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Book cover for The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Physics The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Physics
Robert Batterman (ed.)
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195392043.001.0001
Published online:
05 September 2013
Published in print:
05 February 2013
Online ISBN:
9780199971374
Print ISBN:
9780195392043

Contents

Book cover for The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Physics The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Physics
End Matter

Index

  • Published:
    February 2013
Subject
Philosophy
Series
Oxford Handbooks
Collection: Oxford Handbooks Online

653Index

    Ab initio strategy, the tyranny of scales263–64
    Action-at-a-distance forces45
      rigid body mechanics73
    Action principle, unitary equivalence491
    Additivity, phase transitions201n, 2
    Airplane wings, boundary layers26
    Airy, George Biddell17
    “Algebraic Imperialism,” unitary equivalence513
    Analytic mechanics44
    Anderson, Edward562
    Anderson, Hans163
    Anderson, Philip2, 142
    Anthropic reasoning638–43
      Bayesian conditionalization642, 643
      cosmic background radiation (CBR)640
      “principle of mediocrity” (PM)639–42
    Anti-atomism55
    Antifoundationalism, effective field theory (EFT)240
    Anti-particles, symmetry294n, 10
    Antireductionism, effective field theory (EFT)240
    Approximations
      effective field theory (EFT)243
      hydrodynamics, philosophy of31
    Arc length along the slot, rigid body mechanics71–72, 72
    Asymmetry, indistinguishability365n, 33
    Averaging and homogenization, differences277–78
    Axiomatic presentation47–58
      choice of scale length50, 50
      conceptual system57
      decompositional programs53, 53
      degeneration53
      “escape hatches,”56
      force of rolling friction54, 54
      freezing to a scale level55
      homogenization theory51, 53, 55
      point-mass swarm51
      Riemann-Hugoniot approach to shock waves53n, 12
      rigid crystalline forms51
      rotation48
      scale sizes, relationships between51–52
      shock waves, Riemann-Hugoniot approach53n, 12
      Stieltjes-Lesbeque integration53n, 12
      theory facades48, 57
      viscosity of fluid54
    Balance principles, continuum mechanics94
    Barbour, Julian
      Hole Argument (Einstein)578
      Mach's Principle: From Newton's Bucket to Quantum Gravity557
    Bayesian conditionalization642, 643
    Bead sliding on rigid wire71
    Bélanger, Jean Baptiste22
    Bernoulli-Euler beam99, 100
    Bernoulli-Euler equation90, 90, 91
    Best classical approximation46
    Best Systems prescription, have-it-all relationalism566
    “Big dessert” assumption404
    Billiard collisions, point-mass mechanics68–69, 69
    Bit commitment problem, quantum mechanics429–30
    Bjerknes, Vilhelm19
    Black-body spectrum of radiation615
    Black hole evaporation518
    Bloch sphere423
    Blocks-and-cords construction91, 92
    Blowup, classical mechanics45n, 3
    Bohm-Aharonov effect507
    Boltzmann-Gibbs formulation
      matter, infinities and renormalization180
    Boltzmann, Ludwig
      Boltzmann equation142
      indistinguishability
        Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics371n, 42
        quantum, indistinguishability and342
        thermodynamics343
      mechanics, principles of53
      statistical physics, theory of142
    Bottom-up approach
      the tyranny of scales257
    Boundary conditions
      Dirichlet variety of122
      global spacetime structure600
    Bounded spatial domain, wave equation in121–23
    Boussinesq, Joseph17
    Branch count, Everett interpretation477–78
    Broken symmetries
      matter, infinities and renormalization144–45
    Brownian particle437
    BSW action, Machian relationalism562–64
    Bubbles within bubbles, the tyranny of scales267, 284
    Bulls-eyes, rigid body mechanics75–76
    Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa framework402
    Callen-Symanzik equation180
    Caloric curve, back-bending of207
    Canonical ensemble147
    Cartan distribution324
    Cartesian coordinates536
    Cartesian locations63
    Cassini space probe to Saturn61, 61
    Cat example
      Schrödinger, quantum mechanics435
    Cauchy, Augustin
      continuum mechanics, “Cauchy's Law,”98–99
      point-mass mechanics67
      rigid body mechanics, “Cauchy's Law,”78n, 32
      surface waves17
      the tyranny of scales, Euler's recipes273–75
      vortex motion17
    Cauchy integral, dispersion theory133
    Cauchy problem
      advanced Green's functions120
      retarded Green's functions120
    Cauchy's equation, the tyranny of scales270–75
    Cauchy surface
      global structure, cosmology629
      spacetime properties597
    Causal continuity condition, spacetime properties597
    Causal curve, relativistic spacetime591
    Causal directionality, retarded Green's functions116
    Causal future, relativistic spacetime590–91
    “Causality” as initial value problem, retarded Green's functions116–20
    “Causality conditions,” global structure629
    Causal simplicity condition, spacetime properties597
    Causal structure, spacetime properties596
    CERN's Large Hadron Collider305
    “Ceteris paribus” laws626n, 44
    Chain reaction, unification in physics387–88
    Chandler, David163
    Charleton, Walter526
    Chia Chiao Lin20
    Choice of scale length, axiomatic presentation50, 50
    Christenson, Cronin, Fitch, and Turlay (CPT theorem)294–95
    Chronology condition, spacetime properties596
    Chronology violating region of spacetime, relativistic spacetime591
    Circular Canonical Commutation Relations (CCCRs)506
    Circular motion525
    Classical distillations of quantum processes, rigid body mechanics74–75
    Classical dynamical behavior, quantum mechanics438
    Classical electrodynamics, Everett interpretation466n, 6
    Classical mechanics43–106
      action-at-a-distance forces45
      analytic mechanics44
      axiomatic presentation47–58
        choice of scale length50, 50
        conceptual system57
        decompositional programs53, 53
        degeneration53
        “escape hatches,”56
        force of rolling friction54, 54
        freezing to a scale level55
        homogenization theory51, 53, 55
        point-mass swarm51
        Riemann-Hugoniot approach to shock waves53n, 12
        rigid crystalline forms51
        rotation48
        scale sizes, relationships between51–52
        shock waves, Riemann-Hugoniot approach53n, 12
        Stieltjes-Lesbeque integration53n, 12
        theory facades48, 57
        viscosity of fluid54
      best classical approximation46
      composite44
      “conceptually simple surrogate44
      connected rigid parts44
      contact forces45
      continua44
      continuum mechanics83–104
        applied force84
        balance principles94
        Bernoulli-Euler beam99, 100
        Bernoulli-Euler equation90, 90, 91
        blocks-and-cords construction91, 92
        composite continua88
        constitutive assumptions98
        dimensionless point cube95n, 42
        drumheads92
        Hooke's law99
        infinitesimal cubes96
        infinitesimal traction vectors85
        labyrinth of the continuum90, 101
        lattice defects98
        material derivatives87
        mechanical elements91
        “method of extensive abstraction,”96n, 43
        point-mass setting98
        Problem of the Physical Infinitesimal86, 90, 93
        reference plane96
        response planes95
        shearing pattern85
        special force laws99
        stress and strain tensors96n, 43
        stress-energy tensors84
        surface forces87
        tensor fields98
        wave movements88, 88
      “false facts,”47
      flexible beam44
      flexible bodies44
      mass point lattice44
      mathematical complexity45
      new interest in2
      ontologically mixed circumstances44n, 2
      ordinary differential equations (ODEs)
        continuous variables, lift from55n, 14
        and foundational principles45n, 4
        PDE's distinguished45
        and Schrödinger equation46
        tasks governed by49
      partial differential equations (PDEs)
        and foundational principles45n, 4
        ODE's distinguished45
      point-mass mechanics44–46, 57–69
        Cartesian locations63
        Cassini space probe to Saturn61, 61
        coefficient of restitution69
        constitutive modeling conditions66, 82
        inertial reaction65
        Lennard-Jones potential60
        matched asymptotics69
        methodologies of avoidance62
        “natural coordinates,”63
        purely elastic collision69n, 26
        representative center59
        rotating rigid objects58
        special force laws63
      quantum mechanics45
      rigid body mechanics44, 67, 70–83
        action-at-a-distance forces73
        classical distillations of quantum processes74–75
        constraint relationships70
        contact forces73
        d'Alembert's principle79
        dead load73
        dimensional inharmonious quantities76
        dynamic loading73
        free body diagrams73, 74
        generalized coordinates71
        “higher or lower” pairs70n, 28
        independently variable72
        isolated particle81
        kinematics of mechanisms79
        meaningfully combined77
        mobility space79
        “pinned constraint,”71
        point-mass perspective71
        pressures74
        principle of virtual work79n, 33
        probability differences76
        punctiform point of view79, 80
        redirection of thrust71
        representative points81, 93
        static load73
        theory of measure76
        traction forces73
        turning moment77, 78
        virtual displacement81
        virtual variations79n, 33
        virtual-work reasoning72, 72
      Schrödinger equation46
      small size sales46
      surrogate for classical doctrine44
    Classical Particle Indistinguishability (Bach)355–56
    Clocks, relativistic spacetimes536
    Closed causal curve, relativistic spacetime591
    Closing uniform topology, unitary equivalence510n, 23
    Coarse-graining
      indistinguishability
        equilibrium entropy348
        statistical mechanics346
      renormalization group theory, phase transitions197
    Coefficient of restitution, point-mass mechanics69
    Cohen, E. G. D.163
    Coherent states, quantum mechanics432–34
    Cold dark matter617
    Collapse postulate, quantum mechanics8
      density operators424
    Compactly generated Cauchy horizon, global spacetime structure602
    Compact manifold588
    Complex inverse temperature, infinite idealization phase transitions209
    Composite, classical mechanics44
    Composite continua, continuum mechanics88
    Computational templates, hydrodynamics32–33n, 41
    Conceptually simple surrogate44
    Conceptual system, axiomatic presentation57
    Conciliatory approach, Everett interpretation475–77
    “Concordance model,” dark matter and dark energy617n, 22
    Conformal factor, relativistic spacetime592
    Connected rigid parts44
    Constitutive assumptions, continuum mechanics98
    Constitutive modeling conditions, point-mass mechanics66, 82
    Constraint relationships, rigid body mechanics70
    Constraint solutions, spacetime properties595
    Contact forces45
      rigid body mechanics73
    Continua, classical mechanics44
    Continuous models, quantum mechanics438–39
    Continuous phase transition147
    Continuum mechanics83–104
      applied force84
      balance principles94
      Bernoulli-Euler beam99, 100
      Bernoulli-Euler equation90, 91
      blocks-and-cords construction91, 92
      composite continua88
      constitutive assumptions98
      dimensionless point cube95n, 42
      drumheads92
      “Euler's continuum recipe,”257
      Hooke's law99
      infinitesimal cubes96
      infinitesimal traction vectors85
      labyrinth of the continuum90, 101
      lattice defects98
      material derivatives87
      mechanical elements91
      “method of extensive abstraction,”96n, 43
      point-mass setting98
      Problem of the Physical Infinitesimal86, 90, 93
      reference plane96
      response planes95
      shearing pattern85
      special force laws99
      stress-energy tensors84
      surface forces87
      tensor fields98
      the tyranny of scales
        “material particles,”270n, 18
      wave movements88, 88
    Continuum versions, effective field theory (EFT)251–52
    Contours for damped oscillator, retarded Green's functions115
    Conventions, system of and indistinguishability246
    Convex normal, spacetime properties593
    Coordinate independent transformations,symmetries533
    Copenhagen interpretation
      Everett interpretation463
      quantum mechanics420
    Coriolis, Gaspard22
    Correlation function calculations168–69
    Correlation length, mean field theory162
    Corresponding states, principle of162
    Cosmic background radiation (CBR)614–16, 632
      anthropic reasoning640
      dark matter and dark energy618
      early universe cosmology634
    Cosmological principle610, 630
    Cosmology, philosophy of10–11, 607–52
      anthropic reasoning638–43
        Bayesian conditionalization642, 643
        cosmic background radiation (CBR)640
        “principle of mediocrity” (PM)639–42
      dark matter and dark energy617–24, 646
        “concordance model,”617n, 22
        cosmic background radiation (CBR)618
        Einstein-Hilbert actions619n, 28
        general relativity (GR)619
        “hot” versus “cold,”618n, 24
        lensing effect621
        modification of Newtonian dynamics (MOND)623–24
        “old” cosmological constant problem621–22
        Planck scale621
        “standard candle,”618
        systematic error620
        “zodiacal masses,”619
      early universe cosmology633–38
        cosmic background radiation (CBR)634
        Einstein Field Equations (EFEs)636
        flatness problem635
        Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) models634–36
        “overlapping domains” argument633
        “theoretical unification,”633
        “theory of initial conditions,”637
      Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) models623
      global structure628–33
        Big Bang model631
        Cauchy surface629
        “causality conditions,”629
        cosmic background radiation (CBR)632
        “cosmological principle,”630
        Ehlers-Geren-Sachs (EGS) theorem630–32
        Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) models631–33
        Gauss-Codacci constraint equations629n, 47
        global hyperbolic spacetime10, 629
        local property of spacetime629n, 48
        observationally indistinguishable (OI) spacetime629–30
        spacetime geometry628
        Sunyaey-Zel'dovich effect632
      “standard candle,”609, 1
    Coulomb force, infinite idealization205
    Coulumb barriers615
    CP symmetry, electroweak theory402–3
    CPT theorem (Christenson, Cronin, Fitch, and Turlay)294–95
    Critical opalescence, fluctuations151–52
    Critical point147
    Crossover theory, infinite idealization220–21
    Crystals, Defects, and Microstructures (Phillips)284–85
    “Curie Principle,”290
    Cylindrical Minkowski spacetime, relativistic spacetime591
    Dark matter and dark energy617–24, 646
      “concordance model,”617n, 22
      cosmic background radiation (CBR)618
      Einstein-Hilbert actions619n, 28
      general relativity (GR)619
      “hot” versus “cold,”618n, 24
      lensing effect621
      modification of Newtonian dynamics (MOND)623–24
      “old” cosmological constant problem621–22
      Planck scale621
      “standard candle,”618
      systematic error620
      “zodiacal masses,”619
    Darwin, Charles47
    d'Alembert, Jean le Rond
      boundary layers23
      hydrodynamics13
      point-mass mechanics66
      rigid body mechanics79
      vortex motion19
    Dead load, rigid body mechanics73
    De Boer, Reint272
    Decision-theoretic framework, construction of480
    Decompositional programs, axiomatic presentation53, 53
    Decorated points84
    Degeneration, axiomatic presentation53
    De Grav (Newton)526
    Dependence, relativistic spacetime590–93
    Derivationally independent EFT246
    Diamond, Jared141
    Diffeomorphism group (DPM)
      enriched relationalism, classical mechanics547, 550
      Hole diffeomorphism575
    Dimensional inharmonious quantities, rigid body mechanics76
    Dimensionless point cube, continuum mechanics95n, 42
    Dirac delta function
      retarded Green's functions113, 119
    Dirac-von Neumann interpretation419
    Dirichlet variety of boundary conditions122
    Discretized position measurements, quantum mechanics443
    Displacement, Maxwell's electrodynamics386–89
    Distinguishability conditions, spacetime properties596
    Distribution of zeros, infinite idealization208–10
    Dominant energy conditions, spacetime properties595
    Donald, Matthew436
    D1 and D2, symmetry and equivalence319–20
    Drumheads, continuum mechanics92
    Dynamical account, symmetry302n, 22
    Dynamical approach
    Dynamical-collapse theories, Everett interpretation463
    Dynamical laws, have-it-all relationalism565
    Dynamical symmetries
      Hole Argument (Einstein)576
      spacetime, substantivalist and relationalist approaches to529
    Dynamical systems theory180
    “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” (Maxwell)390
    Dynamic loading, rigid body mechanics73
    Dyson, Freeman288
    Early universe cosmology633–38
      cosmic background radiation (CBR)634
      Einstein Field Equations (EFEs)636
      flatness problem635
      Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) models634–36
      “overlapping domains” argument633
      “theoretical unification,”633
      “theory of initial conditions,”637
    Earman, John
      have-it-all relationalism565
      Machian spacetime, defined557n, 75
      A Primer on Determinism1
      relationalism552
        enriched relationalism555n, 2
    Eddy resistance24, 25
    E-expansion, renormalization group theory176–77
    Ehlers-Geren-Sachs (EGS) theorem630–32
    Ehrenfest's theorem, quantum mechanics432–34
    Ehrenfest-Trkal-van Kampen approach, indistinguishability350–51, 366
    Eiffel, Gustav26
    Eigenvectors, quantum mechanics418
    Einstein, Albert
      corresponding states, principle of162
      critical opalescence151
      indistinguishability
        quantum, indistinguishability and342–43
        quantum particles363
      on indistinguishability340
      mean field theory158
      Noether, Emmy, obituary297
      Principle of Equivalence537
      substantivalist-relationalist debate522n, 1
      symmetry
        theories of special and general relativity290
      unification in physics392
    Einstein-Hilbert actions, dark matter and dark energy619n, 28
    Einstein's equation, spacetime properties595
    Electroweak unification, symmetry303–6
    Elementary particles, renormalization group theory176
    Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics (Gibbs)352–53
    Eliezer's theorem132
    Eliminativism
      and Gibbs paradox378
      “preferred basis problem,”377
    Embedding of relational history, enriched relationalism546
    Energy-momentum tensor, spacetime properties594
    Ensemble equivalent207
    Ensemble generates averages180
    Ensemble generates ensemble180
    Entangled states, quantum mechanics427
    Epistemic puzzles, Everett interpretation479–81
    Equal areas law, symmetry288n, 2
    Equilibrium entropy, indistinguishability348–49
      coarse-graining348
    Euclidean coordinate systems
      Machian relationalism557
      spacetime, substantivalist and relationalist approaches to528, 529, 557
    Euclidean space, relativistic spacetimes536
    Euclidean symmetries, Hole Argument (Einstein)577
    Eulerian flow26
    Euler-Lagrange equations, symmetry296
    Euler, Leonhard
      continuum mechanics257
        balance principles94
        Bernoulli-Euler beam99, 100
        laws of motion96
      Eulerian flow26
      explanatory progress29
      instabilities19
      rigid body mechanics
      vortex motion19
        vortex filaments, defined18
    Explanatory irreducibility, phase transitions210–14
    Explanatory progress, hydrodynamics27–30
      heterogeneous specializations30
      homogeneous specializations30
    Extended singularities
      matter, infinities and renormalization183
    Extended singularity theorem, Ising model154–55
    Extensivity, phase transitions201n, 2
    “False facts,” classical mechanics47
    Fecundity and generality, trade-off between335n, 13
    Fermi EFT of weak force effective field theory (EFT)245
    Fermilab's Tevatron305
    Ferromagnetic phase transitions192
    Feynman, R.119
      diagrams, indistinguishability367, 368
      the tyranny of scales256
      unitary equivalence492
    Fields, classical mechanics44
    50-50 volume mixture, the tyranny of scales268
    Fine-graining, indistinguishability346
    Finiteness condition, radiation theory124
    First-order phase transition147
    Fixed points
      matter, infinities and renormalization178
      renormalization group theory177
    Flatness problem, early universe cosmology635
    Flexible beam, classical mechanics44
    Flexible bodies, classical mechanics44
    Flows and flow diagrams
      matter, infinities and renormalization180–81
      one-dimensional Ising model180
      two-dimensional Ising model181
    Fluids
      mean field theory165
      velocity, hydrodynamics13
    Forced closed, rigid body mechanics70n, 27
    Force of rolling friction, axiomatic presentation54, 54
    Forces, rigid body mechanics73–74
    Foundational point of view, axiomatic presentation48–49
    Four-force, relativity554
    Fourier space, renormalization group theory172–74
    Fourier transformations
      advanced Green's functions111
      effective field theory (EFT)239
      retarded Green's functions113, 114
    Free body diagrams, rigid body mechanics73, 74
    Freeze out of particles, Standard Model614
    Freezing to a scale level55
    Friedman, Michael548
    Froude, William
      surface waves16
      turbulence21
    Fruitless definition, symmetry and equivalence322
    Future Cauchy horizon, relativistic spacetime592
    Future-directed curve, relativistic spacetime589
    Future distinguishability condition, spacetime properties596
    Future domain of dependence, relativistic spacetime592
    Future endpoint, relativistic spacetime592
    Future incomplete, spacetime properties598
    Galaxies and clusters of galaxies, length scale613
    Galilean boosts, symmetry and equivalence327, 331
    Galilean covariance
      spacetime, substantivalist and relationalist approaches to523
    Galilean idealization210n, 7
    Galilean invariance527–31
      dynamical symmetries, spacetime and527–29
      dynamical symmetry group529
      Euclidean coordinate systems528, 529
      Galilei group529
      kinematically privileged systems527
      Leibniz group of transformations528
      Newton group528
      Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR)530n, 14
      relative particle configurations527
      spacetime symmetry groups528
    Galilean spacetime
      have-it-all relationalism570
      spacetime substantivalism531
    Galilei group
      enriched relationalism, classical mechanics549–50
      physical equivalence330
      spacetime, substantivalist and relationalist approaches to529, 533
      symmetries, spacetime substantivalism534
    Galileo, Church's condemnation of524n, 3
    Gauge theories, symmetry300–303
      continuous symmetry299
      Gell-Mann “strangeness,”302
      Glashow-Salam-Weinberg (GSW) model303
      “gluing” role301
      isospin idea301
      Lorentz invariant299
      “power of the gauge,”299
      quantum chromodynamics (QCD)302
    Gauss-Codacci constraint equations629n, 47
    Gaussian bell curves, quantum mechanics432
    Gaussian distribution, the tyranny of scales276, 279
    Gaussian wave packets, quantum mechanics432–34
    Gauss's Law, effective field theory (EFT)231–32
    Gell-Mann/Low formulation, effective field theory (EFT)408–9
    Gell-Mann, M.
      omega minus hadron, prediction of306
      prediction, totalitarian principle309n, 39
      symmetry, predictive reasoning308–9
    Gell-Mann “strangeness,”302
    Generalized coordinates, rigid body mechanics71
    Generally covariant equations, symmetries533
    Geroch, Robert613
    Gibbs paradox, indistinguishability378
    Glashow model, electroweak theory397
    Glashow-Salam-Weinberg (GSW) model303
    Global isotropy, reduction of611
    Global spacetime structure10, 587–606
      Big Bang singularity600
      boundary conditions600
      compactly generated Cauchy horizon602
      hole-freeness603
      Klein-Gordon fields601
      Minkowski spacetime
      Misner spacetime603
      nakedly singular spacetime601
      reasonable properties598–603
        Big Bang singularity600
        boundary conditions600
        compactly generated Cauchy horizon602
        hole-freeness603
        Klein-Gordon fields601
        Misner spacetime603
        nakedly singular spacetime601
        trapped surface600
      spacetime properties593–98
        Cauchy surface597
        causal continuity condition597
        causal simplicity condition597
        causal structure596
        chronology condition596
        constraint solutions595
        convex normal593
        distinguishability conditions596
        dominant energy conditions595
        Einstein's equation595
        Einstein tensor594
        energy-momentum tensor594
        future distinguishability condition596
        future incomplete598
        global hyporbolicity597
        Minkowski spacetime597
        null geodesic incompleteness598
        past distinguishability596
        past incomplete598
        Ricci tensor594
        singularities596
        spacelike geodesic incompleteness598
        strong causality condition596
        strong energy conditions595
        timelike geodesically incomplete598
      trapped surface600
    Global structure, cosmology628–33
      Big Bang model631
      Cauchy surface629
      “causality conditions,”629
      cosmic background radiation (CBR)632
      “cosmological principle,”630
      Ehlers-Geren-Sachs (EGS) theorem630–32
      Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) models631–33
      Gauss-Codacci constraint equations629n, 47
      global hyperbolic spacetime10, 629
      local property of spacetime629n, 48
      observationally indistinguishable (OI) spacetime629–30
      spacetime geometry628
      Sunyaey-Zel'dovich effect632
    “Gluing” role, symmetry301
    Goldstone boson, symmetry304
    Gravitational wave, relativity556
    Green, George269
    Green, Melville168
    Green's functions, point-mass mechanics67
    Greenwood's proofs, rigid body mechanics80–82
    Group orbits, Machian relationalism559
    Group theory, symmetry289
    Guggenheim, E. A.
      corresponding states, principle of162
      mean field theory165
    Guns, Germs and Steel (Diamond)141
    Haag, Rudolph492
    Hacking, Ian13
    Haecceitism, indistinguishability356–60
    Hagen, Gotthilf20
    Hamel, Georg48
    Hamiltonian equations, symmetry289
    Hamiltonian function
      block transforms and scaling171
      matter, infinities and renormalization146
        flows and flow diagrams180, 181
      mean field theory157
      naming of function146n, 3
      phase transitions190
        statistical mechanical treatment193
      and statistical mechanics146
      the tyranny of scales276
      universality classes178
    Hamiltonians, effective field theory (EFT)410
    Hamiltonian symmetries
    Hamiltonian systems, “uniqueness results,”493–94
    Hamiltonian theory, unitary inequivalence507
    Hamilton's “Principle of the Least Action,”295
    Have-it-all relationalism
      Best Systems prescription566
      dynamical approach to relativity569–74
      dynamical laws565
      Galilean spacetime570
      Humean approach566
      Mill-Ramsey-Lewis's Best Systems prescription566
      rod, constituents of570
      rotation disks argument566
    Hawking radiation exterior518
    Heat capacity as measured, mean field theory166
    Heat transfer, indistinguishability344–45
    Heisenberg model of ferromagnetism163
    Heisenberg's “cut,” quantum mechanics440–42
      Copenhagen interpretation441n, 30
    Heisenberg, Werner20
      gauge theories301
      quantum mechanics
        particle tracks439
    Helmholtz, Hermann
      boundary layers23
      instabilities20
      thermodynamic calculations146
      turbulence21
    Helmholtz-Kelvin instability19
    Hermann, Grete422
    Heterogeneous specializations30
    Hierarchy problem, effective field theory (EFT)228n, 6
    Higgs particle, unification in physics381–82
    Higgs term, effective field theory (EFT)228n, 6
    High-energy particle acceleration, funding for2
    Higher-order ontology, Everett interpretation470–74
    “Higher or lower” pairs, rigid body mechanics70n, 28
    Hofstader, Douglas471
    Hole Argument (Einstein)300n, 17, 523, 574–79
      and dynamical symmetries576
      Euclidean symmetries577
      hole diffeomorphism575
      and kinematic shift argument576
      Leibniz and Clarke correspondence577n, 106
      Machian 3-space approach578
      sophisticated substantivalism575
      structural realist interpretation of spacetime577
    Hole-freeness, global spacetime structure603
    Homogeneity
      global structure630
    Homogeneous specializations30
    Hooke's law
      continuum mechanics99
    “Hot” versus “cold,” dark matter and dark energy618n, 24
    Huggett, Nick
      effective field theory (EFT)234
      enriched relationalism, classical mechanics548
      indistinguishability, haecceitism356
      relationalism545
      relational spacetime544
    Hume, David56, 107
      have-it-all relationalism566
    Ideal spin measurements, quantum mechanics443–44
    Identity conditions, indistinguishability372–76
    Imprecision, Ising model155n, 10
    Improper mixtures, quantum mechanics427
    indistinguishability from proper mixtures429
    Incoming waves, radiation theory127
    Indexical uncertainty, Everett interpretation476
    Individualistic facts, Hole Argument (Einstein)577n, 108
    Inertia
      continuum mechanics97n, 44
      Descartes, René524
      point-mass mechanics65
    Infinite limits, the tyranny of scales261–62
    Infinitesimal cubes, continuum mechanics96
    Infinitesimal traction vectors85
    Infinite spin chain, as example of unitary inequivalence501–5, 508
    Influence, relativistic spacetime590–93
    Instabilities, hydrodynamics19–21
    Instantaneous relative distances540n, 35
    Instantaneous states, symmetry and equivalence326n, 31
    Intensive properties, phase transitions201
    Interpretive schemes, hydrodynamics31
    Intertheoretic relation, effective field theory (EFT)245–47
    Irreducibility
      infinite idealization221
    Irreversibility142
    Ising, Ernst145
    Ising model152–56
      Boltzmann-Gibbs formulation154
      ferromagnets156
      and Hamiltonian function153
      one-dimensional Ising model180
      Ornstein-Zernike infinity156
      particle spin154
      phase diagram156
      singularity in phase transition155
      two-dimensional Ising model153, 181
    Isometric spacetimes, relativistic spacetime589–90
    Jacobi's principle, Machian relationalism558–59
    Jet bundle, symmetry and equivalence324
    Kadanoff, Leo P.
      the tyranny of scales266
    Kant, Immanuel
      classical mechanics89n, 39
      indistinguishability, haecceitism356
      symmetry, incongruent counterparts293n, 9
    Kármán, Theodore von22, 26
    Kepler problem, symmetry and equivalence
      differential equations, symmetries of325
      and physical equivalence332
    Kinematically possible models (KPMs)
      Machian relationalism558
      relativity, enriched relationalism555
    Kinematically privileged systems527
    Kinematics
      rigid body mechanics79
      unitary equivalence, kinematic pair495–96
      unitary equivalence, physical equivalence and492
    Kinematic shift argument
      Hole Argument (Einstein)576
    Kinetic theory of gases22
    Klein, Felix289
    Klein-Gordon fields601
    Kolmogorov, Andrei167
    Korteweg-de Vries vector325, 333
    Koyré, Alexander524
    Kramers, Hendrik163
    Kretschmann, E.537
    Kuhn, Thomas
      dark matter and dark energy619
      matter, theories of150
      and “normal” phases of science12
      phase transitions168
    Labyrinth of the continuum90, 101
    Lagrange, Joseph Louis
      instabilities20
      surface waves16
      vortex motion17
    Lagrangian
      density, effective field theory (EFT)226, 235, 251
      formalism, effective field theory (EFT)247
      initial and Lagrangian for superfluid Helium, effective field theory (EFT)246
      methodology
        symmetry and equivalence and physical equivalence331
      unitary equivalence, physical equivalence and491–92
    Lanczos, Cornelius82
    Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson free energy173–74
    Laplace transform technique, radiation theory125
    Lattice defects, continuum mechanics98
    Lebesgue measure zero118
    Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
      axiomatic presentation48, 52
      continuum mechanics
        labyrinth of the continuum90
      indistinguishability
    Leibniz group of transformations528
      spacetime, substantivalist and relationalist approaches to333
    Lennard-Jones potential60
    Lensing effect, dark matter and dark energy621
    Lenz-Runge vector, symmetry and equivalence325
    Levanyuk, A. P.167
    Lie group, electroweak theory395
    Light-bending, dark matter and dark energy620–21
    “Light quanta,”342
    Linear operators, quantum mechanics417n, 4
    Liquid gas
      infinite idealization, phase transitions215
    Loaded beam, continuum mechanics91n, 40
    Locally isometric spacetime, relativistic spacetime590
    London, Fritz297
    Loop quantum gravity (LQG), electroweak theory405
    Lorentz contract, have-it-all relationalism570n, 92, 572
    Lorentz-Dirac equation
      causation in classical mechanics132
      point-particle electrodynamics132
    Lorentzian metric588
    Lorentz invariant
      gauge theories299
      Maxwell's equation, form of538
    Lorentz-Poincaré relativity292
    Lorentz, quantum mechanics433
    Lorentz transformations, relativistic spacetimes536
    “Losses of head,” hydrodynamics16
    Low-energy superfluid helium-4 film230–32
    Machian 3-space approach578
    Mach's Principle: From Newton's Bucket to Quantum Gravity (Barbour)557
    Mach's principle, Standard Model610
    Macromechanics, quantum mechanics430
    Macroscopic scale behaviors256
    Magnitude F, point-mass mechanics65, 65
    Magnitude of parameter144
    Many spins, mean field theory157
    Mass-dependent schemes, effective field theory (EFT)236–37
    Mass-independent schemes, effective field theory (EFT)237–39
    Mass point lattice, classical mechanics44
    Matched asymptotics, point-mass mechanics69
    Material derivatives, continuum mechanics87
    “Material particles,” continuum mechanics270n, 18
    Materials, discovery and invention of141–43
    Mathematical complexity, classical mechanics45
    Maximal spacetimes, relativistic spacetime590
    Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution147
    Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, indistinguishability371n, 42
    Maxwell equations, quantum mechanics446
    Maxwell, James Clerk
      different phases of matter
      “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field,”390
      Green's functions113
      “On Physical Lines of Force,”387–93
      phase transitions147
      statistical physics, theory of141
      Treatise on Electricity and Magnesium391
      turbulence22
      vortex motion17
    Maxwell's equation, relativistic spacetimes538
    Maxwell's theory
      symmetry and equivalence325n, 21
      unification in physics7, 383
    McMullin, Ernan636
    Mean field calculations, the tyranny of scales266
    Meaningfully combined, rigid body mechanics77
    Melnyk, Andrew198
    Mercury's perihelion motion619
    Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science (Kant)89n, 39
    “Method of extensive abstraction,”96n, 43
    Metric, global spacetime structure588–90
      Lorentzian metric588
    Micromechanics, quantum mechanics430
    Mill-Ramsey-Lewis's Best Systems prescription566
    Minkowski metric structure, relativistic spacetimes536
    Minkowski spacetime
      effective field theory (EFT)231
      substantivalist-relationalist debate522n, 1
      unification in physics393
      unitary equivalence, physical equivalence and518
    Misner spacetime
      global spacetime structure603
    Mobility space, rigid body mechanics79
    Möbius strip, relativistic spacetime589
    Modification of Newtonian dynamics (MOND)623–24
    Mod-squared amplitude, Everett interpretation479n, 17, 480
    Monte Carlo method. infinite idealization211–12
    “More is Different” (Anderson)2
    Motion as change of place524
    Motte, Andrew58
    Multiple realization, phase transitions198n, 1
    Mysterium Cosmographicum (Kepler)287–88
    Naimark dilation, quantum mechanics448
    Nakedly singular spacetime, global spacetime structure601, 601
    “Natural coordinates,” point-mass mechanics63
    Naturalness, electroweak theory404n, 19
    Navier-Cauchy equation6
    Navier, Claude Louis
      internal fluid forces14
      point-mass model67
    Neptune
      discovery of618
      prediction of310
    Neutrino, postulation of310
    Newton-Cartan theory
      enriched relationalism551, 553
    Newton group528
    Newtonian behavior, quantum mechanics439
    Newtonian boosts, symmetry and equivalence327n, 33
    Newtonian gravity
      uniqueness of universe627, 632
    Newtonian mechanics, unification in physics406
    Newtonian scheme, symmetry295
    No-go theorem for safe bit commitment protocols430
    No-hidden variables theorem422
    Non-Abelian case, electroweak theory396, 401
    Noninertial motion542
    Non-interacting particles, Everett interpretation463n, 5
    Non-relativistic QCD, effective field theory (EFT)229n, 7
    Nonsimultaneous events, enriched relationalism549
    Nontrivial spin properties, quantum mechanics428
    Nonviscous fluid, hydrodynamics13
    Normalization, quantum mechanics422n, 10
    Normal science, hydrodynamics30n, 38
    No-signaling theorem, quantum mechanics425
    Null geodesic incompleteness, spacetime properties598
    Null vectors, relativistic spacetime589, 589
    Objective-probability role, Everett interpretation479n, 17
    Observationally indistinguishable (OI) spacetime629–30
    “Old” cosmological constant problem, dark matter and dark energy621–22
    Oldenburg group, infinite idealization209
    Omega minus hadron, symmetry307
    One-dimensional Ising model180
    One spin, mean field theory157
    Onnes, Heike Kamerlingh165
    “On Physical Lines of Force” (Maxwell)387–93
    Open channel flow28
    Order parameters
      matter, infinities and renormalization144–45
      mean field theory, order parameter jump162
      orientation of order parameter144
    Ordinary differential equations (ODEs)
      continuous variables, lift from55n, 14
      and foundational principles45n, 4
      PDE's distinguished45
      and Schrödinger equation46
      tasks governed by49
    Ornstein-Zernike infinity, Ising model156
    Our Knowledge of the “External World (Russell)96n, 43
    Outgoing waves, radiation theory127
    “Overlapping domains” argument, early universe cosmology633
    Pairs of solutions, symmetry and equivalence333n, 55
    Parallelly transported vector, spacetime properties593
    Parallel tradition, Everett interpretation478n, 16
    Paramagnetism192
    Parastatistics, indistinguishability364n, 32
    Partial differential equations (PDEs)
      and foundational principles45n, 4
      ODE's distinguished45
    Particle spin, Ising model154
    Passivity and causality, dispersion theory137
    Past Cauchy horizon, relativistic spacetime592
    Past-directed curve, relativistic spacetime589
    Past distinguishability, spacetime properties596
    Past domain of dependence, relativistic spacetime592
    Past endpoint, relativistic spacetime592
    Past incomplete, spacetime properties598
    Patrizi, Francesco526
    Pauli relations, unitary equivalence494
    Pauli spins, as example of unitary inequivalence494, 501–4
    Pearson, Karl271
    Peebles, Phillip James Edward620n, 31
    Permutability of objects, indistinguishability369–70
    Phase diagram, Ising model156
    Phase space
      matter, infinities and renormalization146
      quantum statistics, explanation of361–62
      symmetry and equivalence327
    Phase transformation, electroweak theory396n, 13
    Phenomenological arrow of time, quantum mechanics433n, 22
    Phenomenological theories, generally2
    Physical motivation, retarded Green's functions113
    Physical space, renormalization group theory172–74
    Pilot-wave theories, quantum mechanics440, 482
    “Pinned constraint,” rigid body mechanics71
    Pipe flow, hydrodynamics20
    Planck, M.
      on indistinguishability7, 340
        quantum, indistinguishability and341–43
        quantum statistics, explanation of360
      unitary equivalence494
    Planck scale
      dark matter and dark energy621
      electroweak theory403
    Plane parallel flow, hydrodynamics20
    Plane Poiseuille flow, hydrodynamics21
    Plücker, Julius49
    Poincaré sphere423
      effective field theory (EFT)238
      quantum mechanics423
      rationality, failure of539
    Point-mass mechanics44–46, 57–69
      Cartesian locations63
      Cassini space probe to Saturn61, 61
      coefficient of restitution69
      constitutive modeling conditions66, 82
      inertial reaction65
      isolated point mass59
      Lennard-Jones potential60
      matched asymptotics69
      methodologies of avoidance62
      “natural coordinates,”63
      purely elastic collision69n, 26
      representative center59
      rigid body mechanics71
      rotating rigid objects58
      special force laws63
    Point-mass swarm, axiomatic presentation51
    Points, axiomatic presentation49–50
    Poisson bracket
      unitary equivalence, physical equivalence and493–94
      unitary inequivalence, as example of505–6
    Poisson, Siméon Denis
      rigid body mechanics83
      surface waves17
      “two constant,”67
    Polarization of a system502
    Polchinski, J.227
    Poncelet, Jean Victor22, 23
    Possibility and Everett interpretation475–77
    Post facto strategy, the tyranny of scales263
    Power laws, representing critical behavior by159–60
    Prediction and predictability
      symmetry
        Neptune, prediction of310
        of omega minus hadron306
    “Preferred basis problem”
      eliminativism377
    Pressures, rigid body mechanics74
    A Primer on Determinism (Earman)1
    Principle of Equivalence (Einstein)537
    Principle of Limiting Amplitude128
    “Principle of mediocrity” (PM)639–42
    Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR)530n, 14
    Principle of virtual work, rigid body mechanics79
    Privileging, retarded Green's functions113–20
    Probability simpliciter475
    Problem of the Physical Infinitesimal86, 90, 93
    Projection postulate, quantum mechanics417
    Proper mixtures, quantum mechanics423–28
      indistinguishability from proper mixtures429
    Pseudo-Reimannian metric field, Hole Argument (Einstein)574n, 100, 578
    Punctiform point of view, rigid body mechanics79, 80
    Purely elastic collision, point-mass mechanics69n, 26
    Puzzle solving, hydrodynamics30n, 38
    PV measures, quantum mechanics446n, 34
    Quantitative problem, Everett interpretation477–79
    Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)
    Quantum electrodynamics (QED)
      effective field theory (EFT)411
    Quantum locality1
    Quantum particles, indistinguishability371–72
    Quantum statistical mechanics (QSM)491
    Quasi-autonomous domains, effective field theory (EFT)240–41, 243
      and emergence244
      Wilsonian approach241
    Quasi particles, Everett interpretation473–74
    Radioactive decay437
    Radioactive scattering52
    Ramsey, Jeffrey13, 30
    Random variables, the tyranny of scales278
    Rankine, William John Macquorn24–25
    “Rari-constancy” theorists270
    Raychaudhuri equation611
    Rayleigh, Lord
      instabilities20
      surface waves17
    “Re-combination,” Standard Model615
    Redirection of thrust, rigid body mechanics71
    Reduced states, quantum mechanics420–30
    Reductionism
      effective field theory (EFT)411n, 25
      phase transitions198
    Reductive unity, unification in physics385–93
    Relationalist, reasons for being539–40
    Relative particle configurations
      spacetime, substantivalist and relationalist approaches to527
    Relativistic quantum field theories (RQFTs)
    Relativistic spacetime587–93
      Cartesian coordinates536
      causal curve591
      chronology violating region of spacetime591
      closed causal curve591
      conformal factor592
      cylindrical Minkowski spacetime591
      Einstein Field Equations (EFEs)537
      Euclidean space536
      future Cauchy horizon592
      future-directed curve589
      future domain of dependence592
      future endpoint592
      locally isometric spacetime590
      Lorentz-invariant form of Maxwell's equation538
      Lorentz transformations536
      maximal spacetimes590
      Maxwell's equation538
      Minkowski metric structure536
      Möbius strip589
      past Cauchy horizon592
      past-directed curve589
      past domain of dependence592
      past endpoint592
      spacelike surface592
      strong equivalence principle538
      temporarily orientable spacetime589
      “twin paradox” scenario536
    Relativity, enriched relationalism553–57
      gravitational wave556
      kinematically possible models (KPMs)555
    Relevant scalings
      matter, infinities and renormalization177–78
    Renormalization calculations, mean field theory159–60
    Renormalization, unification in physics406–13
    Representative center, point-mass mechanics59
    Representative points, rigid body mechanics81, 93
    Resolution of the identity, quantum mechanics446
    Response planes, continuum mechanics95
    Retarded Green's functions
      Abraham-Lorentz equation119
      bounded spatial domain, wave equation in121–23
      Cauchy problem120
      causal directionality116
      “causality” as initial value problem116–20
      contours for damped oscillator115
      “final condition,”119
      “final value problem,”119
      Fourier transformations113, 114
      Lebesgue measure zero118
      physical motivation113
      Residue Theorem114
      undamped harmonic oscillator110
    Reynolds, Osborne
      boundary layers26
      instabilities20
    Ricci tensor, spacetime properties594
    Riemann-Hugoniot approach to shock waves53n, 12
    Rigid body mechanics44, 67, 70–83
      action-at-a-distance forces73
      bead sliding on rigid wire71
      classical distillations of quantum processes74–75
      constraint relationships70
      contact forces73
      d'Alembert's principle79
      dead load73
      dimensional inharmonious quantities76
      dynamic loading73
      free body diagrams73, 74
      generalized coordinates71
      “higher or lower” pairs70n, 28
      independently variable72
      kinematics of mechanisms79
      meaningfully combined77
      mobility space79
      “pinned constraint,”71
      point-mass perspective71
      pressures74
      principle of virtual work79
      probability differences76
      punctiform point of view79, 80
      redirection of thrust71
      representative points81, 93
      sewing machine mechanism71
      static load73
      theory of measure76
      traction forces73
      turning moment77, 78
      virtual displacement80, 81
      virtual variations79n, 33
      virtual-work reasoning72, 72
    Rigid crystalline forms, axiomatic presentation51
    Rod, constituents of570
    Rolling on a rigid track, axiomatic presentation54–55
    Rosenfeld, L.356
    Rotating rigid objects, point-mass mechanics58
    Rotation curves, dark matter and dark energy620n, 30
    Rotation disks argument, have-it-all relationalism566
    Rotations
      axiomatic presentation48
    Running coupling constants, renormalization group theory175–76
    Russell, Scott17
    Saint-Venant, Barré, Adhémar de22, 23
    Scalar field theory227n, 3
    Scale sizes, relationships between51–52
    Scale transformation, mean field theory159–60
    Schrödinger equation
      classical mechanics46
      electroweak theory395
      ordinary differential equations (ODEs)46
      unitary equivalence, physical equivalence and494
    Schrödinger, Erwin46
      electroweak theory395
      indistinguishability
        quantum, indistinguishability and343
        as uniform symmetry354
      and ordinary differential equations (ODEs)46
      unitary equivalence494
    Schrödinger evolution418
    Self-adjoint operators, quantum mechanics417–18
    Semantics, Everett interpretation476
    Sewing machine mechanism71
    Shape space, Machian relationalism558
    Shearing pattern85
    Ships, boundary layers24
    Shock waves, Riemann-Hugoniot approach to53n, 12
    Short-distance expansion182
    Similarity groups, Machian relationalism559
    Singularities
      phase transition, Ising model155
      spacetime properties596
    Size of group, symmetry and equivalence322n, 10
    Skin resistance24
    Sklar, Lawrence548
    Smoluchowski, Marian151
    Smooth phase transitions206
    Sommerfeld radiation condition
      application of123
    Sophisticated substantivalism, Hole Argument (Einstein)575
    Spacelike geodesic incompleteness, spacetime properties598
    Spacelike surface, relativistic spacetime592
    Spacelike vectors, relativistic spacetime589, 589
    Spacetime geometry, global structure628
    Spacetime properties, global spacetime structure593–98
      Cauchy surface597
      causal continuity condition597
      causal simplicity condition597
      causal structure596
      chronology condition596
      constraint solutions595
      convex normal593
      distinguishability conditions596
      dominant energy conditions595
      Einstein's equation595
      Einstein tensor594
      energy-momentum tensor594
      future distinguishability condition596
      future incomplete598
      global hyporbolicity597
      null geodesic incompleteness598
      parallelly transported vector593
      past distinguishability596
      past incomplete598
      Ricci tensor594
      singularities596
      spacelike geodesic incompleteness598
      strong causality condition596
      strong energy conditions595
      timelike geodesically incomplete598
    Spacetime, substantivalist and relationalist approaches to9–10, 522–86
      Cartesian coordinates536
      circular motion525
      dynamical symmetry group529
      Einstein Field Equations (EFEs)537, 543
      Euclidean coordinate system529
      Euclidean coordinate systems528
      Euclidean space536
      Galilean covariance523
      Galilean invariance527–31
        dynamical symmetries, spacetime and527–29
        dynamical symmetry group529
        Euclidean coordinate system529
        Euclidean coordinate systems528
        Galilei group529
        kinematically privileged systems527
        Leibniz group of transformations528
        Leibnizian relationalist530
        Newton group528
        Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR)530n, 14
        relative particle configurations527
        spacetime symmetry groups528
      Hole Argument (Einstein)300n, 17, 523, 574–79
        and dynamical symmetries576
        Euclidean symmetries577
        hole diffeomorphism575
        and kinematic shift argument576
        Leibniz and Clarke correspondence577n, 106
        Machian 3-space approach578
        sophisticated substantivalism575
        structural realist interpretation of spacetime577
      inertia, spacetime explanation of541–44
      instantaneous relative distances540n, 35
      kinematically possible models (KPMs)531–33
      kinematically privileged systems527
      Leibniz group of transformations333, 528
      Leibnizian relationalist530
      Lorentz-invariant form of Maxwell's equation538
      Lorentz transformations536
      Maxwell's equation538
      Minkowski metric structure536
      Minkowski's space time538
      motion as change of place524
      Newton group528
      Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR)530n, 14
      relative particle configurations527
      relativistic spacetimes536–39
        Cartesian coordinates536
        Einstein Field Equations (EFEs)537
        Euclidean space536
        Lorentz-invariant form of Maxwell's equation538
        Lorentz transformations536
        Maxwell's equation538
        Minkowski metric structure536
        Minkowski's space time538
        strong equivalence principle538
        “twin paradox” scenario536
      spacetime symmetry groups528
      strong equivalence principle538
      symmetries
        coordinate independent transformations533
        Galilei group534
        generally covariant equations533
        Leibniz group of transformations533
        Leibniz relationalist535
      trajectories of force-free bodies, spacetime as542n, 41
      transtemporal structure531
      “twin paradox” scenario536
    Spacetime symmetry groups528
    Spatial propagation
    Spatial structures, mean field theory167
    Special force laws
      continuum mechanics99
      point-mass mechanics63
    Spin
      indistinguishability375
      and ordinary differential equations (ODEs)45n, 5
    Stage-setting, symmetry and equivalence320–21
    “Standard candle”
      cosmology, philosophy of609, 1
      dark matter and dark energy618
    Static load, rigid body mechanics73
    Statistical algorithm of quantum mechanics, measurement417
    Statistical equilibrium142
    Statistical mechanical treatment, phase transitions193–95
      and Hamiltonian function193
      Yang-Lee theorem195
    Statistical physics, theory of141
    Statistical Thermodynamics (Schrödinger)349–50
    Steel, Gaussian and279
    Stieltjes-Lesbeque integration, axiomatic presentation53n, 12
    Stokes, George Gabriel
      boundary layers23
      fluid velocity14
      point-mass mechanics67
      surface waves17
      turbulence22
      the tyranny of scales271
      vortex motion17
    Stress-energy tensors
      continuum mechanics84
      dark matter and dark energy621n, 35
    Stress, rigid body mechanics74
    String theory
      electroweak theory405
      and multiverse644
    Strong causality condition, spacetime properties596
    Strong energy conditions, spacetime properties595
    Strong equivalence principle, relativistic spacetimes538
    Structural realist interpretation of spacetime577
    Subspace
    Sub-universe182
    Sunyaey-Zel'dovich effect632
    Superconductivity, unification in physics384
    Superfluidity, unification in physics384
    “Superposition state,” Everett interpretation462
    Superspace, Machian relationalism562
    Surface forces, continuum mechanics87
    Surface waves, hydrodynamics16–17
    Sykes, Martin166
    Symbolic universe31
    Symmetry group of the square289
    Synthetic unity, unification in physics393–401
    Systematic error, dark matter and dark energy620
    Taylor, Geoffrey22
    Temporarily orientable spacetime, relativistic spacetime589
    Tensor fields, continuum mechanics98
    Theoretical laws, hydrodynamics31
    “Theoretical unification,” early universe cosmology633
    Theory facades, axiomatic presentation48, 57
    “Theory of initial conditions,”637
    Thermodynamic phases142
    Thermodynamic properties, phase transitions201
    Thermodynamic treatment, phase transitions191–93
      critical exponent193
      ferromagnetic transitions192
      first-order phase transitions191
      Helmholtz free energy192
      order-disorder transitions192
    Thomson, J. J.30
    Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin)
      explanatory progress28
      Helmholtz-Kelvin instability19
      instabilities20
      surface waves17
      Treatise on Natural Philosophy59, 66
      unified theory387
      vortex motion17
    Time dependent boundary condition, radiation theory124
    Time-harmonic waves, radiation theory127–29
    Timelike future, relativistic spacetime590–91
    Timelike geodesically incomplete, spacetime properties598
    Timelike vectors, relativistic spacetime589, 589
    Todhunter, Isaac271
    Tollmien, Walter20
    Toothpaste, continuum mechanics89, 89
    Top-down approach
      effective field theory (EFT)
        naturalness, hypothesis of228
        symmetry considerations228
      “rari-constancy” theorists270
      the tyranny of scales257
    Totalitarian principle, symmetry309n, 39
    Traction forces, rigid body mechanics73
    Trajectories of force-free bodies, spacetime as542n, 41
    Transformation, quantum mechanics446
    Transtemporal structure, spacetime substantivalism531
    Trapped surface, global spacetime structure600
    Treatise on Electricity and Magnesium (Maxwell)391
    Treatise on Natural Philosophy (Tait and Thomson)59, 66, 105
    Truesdell, Clifford93
    Turbulence
      mean field theory167
    Turning moment, rigid body mechanics77, 78 “
    Twin paradox” scenario, relativistic spacetimes536
    Two-dimensional Ising model153, 181
    Tyndall, John20
    Uncertainty, Everett interpretation and475–77
    Undamped harmonic oscillator
      advanced Green's functions110
      retarded Green's functions110
    Unitarily inequivalent representations491
    Universal behavior, unification in physics384
    Universality classes
      matter, infinities and renormalization178–79
      unification in physics412
    “Unsharp” spin measurements, quantum mechanics444–446
    Up and down spin states, quantum mechanics418–19
    U.S. National Bureau of Standards conference168
    Vaidman, Lev476
    van der Waals, Johannes
      corresponding states, principle of162
      memorial meeting, Netherlands meeting (1937)162–64
    van Fraassen, Bas C.565
    “Variational problem,” symmetry297
    Verschaffelt, J. E.164
    Vibrating strings, continuum mechanics92, 92, 101
    Virasoro algebra182
    Virtual displacement, rigid body mechanics80, 81
    Virtual variations, rigid body mechanics79n, 33
    Virtual-work reasoning, rigid body mechanics72, 72
    Viscosity of fluid, axiomatic presentation54
    Volume measures, indistinguishability362–63
    Voronel, Alexander165
    Vortex motion
      Helmholtz-Kelvin instability19
      vortex filaments, defined18
    Vorticity17
    Water, cartoon PVT diagram for148
    Wave equation
    Waveguide, radiation theory124
    Wave movements, continuum mechanics88, 88
    Wave packets, Everett interpretation461
    Wave resistance24
    Weak coupling fixed points177
    Weak neutral currents, symmetry302n, 24
    Weak operator topology, unitary equivalence495
    Weighting, indistinguishability361, 362
    Weiss, Pierre157
    Wilsonian approach, effective field theory (EFT)252
      cutoff, realistic interpretations of242
      ontological implications240
      quasi-autonomous domains241
      and renormalization group (RG) techniques232
    Wilson-Kadanoff model412
    Yang-Mills theory
      unification in physics397
      unitary inequivalence, as example of507
    Yukawa couplings, electroweak theory402
    Yukawa interaction, electroweak theory402n, 17
    Zemanian, A.137
    Zero field strength, Machian relationalism557n, 75
    “Zodiacal masses,”619
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