT youth545

commercial sexual exploitation of children636–37, 650

Commission on the Status of Women160

Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe283

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN369–70, 406, 409–10

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD Committee)151–52, 530
on Australia and Canada582
ICERD and145–48, 573, 578
on indigenous children581–82
on indigenous peoples578

Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (CMW)530, 681, 683–84

Committee on the Rights of the Child, UN6–7, 36–37, 76–78, 149–50, 172

common law family courts206

communalism432–33, 439, 441–42

communitarians50

communities440–42
child participation in270–72
in communalistic societies432–33
education, children with disabilities and601–2, 604–5
individuals andxi

community-based rehabilitation (CBR)606–7

community living, for children with disabilities605–7

complaints
before ACERWC461, 468
IHRICs and502–4
procedure, CRC459–60, 514, 599
of violence against children503

complex identities168–69

consciousness-raising166

consent, medical267

Conservative–Liberal Democrat government, UK479

Constitution of the World Health Organization of 1946369

contact rights, of parents213

contexts, rights andxi–xii

Convention against Torture682–83

Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, UN635–36

Convention No. 169, ILO573, 577–78

Convention No. 182, ILO358, 663

Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, COE646

Convention on Consent to Marriage182, 186

Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)75–76, 91, 160, 530
on child marriage182, 184, 186
Committee, General Recommendations of86–89, 91, 555–56
CRC and86–89, 189
on gender violence188
LGBT youth and555–56
on sexual orientation and gender identity555–56

Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (2010)131

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)206–7, 394, 600–1
CBR programs and606
CRC and600–601
on disability rights600–601
on education of children with disabilities601–5
European Court of Human Rights cases after603
implementation of607
on inclusive education602–5
on institutionalization and community living605–6
non-discrimination clause604

Convention on the Rights of the Child, UN (CRC)ix, 1, 51, 66n95, 323,  See also CRC CommitteeCRC Committee, Concluding Observations, CRC Committee, General Comments
ACHR and284–85
ACRWC and189–90, 207, 240, 243, 313, 438–39, 464, 525
on adequate standard of living rights410–12, 452, 457
adoption of35–36, 101, 258–59, 495, 700, 719–20
African Movement of Working Children and Youth and361
African nations and43, 71–72
on anti-poverty efforts by states413–14
Article 286–87, 515–16
Article 6373–74
Article 12259–69, 271–73, 369–70, 396, 478, 480, 490–91, 504–5
Article 23598–99
Article 24373–75
Article 27412–14
awareness of507
on best interests of children27, 57–58, 77–78, 206–9, 213, 455, 646, 659
CEDAW and86–89, 189
on child abuse76
on childhood616–17
on child labor78, 80
child marriage and186–88
on child participation58, 122, 257–59, 272
on child participation, family and263–64
on child poverty406, 408
on child poverty, child rights and409–14
on children in criminal justice system150
on children respecting parents438–39
on children’s HRE699–702, 711
on children’s protection from violence312–13
on children’s rights to family238–40, 243–44, 252
on children’s right to freedom from violence307–8
children with disabilities and598–99
on child soldiers194, 662
climate change, human rights of children and450–52, 455–59
CMW and683–84
complaints procedure of459–60, 514, 599
cross cutting provision in617
CRPD and600–601
CRT on149, 153
on cultural identity147
Day of General Discussion 2006259–61
on detention of children667
disappointments of55
drafts of125–26
economic and labor rights in355–56
on economic and social rights412
on education rights387–88, 393, 396–97, 457, 599, 701
on families, children in616
on family unity and migration229
gender and186–87
general principles of101, 370, 375, 451, 455, 497
girls and186–87
Global North in drafting71
guiding principles, climate change and455
Hague Convention on international adoption and333–35
on health care rights368–70, 376
on health rights367–72, 380–81, 452, 456–57
on human rights82, 90, 349
ICCPR and281–82
ICESCR and372
implementation, in Accra429
implementation of2, 6–7, 79, 131, 245
implementation of, HRE and700–702
implementation of, IHRIC and499
independent children and616
indigenous children and578–79
the individual in431–32
on individual rights, indigenous rights and578
against inequality531–32
on international adoption332–33
International Bill of Rights and72
international human rights and73–74
juvenile justice and81–82, 279–88
Kohm on513
Korczak and25–26
on LGBT youth554–55
on maturity of children58–59
migrant children and676–81
migration and227
on minimum age for work353
national approaches to79–80
negotiations on35
Nepal ratifying521
NGOs and35–37
on non-discrimination146
non-discrimination principle in56
non-discrimination provision516, 677
OPs of514, 662–63, 694n67
on parents239–40, 243
on participation rights58, 122, 272, 352, 449, 452, 458–59
poverty in409–10
progress of719–20
on protection from exploitation and hazardous work353–54, 358
on protection rights452, 457–58
Protocol on a Communications Procedure459, 514
ratification of167, 186, 245, 408–9, 497, 521, 690n8
Refugee Convention and226
on refugees194
on right to fair trial288–89
RRSI and484
Sale of Children Protocol649, 653n27
SDGs and378, 380–81
on sentencing294
on states parties127, 223, 227, 239, 279, 285–86, 353, 438–39, 682–83
on survival and development rights451–52
2030 Agenda and414–15
UDHR and513–14
UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child and516
universal normative standards of72–73
US on parents’ rights and170, 244
US refusing to ratify170, 244, 690n8, 700, 711
on voices of students477
Western model of childhood and73
Western political values in125–26

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees226–27

conversion therapy546

Cook-Sather, Alison390

Cornin, Jaclyn42

corporal punishment15, 49, 51
abolition of313–14
Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children39
national bans on83

Côte d’Ivoire433

Council of Europe (CoE)131, 240–41, 283
Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings646
on discrimination against LGBT persons557–58
Guidelines, on child-friendly justice290–91, 302n124

Council of Europe Guidelines on Child-Friendly Healthcare (European Guidelines)372

Covell, Katherine398

Coveney, Peter18, 22, 24, 31n74

CRAE. See Children’s Rights Alliance for England

CRC. See Convention on the Rights of the Child, UN

CRC Committee76–80, 82–84, 209
ACERWC and525
Alternative Report by Children from India to520
caste- and descent-based discrimination and519–26
on caste discrimination517–18, 520, 527–31
on child marriage626–28
on child participation258–60, 264–65
on child participation, education and264–65
on child participation, fair trials and290
on child participation, health care and266–67
on child participation, legal proceedings and267–70
on child participation in community and society270–72
on child poverty406, 408–14
children accessing complaints procedure before459–60
on children in street situations419n30
on children’s HRE702, 704, 706–7, 712
on collective rights583–84
on education390–92
on education, for very young children391–932
on educational resources393
on health care decision-making371
on health rights372–77, 380–81
on IHRICs496–97, 501, 504
in implementation372–73, 514–15
on independent children629
India and519–21
on indigenous children579, 581, 583–84
Joint General Comment on Harmful Traditional Practices626
on juvenile justice281, 283–84, 286–88, 290, 293, 295
on MACR295
Mauritania and523–26
Nepal and521–23, 527
non-discrimination principle and516
on redress496
on redress for education rights infringements397–98
reporting process526–27
RRR and707
SDGs and380–81, 415
on specificity and specialization286
on UN violence study, 2006308
on violence against children312–13

CRC Committee, Concluding Observations373, 381, 395, 410–12, 495, 531
on caste discrimination520, 522–23, 529–31
on caste system520, 522
on child participation257–59
on discrimination against Dalits522–23
on Mauritania523
on Nepal522–23, 529, 535n58, 536n59
NGOs, states parties and701
Payne on514
in reporting process526–27
on states parties527

CRC Committee, General Comments77–78, 80, 82–83, 86–88, 90–91, 207–8
on adolescents410
on child-friendly justice290
on child-headed households623–24
on child participation257, 499
on child poverty408, 410
on children in street situations620–22
on diversion286
on educational aims390–91
FGM/C and376
on health rights368, 374–76
on HIV/AIDS623
IACHR and282–83
on IHRICs495–96, 499, 502
on implementation of rights during adolescence616
on indigenous children’s rights578
No. 12 on Article 12, on child participation261–63
No. 19412–14
on public budgeting412–13
on states parties’ obligations413, 495

Crenshaw, Kimberlé140, 181

CRIA. See Children’s Rights Impact Assessment

criminalization
of children in street situations621
of homosexuality559
of trafficking victims648

criminal justice system150–51, 648 See also juvenile justice system

criminal responsibility, age of667

CRIN. See Child Rights International Network

critical children’s rights studies171

critical legal studies (CLS)140

critical race theory (CRT)340
on assimilationism142
basic principles of140–42
on children in criminal justice systems151
on children’s rights148–50
CLS and140
on CRC149, 153
on identities141
on international adoption341–42
international law and143–44
intersectionality and150–52
origins of139–40
on race141
racism and140–45, 340

CRPD. See Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

CRT. See critical race theory

cruelty to children22–23

cultural feminism161–62

cultural identity147

cultural norms and practices
child marriage and191–93
in Global South427–28
in Malawi438

cultural relativism56, 74, 105

culture
human being and433–34
human rights and427–28, 434–42
local105–6
rights, autonomy and105–6
Western context105

Cunningham, Hugh19–21, 29n29

currency, in colonial states435

custody rights242

cyberbullying310, 317, 320

Cyprus504

Dabir, Neela631n24

Daddah, Brahim Ould537n81

Daes, Erica-Irene572, 576

Dalit Adhikar Abhiyan535n42

Dalits519, 524, 529–31
groups536n64
in Nepal522–23, 528

DAWN. See Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era

Day of General Discussion 2006, CRC259–61

DDR. See disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration

death penalty279–80

debt bondage433

Decade for Human Rights Education, UN703

Declaration of the Rights and Welfare of the African Child (1979)240

Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 192425, 34, 125

Declaration of the Rights of the Child, UN (1959)27–28, 34–35, 125, 206
on children’s rights to family238
CRC and516
on non-discrimination515–16

Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, ILO350–52, 355

Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training, UN703–4, 706

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, UN (1960)143

Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, UN
adoption of574
on collective rights573–74, 577, 583
on discrimination573–74
on education575
ILO Convention No. 169 and577
on indigenous children574–75
on indigenous lands574–75
on self-determination576

decolonization143

Defence for Children International in Geneva515

Defensoria Del Pueblo, Peru503

defensorías506–7

Defensorías del Niño y del Adolescente, Peru507

deinstitutionalization605–7

“delinquent” children21–22

Dembour, Marie-Bénédicte441

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)659, 661, 664–65

Denmark245–46, 694n67

deportation230–31

descent-based discrimination, caste discrimination and517–26

detention, of children660–61, 666
CRC on667
in US681–82, 692n36

detention centers, US675

development86–88
brain291, 309, 496
child, poverty and410–11
early childhood171–72, 242–43
health and375
of migrant children in host countries685–87
rights451–52, 456–57

developmental neurobiology, of adolescents670

developmental psychology121, 477

Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN)160

Dickens, Charles22

diffusion112

dignity
of children54, 287–88
in economic and social rights351

disabilities, children with. See children with disabilities

disability
poverty and411–12
rights600–601

disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR)670

discrimination. See also caste discrimination
age-based352–53
against children with disabilities597
gender-based89
against indigenous peoples571–74, 580
against LGBT persons552–53, 557–60
against LGBT youth543–45, 551, 555, 558
racial144–47, 573
sex558

dissemination112

distorted translation111–12

diversion286

domestic workers, children as644–45

donor agencies, on children in street situations619

dowry193, 195

Dred Scott decision52

dress codes, gender norms and551

dualistic approach, to human rights and culture437–41

dual status, of indigenous children571

Du Bois, W. E. B.139–40

due process rights683–84

Dworkin, Ronald49, 54, 60

Dzorgbo, Dan-Bright437

early childhood
children’s HRE in701–2
development171–72, 242–43
equality in172
violence in309–10

Eastern Europe704

ECHR. See European Convention of Human Rights

economic, social, and cultural (ESC) rights167, 171, 369–70, 455

economic and labor rights349
of children352–57
civil and political rights and351
in CRC in355–56
defining350–52
human rights and351–52
ICESCR and ILO Principles on350–52, 355

economic and social rights76–77, 87–88, 408
child poverty and409
CRC on412

economic exploitation, of children353–54, 358–60

ECPAT. See End Child Prostitution and Trafficking

education. See also children’s HRE
African Charter on43
child marriage and192
for children with disabilities599, 601–5
CRC Committee on390–92
CRC Committee on child participation and264–65
in Ghana439–41
girls43, 192
human rights and388–90, 400
ILO Convention No. 169 on577
immigration status and686
inclusive601–5
of indigenous children575
Mandela on699
policy, England479
relationships in389–92, 399–400
resources393–95, 399
as right104
SDGs on394
secondary393
sexual557
the three Rs in389
of working children393

education rights
CRC on387–88, 393, 396–97, 457, 599, 701
educational relationships and389
in Ghana, children on439–41
implementation of392, 396, 399–400
for indigenous peoples575
of migrant children685–86
process of promotion392
redress for infringements of395–99
resources for realization393
school shooting and398–99
vertical implementation of396
of very young children391–92, 395

Eekelaar, John59

Egypt556

The Elders191

El Salvador504–5

Émile (Rousseau)12–13, 16–19

emissions, GHG456, 462–64

empiricism14–15

End Child Prostitution and Trafficking (ECPAT)38

enforcement119

England19–22, 50, 52, 477, 479, 482

English common law77, 84

English Common Law435

English Romanticism12–13, 17–19, 21

Enlightenment philosophy12–13, 429–30

enlistment, of child soldiers664–65

ENOC. See European Network of Ombudspersons for Children

environment, human rights and452–54

environmental rights453, 463

epigenetics724–25

equality88–89
for children with disabilities599
in early childhood172
formal161, 171
inequality531–32, 547–49
LGBT549
sex160
substantive162

equal rights144, 288–89

equity88

ESC. See economic, social, and cultural rights

Espinosa, Angeles123–24

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke)14

essentialism
on children’s rights102–6
intersectionality versus162

Ethiopia193

ethnography478
methodology483
vignettes, on school and children’s rights484–89, 491

EU. See European Union

EU Guidelines for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of the Child241, 248

European Commission240–41, 417n9

European Committee of Social Rights557

European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR)213, 215, 313
on best interests of children210
on children’s right to family241, 245
on children’s standing460
climate change and462
healthy environment rights and453
on juvenile justice283
on sexual orientation557

European Convention on the Exercise of Children’s Rights (1996)131

European Court of Human Rights229–30, 252
on best interests of children210–16
on children’s right to family245–48
on child trafficking648–49
climate change cases before462–63
against corporal punishment313
CRPD and603
family defined by246–48
on juvenile justice283
on right to fair trial289

European Guidelines. See Council of Europe Guidelines on Child-Friendly Healthcare

European Network of Ombudspersons for Children (ENOC)131, 498–500, 502, 504

European Union (EU)
Charter on Fundamental Rights453
General Court of463

evolving capacities, of children78–79, 91
agency and628–29
independent children617–18, 628–29

exosystem119–21, 124, 125f, 126–27, 130

experiences, FLT foregrounding166–67

Expert Mechanism, of UN Human Rights Council580

extreme poverty315, 405

factories34

Factory Acts19

factory children19–22

Fair Labor Standards Act in 193821

fair trials288–91

Faith for Rights framework528

familiarity, with SGMs553

families244 See also children’s rights to family
adoption and331, 335
child-headed households622–25
children, parents and82–84
citizenship and223
climate change and458
colonialism and437
CRC on child participation and263–64
CRC on children in616
defining246–48
FLT on164–65, 169
LGBT547–49, 559–60
of LGBT youth545–49
nuclear618
in public/private divides164
refugees251
women’s rights and85–86, 88–89

family courts206

family integrity rights194

family rejection, of LGBT youth545–47

family reunification206–7, 245–46, 250

family separation policy, of Trump250, 725

family separations237

family tracing339

family unity, migration and228–31, 684–85

FARC660

Federle, Katherine Hunt59–60

female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C)40, 43–44, 84, 376

feminism88
consciousness-raising in166
cultural161–62
FLT and160–63
Global North, Global South and162–63
on identities170
international adoption and330
newer170–71
transnational feminisms160, 162–64, 167

feminist legal theory (FLT)4, 159
children’s rights and169–73
complex identities, law and168–69
consciousness-raising in166
critical children’s rights studies and171
emergence and evolution of161
experiences foregrounded in166–67
on families164–65, 169
feminism and160–63
on international adoption330, 340, 342–43
on liberal theory164–65
methods163–66
new directions in170–73
on parents’ rights versus children’s rights169–70
in practice167–68
privacy and169–70

feminist movement85, 159
transnational160, 162–64, 167
waves of160–62, 166

feminists
on human rights166
postmodern/poststructuralist162, 167
radical85
second-wave162, 166
third-wave160, 166

FFDA. See Forum for Fact-Finding Documentation and Advocacy

FGM/C. See female genital mutilation/cutting

field of relatedness631n15

Fiji393

Fineman, Martha163

Fipa437

First Nations children209

First World War25, 34, 430

Fischer, Rosal627–28

Flores v. Reno (1997)681–82

Florida398–99

FLT. See feminist legal theory

forced labor637–38, 644, 650, 653n20

forced marriage182–86

forced migration227–28

formal equality161, 171

Fortes, Meyer432

Fortin, Jane59

Forum for Fact-Finding Documentation and Advocacy (FFDA)189

foster care331, 339–40

foster children644

Fourth Geneva Convention667

France20, 649

Francioni, Francesco467

freedom
from forced marriage182–86
of mobility184
from violence23, 307–8, 323
from work355

Freeman, Michael72, 399

French Revolution429–30

Freud, Sigmund24

Froebel, Wilhelm August23–24

Froebel’s Gift23

Gandhi, Mohandas103

gang rape89–90

Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN)549

gay/straight associations (GSAs)552

gender
attitudes toward homosexuality and553
CRC and186–87
differences161
identity555–56
intersectionality and170
norms168, 551
roles120–21
SGMs543–44, 553, 556
subordination163
transgender551
violence188

gender-based discrimination89

General Comment, of Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights369

General Comments of the CRC Committee77–78, 80, 82–83, 86–88, 90–91, 207–8, 374–76

General Comments of the ICESCR Committee77, 369

General Court of the European Union463

General Recommendations of the CEDAW Committee86–89, 91, 555–56

GENET. See Girls Empowerment Network

genetics724–25

Geneva Conventions663–64, 667

Geneva Declaration (1924)25, 387

genocide144, 661

Genocide Convention144–45, 149

Ghana429, 433–34, 436–37
children on education439–41
refugee camp in684, 686

GHG emissions456, 462–64, 468

Gillick decision50–51, 54, 59, 84

Gilligan, Carol56

girls
in child marriages183–85, 195
CRC and186–87
education43, 192
FGM of40, 43–44
in Global South168–69
menstruation193, 438
refugees311
in school192–93
as trokosi433

Girls Empowerment Network (GENET)41

Girls Not Brides39–40, 191

Global Campaign for Education38–39

global discourse translation111

global economy111, 115

Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children39

globalization428

Global Legal Action Network41

Global North56–57
in climate change468
CRC in drafting71
on freedom from work355
liberal theory in165
transnational feminisms and162–63

Global Reports on Child Labor, ILO357

Global Slavery Index525–26

Global Southix, 2, 57, 71, 111
children’s rights implementation in427
cultural norms in427–28
girl-children in168–69
international adoption of children from329–30, 340–41, 343
transnational feminisms and162–63
women in343
working children in356

GLSEN. See Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network

Godelli v. Italy (2012)246

Goldszmit, Henryk. See Korczak, Janusz

Gove, Michael479

government oppression, family separation and237

Graham, Lorie575

Grant, Julia17

Greece637

ground contamination452

GSAs. See gay/straight associations

Guggenheim, Martin53

Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, UN281

Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on Child-Friendly Justice290–91, 302n124

gun controls398–99

gun violence, Parkland students organizing against42

Gyeke, Kwame433

Hacking, Ian12

Hague Convention on International Abduction211

Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption333–36, 339

Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction241–42

Haiti339

Häkli, Jouni480

Hall, G. Stanley24–25

Hammarberg, Thomas101

Hanson, Karl209, 359, 617

harassment and intimidation, of LGBT youth550–52

Haratin524

Harris, Angela140

Harris, Cheryl142

hate crimes559

hate speech557–58

Havana Rules281

Hawes, Joseph M.23

hazardous work353–54, 687

health care
ACRWC on371–72
best interests of children and266–67
decision-making, by children370–71
European Guidelines on372
rights, CRC on368–70, 376
rights, of indigenous peoples580
services, access to367–68

health rights83–84, 380–81
barriers to379
climate change and456–57
CRC Committee on372–77, 380–81
CRC on367–72, 380–81, 452, 456–57
ICESCR on369
implementation of379
international development and377–79
of migrant children686–87
SDGs on377–81
UDHR on369, 382n7
UNDP and377–78
WHO on368–69, 376–77

healthy or adequate environment, as right452–53

hegemony165–66

Helwig, Charles710

Hendrick, Harry30n60

Hertel, Shareen107

High-Level Authorities on Human Rights of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR)316

High-Level Panel Forum on Sustainable Development, UN (HLPF)415

Hinduism517

Hine, Lewis Wickes21

HIV/AIDS622–23, 687

HLPF. See High-Level Panel Forum on Sustainable Development, UN

Hoare, Samuel516

Hobsbawn, Eric671

homelessness, among LGBT youth545–47

homophobia550, 552, 557

homosexuality553, 559

Howard, Rhoda434, 437

Howard-Hassman, Rhoda430

human being, as cultural433–34

humanitarian crises, children with disabilities in596

Humanitarian Parole program, US339

human rights. See also international human rights institutions for children
African system461, 464
autonomy and430–31
charters, articulating children’s rights to family238–42
of children52, 73–74, 101–2, 110
of children, climate change and449–54, 464, 469
children’s rights and49, 52, 57, 61, 66n104, 90–91, 224
CRC on82, 90, 349
crises723
culture and427–28, 434–42
economic and labor rights as351–52
education and388–89, 400
environment and452–54
feminists on166
individuality and428–32
indivisibility of75–76, 83
institutions495
international, CRC and73–74
international law144–47, 181, 194, 331–32
norms111, 166, 575
regional courts460–64, 467–68
slavery and52
states, non-state actors and407–8
translations and112
violations, victim requirement in450, 467–68
World Bank’s agnosticism on406