The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion
Published online:
02 September 2009
Published in print:
21 June 2007
Online ISBN:
9780199892099
Print ISBN:
9780195331356
Contents
End Matter
Index
-
Published:June 2007
Annotate
Cite
'Index', in William J. Wainwright (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion, Oxford Handbooks (2007; online edn, Oxford Academic, 2 Sept. 2009), https://doi.org/, accessed 10 May 2025.
Subject
Philosophy
Series
Oxford Handbooks
527Index
- a priori arguments as to existence of God See ontological argument
- Abrahamic faiths See also Christianity See also Islam See also Judaism
- concept of God59–61
- revelation323–24
- absolute characteristics of God See goodness of God See knowledge of God See power of God
- absolute vs. relational space and time42–43
- action of divine in world280–88
- methodological naturalism283–85
- power, knowledge, and goodness of God285–88
- theism vs. deism280–83
- Adams, Marilyn6
- adhyasa69–70
- afterlife See death, afterlife, and personal identity
- agnosticism4
- Alexander, H. G.42
- Alston, William P.
- analytic philosophy of religion and religious language427
- beliefs as mental phenomena, reason for trusting452
- biographical informationix
- religious diversity396–400
- Wittgenstein, use of441
- Amis, Kingsley189–90
- analytic philosophy of religion
- attributes and nature of God427–28
- continental philosophy of religion and495
- criticism of442–43
- different approaches, importance of studying10
- feminism See feminist critiques of analytic philosophy
- historical background5–6
- isolation from continental school9–10
- necessary truth438–40
- providence, divine435–38
- religious language422–27
- topics addressed by6–7
- weaknesses of9
- Anaxagoras485
- Anderson, C. Anthony108–10
- Anderson, Pamela Sue495–96 See also feminist critiques of analytic philosophy
- assessment of argument512–16
- conclusions drawn by511–12
- epistemological views of506–10
- Jantzen compared496, 502, 505 et seq.
- androcentrism See feminist critiques of analytic philosophy
- animalism387–89
- annihilation vs. creation39
- Anscombe, Elizabeth348
- Anselm of Canterbury
- definition of the divine66
- nature of God3
- ontological arguments of See ontological argument
- rationally grounded theology250
- antirealism355
- Aquinas See Thomas Aquinas and Thomism
- aseity or independence of God36–37, 47–57
- conservation of creation as divine drudgery40
- contemporaneous vulnerability, God's lack of48
- historical dependency relations, God's lack of48
- modularity of mind49–51
- personal nature of God, problems raised by49
- propositions standing as components of36
- simplicity of divine mind50–54
- structural dependencies49–51
- atheism
- indifference replacing448
- morality, goal of351
- nonexistence of God argued from existence of evil188–89, 192–94 See also evil, problem of
- reason, truths about God based only on4
- Atkins, J. F.130
- Augsberg Confession325
- Augustine
- creation ex nihilo38
- epistemology7
- Mencius compared412–13
- necessary and contingent propositions45–47
- self, concepts of501
- theological determinism436
- vision and voice484
- Austin, J. L.451
- Austin, James H.160
- authority of sound of Vedic texts63–64
- avidya347
- ayin147
- Baillie, John154
- Barnard, G. William151
- Barnes, Jonathan35
- Basinger, David435
- Batson, C. Daniel160
- Bayle, Pierre402–5
- Beard, A. W.160
- Beardsworth, Timothy230
- Beauvoir, Simone de509
- Beer, Frances163
- beginninglessness See eternality
- Behe, Michael J.130
- Belgic Confession325
- belief in God See also epistemology See also faith
- certitudes or absolutes458
- natural belief452
- pragmatic rationality of169, 182, 184–85 See also Pascal, Blaise, and Pascal's wagers
- Ricoeur and continental philosophy476–79
- truth-relevant merit of246–47
- Bergson, Henri154
- Bernard of Clairvaux142
- Blond, Philip456
- bodhisattvas75
- Boehme, Jacob151
- Borchert, Bruno163
- Boyle, Robert171
- Brahma Sutra151
- brain and soul371
- Brhadaranyaka Upanisad67
- bridge principles, verificationism, and religious language223
- Brown, Joseph141
- Brunn, Emilie Zum163
- Buber, Martin5
- buddhi68
- Buddhism
- doctrinal foundations393
- life of Gautama Sakyamuni72–73
- morality and religion347
- nontheistic conceptions of divine72–77
- Sankaran nondualism, desire to avoid77
- three bodies of Buddha74–75
- Western emphasis on theism and9
- Bulhof, Ilse N.488
- Bultmann, Rudolph Karl477
- Byrne, Peter156
- Camus, Albert351
- Carlson, Thomas A.488
- Carnap, Rudolph222
- Cartesian thought See Descartes, René, and Cartesianism
- Caterus, Johannes102–3
- Cech, T. R.130
- chaos theory282
- Chinese ethics411
- Chrétien, Jean-Louis480
- Christian, William A.416
- Christianity
- definition of religion409–10
- doctrinal foundations393
- hermeneutics of suspicion479
- Incarnation of Christ, traditional concept of384
- infallibility of Bible64
- metaphysics485
- Passion of Christ464
- providence, divine436
- religious diversity and Christian mystical practice396–400
- science and conservative Christian thinkers295–96
- scope of philosophy of religion8–9
- sin vs. moral wrong346–47
- theistic or Abrahamic concept of God59–61
- Clarke, Samuel
- Leibniz correspondence on divine watchmaker theory285–86
- modern interest in, reasons for6
- proofs of God's existence7
- classical foundationalism264
- Clifford, W. K.180–84
- Clifton, Rob126–27
- clockmaker, divine285–86
- Collins, Steven8
- communion as philosophical category517
- compulsion of religious practice401–5
- concepts (predicates) applied to God221, 227, 232 et seq. See also religious language
- conceptualism, modal439–40
- consciousness See also self
- death and See death, afterlife, and personal identity
- Descartes' epistemological legacy449–50
- Kantian claim that categories of consciousness are presupposed in what we experience452
- nature of God456–57
- single subject of consciousness, denial of284
- constitution view of personal identity See death, afterlife, and personal identity
- constructivism and mystical experience148–52
- continental philosophy of religion472–93 See also Heidegger, Martin See also phenomenology
- analytic philosophy of religion and495
- deconstruction488–90
- Derrida488–91
- different approaches, importance of studying10
- isolation from analytic school9–10
- negative or apophatic theology488–92
- weaknesses of9
- contingent propositions See necessary and contingent propositions
- Cooper, John W.368
- Copernican theory274
- cosmological and design arguments for existence of God116–37
- Big Bang theory121
- contingent being(s) and contingent facts117
- Clarke, Hume, and Rowe122–23
- Kalam cosmological argument120
- Swinburne's teleological argument133
- Thomistic argument based on existence of at least one120
- Haldane, John135
- Kalam cosmological argument120–22
- many universes anthropic principle131–34
- Paley, William127–31
- prime mover (infinite regress) arguments118–22
- principles and propositions117–18
- PSR See principle of sufficient reason
- reasons for appeal of116
- Swinburne, Richard132–34
- types of cosmological arguments118–27
- types of teleological or design arguments127–36
- creation
- analytic philosophy429
- annihilation vs.39
- continued involvement of God in creation38
- freedom of God to create world54–56
- Leibniz' contingent propositions43
- relationship between God and creatures35–37
- reworking of existing materials37–38
- scientific origin of life research284
- sovereignty of God37–38
- space and time42–43
- creation science273
- creationalism370
- creative powers of God37–38
- creaturehood, sense of460–61
- creatures, differences vs. similarities between God and35–37 See also religious language
- Crites, Stephen443
- Cullman, Oscar367
- Curley, Edwin M.44
- Daly, Mary163
- Davey, Kevin126–27
- Davidson, Donald514
- Davies, Brian498
- Davis, Stephen T.386
- D'Costa, Gavin158
- de Beauvoir, Simone509
- death, afterlife, and personal identity366–91
- ancient cultures366
- animalism387–89
- constitution view380–89
- advantages of387–89
- human persons as constituted by human bodies384–85
- identity, constitution not the same as382–84
- resurrection of the body385–87
- embodiment385
- immortality of the soul366–67
- seed metaphor367–68
- deconstruction488–90
- Deikman, Arthur151
- Denham, Alison465
- Derrida, Jacques
- analytic and continental philosophies, isolation of9
- deconstruction and apophatic or negative theology488–91
- God as metaphysical reality457
- Descartes, René and Cartesianism
- dualism279
- Freudian theory478
- logic, Cartesian questions as problems of453
- natural light403–4
- nature, defining278–79
- nature of God4
- necessary and contingent propositions44–45
- ontological arguments See ontological argument
- philosophy generally, value of philosophical theism for8
- self, concepts of501
- sensory perception398–99
- Wittgenstein and Descartes' legacy449–50
- design arguments See cosmological and design arguments for existence of God
- desire, feminist critique of repression of
- direct perception of God520
- rapprochement between feminism and analytic philosophy, prospects for520
- devils and demons307
- devotional setting and practice See epistemology
- Dewey, John5
- Dewhurst, K.160
- dharma-kaya75
- diachronic problems of personal identity369
- dialectical theology325
- Dionysius See Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
- direct perception of God520
- diversity of religious belief See religious diversity
- divine watchmaker theory285–86
- DNA sequences and design arguments for existence of God130
- Dobzhansky, Theodosius275
- Dogen147
- dualism
- Cartesian dualism279
- Duhem, Pierre291
- Edwards, Ward293
- Egyptian concepts of death and afterlife366
- Éliade, Mircea477
- embodiment after death, questions of368, 385–86 See also death, afterlife, and personal identity
- Enlightenment
- atheism and morality351
- epistemology248
- evidentialism See Enlightenment evidentialism
- Heidegger as child of475
- logical positivism as child of253–54
- neutral philosophical reason431
- philosophy, conception of448
- significance for philosophy of religion4
- enlightenment as Buddhist aim of morality and religion347
- epilepsy and mystical experience160
- Epiney-Burgard, Georgette163
- epistemology245–71
- classical foundationalism264
- defined247
- doxastic practice approach396
- Enlightenment evidentialism See Enlightenment evidentialism
- faith334–35
- feminism See feminist critiques of analytical philosophy
- Mimamsa thought consistent with epistemic duty66
- miracles311–12
- mystical experience See mystical and religious experience
- naturalism, epistemological279–80
- Reformed See Reformed epistemology
- religious tolerance/intolerance403–5
- skeptical solution to problem of evil434
- skepticism in352
- eschatalogical verification, doctrine of425
- eternality
- conservation of beginningless things by God, consequences of43
- memory and independence of divine mind52–54
- Veda in Mimamsa school65
- ethics See morality and religion
- eudaimonia347
- evidentialism See also Enlightenment evidentialism
- evil considered as evidential or probabilistic problem196
- faith333–35
- evil and good, human See morality and religion
- evil, problem of188–219
- analytic philosophy See analytic philosophy of religion
- Christ, Passion of464
- defense distinguished from theodicy195–97
- doctrine, Christian and Jewish6
- evidential or probabilistic problem, considered as196
- free-will defense
- amount and kinds of evil, accounting for202–4
- compatibility of free will and determinism199–200
- feminist critique of502
- incompatibility of free will and God's omniscience201–2
- particular horrible evil, consideration of210–16
- prelapsarian vs. postlapsarian horrors216–17
- primordial estrangement of humanity from God as elaboration of204–10
- statement of197–98
- goodness or moral perfection of God191–92
- grace and compassion464
- gratuitous evil433–35
- intellectual vs. emotional or spiritual problem, considered as188–91
- moral insensitivity, consideration of intellectual problem of evil as form of189–91
- power of God191–92
- reasons for God to allow evil to exist, need for194–97
- skeptical solution434
- statement of191–94
- evolutionary theory
- creation science rejecting273
- design arguments for existence of God129–30
- Wilberforce-Huxley argument274
- Ewing, A. C.5
- examplarist nature of Divine Motivation theory358
- existence of God, proofs of See proofs of God's existence
- extrovertive mystical experiences142
- faith330–41
- defining330–31
- epistemology334–35
- evidentialism333–35
- formed faith331
- Heidegger's phenomenology and ontotheology473–74
- reason
- evidentialist objection and limits of inferential reason333–35
- faith above reason335–38
- faith against reason338–41
- feminist critiques of339
- rationalism and fideism, continuum between332–33
- sensus divinitatis334
- sin, role of339–41
- fana147
- feminist critiques of analytic philosophy9, 441, 494–525 See also Anderson, Pamela Sue See also Jantzen, Grace
- analogical speech about God501
- desire, repression of See desire, feminist critique of repression of
- direct perception of God520
- faith and reason339
- “God's-eye view,”499–500
- mystical and religious experience
- Coakley on epistemology of religious experience517–19
- direct perception of God520
- otherness, problem of499–500
- rapprochement between feminism and analytic philosophy, prospects for516–21
- apophatic or negative theology519–20
- desire and direct perception of God520
- epistemology of religious experience517–19
- salvation501–2
- Fenwick, P.160
- Findlay, J. N.82
- Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schüssler498
- Fischer, John Martin437
- Fodor, Jerry A.49
- Forgie, William152
- Frazer, James259
- Freddoso, A.20
- free will, human
- Augustine and Mencius compared412–13
- contingent propositions43
- evil, free-will response to See evil, problem of
- knowledge of God29–32
- power of God19
- sovereignty of God and36
- free will theism437–38
- Frege, Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob454
- Friedländer, Saul407
- Fulmer, Gilbert131
- fundamentalism, Protestant328
- Gale, Richard M.
- biographical informationix
- cosmological and design arguments116–37
- James, William, and “The Will to Believe,”183
- Galileo274
- Gaunilo of Marmoutiers and ontological argument
- Anselm, Reply to Gaunilo89–91
- Geach, Peter20
- Geertz, Clifford407–9
- gender issues See feminist critiques of analytic philosophy
- Gesteland, R. F.130
- Gilson, Etienne5
- Glasenapp, Helmuth von73
- Gödel, Kurt108–11
- “God's-eye view,”499–500
- Goldenberg, Naomi163
- good and evil, human See evil, problem of See morality and religion
- goodness of God21–27
- acquisition of perfect goodness by nature vs. by free will23
- actions of divine in world286–88
- analytic philosophy of religion428
- best of all possible worlds conundrum24–27
- deviations from perfect goodness in concept of God15–16
- evil as problem for191–92 See also evil, problem of
- existence of morality and goodness apart from God22–23
- grace, Judeo-Christian concept of25–27
- praising and thanking God for good acts, consistency with23–27
- providence, divine436
- Gould, Stephen Jay275
- gratuitous evil433–35 See also evil, problem of
- greatness of God, proof of existence argued on grounds of See ontological argument
- Habermas, Gary R.306
- Hades366
- Haldane, John135
- Hallaj, Hussein143
- Hamilton, William458
- Hampson, Daphne498
- Hansen, Chad409
- Hare, John E.415
- Harris, James F.274
- Hart, Kevin488
- Hartsock, Nancy500
- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
- Absolute Spirit454
- continental philosophy of religion473
- deconstruction489
- master/slave parable507
- philosophy generally, value of philosophical theism for8
- Heidegger, Martin See also ontotheology
- “Being,”454
- Marion influenced by483–84
- Ricoeur compared476
- Henry, Michel480
- Hick, John
- death and afterlife366
- eschatalogical verification, doctrine of425
- James's “Will to Believe,”183
- religion as interpretation of ultimate reality453
- religious diversity409–10
- “soul-making theodicy” of435
- Hinduism and Indian religions See also Advaita Vedanta See also Veda
- Anderson's use of512
- Buddhism and Indian pantheon73
- death and afterlife, ancient Indian views of366
- nature of God3
- revelation and faith324
- Sanskrit religious and philosophical literature of India60
- historical science289–90
- Hobbes, Thomas199
- Hoffman, J.20
- Holland, R. F.451
- Hollenback, Jess Byron148
- hooks, bell511
- Hordern, William325
- Howard-Snyder, Daniel433
- Hume, David
- anthropomorphic God456
- compatibility of free will and determinism199
- first principles, problem of452
- Kant, Critique of Pure Reason107
- manifest and ultimate, distinction between452
- methodological naturalism, justification of297
- miracles See miracles
- natural instinctive beliefs452
- religion as such rather than religious object, attempts to account for8
- skepticism vs. trust517
- Husserl, Edmund
- Heidegger473
- Hutcheson, C. A.130
- Huxley, Aldous199
- Huxley, Julian224
- Huxley, Thomas Henry274
- icon, phenomenology of482–84
- Idel, Moshe152
- identity of persons after death See death, afterlife, and personal identity
- illusion (maya) in Advaita Vedanta69–72
- immortality of the soul366–67
- Incarnation of Christ, traditional concept of384
- independence of God See aseity or independence of God
- Indian religions See Buddhism See Hinduism and Indian religions
- inductive or nomological science289–90
- infinite regress (prime mover) arguments for existence of God118–22
- inspired nature of revelation327–28
- interloqué484
- intolerance See religious diversity
- introvertive mystical experiences142
- Irigaray, Luce
- male appropriation of women's narratives518
- Islam
- death and afterlife367
- infallibility of Quran64
- Kalam cosmological argument for existence of God120–22
- providence, divine436
- scope of philosophy of religion8–9
- sin vs. moral wrong346
- theistic or Abrahamic concept of God59–61
- isvara67
- Jaina366
- James, William
- religious language230
- Janicaud, Dominique480–82
- Jantzen, Grace495–96 See also feminist critiques of analytic philosophy
- account of argument496–502
- Anderson compared496, 502, 505 et seq.
- assessment of argument502–5
- conclusions drawn by502
- John Paul II272
- Johnson, David311
- Johnson, Phillip E.295
- Jones, J. R.457
- Jones, O. M.452
- Jones, Rufus M.148
- Judaism
- analytic philosophy and Jewish theists6
- grace, Judeo-Christian concept of25–27
- hermeneutics of suspicion479
- infallibility of Tanakh64
- miracles304–5
- providence, divine436
- revelation323–24
- scope of philosophy of religion8–9
- sin vs. moral wrong346–47
- theistic or Abrahamic concept of God59–61
- justification
- methodological naturalism and297–300
- science, as goal of292–95
- truth-relevant merit in epistemology246–47
- Kalam cosmological argument120–22
- Kant, Immanuel
- definition of religion406
- Freudian theory and478
- Marion's phenomenology482–83
- necessary divine existence428
- sensory perception399–400
- Kaufman, Gordon224
- kensho160
- King, Sallie B.151
- Kisiel, Theodore473
- knowledge of God15–16, 28–32
- actions of divine in world285–86
- analytic philosophy of religion428
- Buddha76
- death, afterlife, and personal identity386–87
- deviations from omniscience in concept of God15–16
- evil as problem for191–92, 201–2 See also evil, problem of
- free will and29–32
- immediate or direct vs. inferred nature of28
- memory, divine52–54
- Mimamsa view of authority of Veda64–65
- power of God restricted by19–20
- providence, divine436
- temporality and omniscience28–29
- Kosky, Jeffrey L.488
- Kumarila63
- Lacan, Jacques
- Anderson's use of509
- Lambert, Karel85
- language See also religious language
- vocables as divine61–66
- Larrimore, Mark411
- Lauden, Larry289
- Le Doeuff, Michèle509
- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
- divine watchmaker theory285–86
- metaphysics485
- space, time, and Newtonian physics42
- Leo XIII442
- Lewis, David132
- liberation69
- Lindman, Harold293
- loka65
- MacIntosh, D. C.224
- Mackie, J. L.432–33
- Macquarrie, John280
- Macrae, Norman168
- Madhva151
- Maimonides
- modern interest in, reasons for6
- nature of God3
- power, goodness, and knowledge of God15
- Thomas Aquinas, cited by392
- many universes anthropic principle131–34
- Marcel, Gabriel5
- Maritain, Jacques5
- Marx, Karl, and Marxism
- Hegel's master/slave parable507
- Heideggerian phenomenology473
- Ricoeur's phenomenology478
- masculinist bias See feminist critiques of analytic philosophy
- Matt, Daniel C.147
- maya69–72
- McGinn, Bernard143
- memory
- Mencius412–16
- Merleau-Ponty, Maurice481
- Mervis, C.410
- metaphor
- death, afterlife, and personal identity, metaphors explaining367–68
- pan-metaphorist strategy519
- metaphysical naturalism
- Big Bang theory284
- defined279–80
- justification as goal of science294–95
- prescientific naturalism296
- metaphysics
- Atman-Brahman concept in Sankara's Advaita Vedanta67
- logical positivism's perjorative use of254
- methodological naturalism
- actions of divine in world283–85
- defined279–80
- demarcation of science from other pursuits289–90
- goals of science and290–95
- justification of modest version of297–300
- prescientific296
- presumption of naturalism justifying297
- science not restricted by288
- Mills, Eugene184
- Milton, John195
- mind of God
- accidental properties52–53
- Buddhist precepts regarding76
- simplicity of50–54
- Wittgensteinian rejection of metaphysical realism457
- Mirabai512
- miracles304–22
- alternative agents other than God, caused by307
- continued involvement of God in creation38
- definitions of305–10
- epistemology311–12
- modern miracles, lack of313
- significance and purpose310–12
- success of scientific explanations leading to presumption of naturalism296
- Mitchell, Basil424–25
- mitzvah151
- modal conceptualism439–40
- modal realism439
- moksa69
- monotheism307
- Moore, G. E.422
- moral and nonmoral goodness of God21–23, 32–33 See also goodness of God
- moral or practical reason4
- morality and religion344–65
- antiskeptical transcendental argument for existence of God based on354–55
- Augustine and Mencius compared412–13
- diversity in religious belief345–46
- evil See evil, problem of
- existence of morality apart from God22–23
- existence of morality apart from religion345–46
- happiness349–50
- intolerance and persecution on religious grounds402
- lawgiver, need for348
- motivation
- skepticism about351–55
- philosophical task regarding348–49
- relationship between344–49
- superogatory moral acts vs. moral duty24
- thinning of religious moral concepts347–48
- Thomas Aquinas and Mencius compared414–16
- Moreland, J. P.300
- motivation skepticism and morality351–55 See also morality and religion
- MUAP131–34
- Muslims See Islam
- mystery, sense of life as460–61
- mystical and religious experience138–67 See also union with God
- checkability, lack of155–57
- classification of142–43
- constructivism148–52
- deconstruction489
- definitions138–41
- direct perception of God520
- disanalogies to sense experience155–57
- disciplines and practices invoking141
- diversity of religions157–58
- epilepsy160
- epistemological issues153
- disanalogies to sense experience155–57
- feminist epistemology of religious experience517–19
- naturalistic explanations158–62
- religious diversity157–58
- extrovertive142
- feminism162–63 See also feminist critiques of analytic philosophy
- identity with God142
- introvertive142
- naturalistic explanations for158–62
- negative theology489
- neuropsychological explanations for159–61
- noetic nature of139
- paradoxality144–45
- PCEs See pure conscious events
- philosophical possibility of152–53
- psychological explanations for159
- religious language237
- sociological explanations for159
- theistic experience142
- Wittgenstein's invocation of the Mystical422
- naming, theistic59–60
- Native American religious practices141
- natural belief in God452
- natural process, God as16
- naturalism See also metaphysical naturalism See also methodological naturalism
- definition and types of279–80
- epistemological naturalism279–80
- prescientific295–96
- nature defined277–79
- nature of God
- action of divine in world280–85
- attributes constituting15
- differences vs. similarities between God and creatures35–37
- metaphysical reality, God as456–58
- nontheistic concepts of See nontheistic conceptions of divine
- object of philosophy of religion3–4
- other than the world, God as460–64
- personal qualities35–37, 49 See also personhood, divine
- necessary and contingent propositions
- Augustinian strategy regarding45–47
- cosmological and design arguments See cosmological and design arguments for existence of God
- definition of contingent proposition117
- dependence on God of necessary truths96
- Kant, Critique of Pure Reason107–8
- sovereignty of God43–47
- negative theology See apophatic or negative theology
- neo-orthodox theology325
- neo-Platonism23
- Neurath, Otto222
- neuroscience
- mystical and religious experience, neuropsychological explanations for159–61
- single subject of consciousness, denial of284
- Newton, Isaac, and Newtonian physics
- cosmological arguments for existence of God122
- divine watchmaker theory285
- space and time42
- Nietzsche, Friedrich
- continental philosophy of religion473
- feminist critique of philosophy of religion500
- nirmana-kaya74
- no-maximality, Plantinga's attribute of91
- nominalism438–39
- nomological or inductive science289–90
- “nondual culmination of the Veda,” See Advaita Vedanta
- nonexistence of God argued from existence of evil188–89, 192–94 See also evil, problem of See also proofs of God's existence
- nonpersonal power of being, God conceived as16
- nontheistic conceptions of divine59–79
- definition of religion406–11
- Mimamsa school on divinity of Veda61–66
- religious language222
- Oakes, Robert6
- Ockham, William of31–32
- O'Connor, Robert C.289–92
- omnipotence See power of God
- omniscience See knowledge of God
- ontological argument80–115
- Anselm, Proslogion2, 80–87, 111
- analysis of reasoning83
- analytic philosophy440
- argument as presented in80–83
- truth of premises behind argument84–87
- Anselm, Reply to Gaunilo89–91
- Caterus102–3
- Descartes, Meditation V97–103, 111
- alternative analyses of reasoning98–102
- argument as presented in97–98
- critiques and responses102–3
- Leibniz on104
- Gödel108–11
- parodies of See parodies of ontological argument
- simplicity See simplicity, divine
- ontological reductionism278
- ontotheology See also Heidegger, Martin
- assertoric speech acts, danger of492
- feminist critique of499
- metaphysics484–87
- phenomenology473–76
- open theism437–38
- order, arguments from See cosmological and design arguments for existence of God
- Origen368
- pan-metaphorist strategy519
- paradox of the stone20–21
- paradoxality of mystical experience144–45
- Paramaartha147
- parasensual mystical experience139
- Pascal, Blaise, and Pascal's wagers168–87
- epistemology7
- logic and features of170–71
- many-gods objection to178–79
- presentation of four versions in Pensées172–77
- Pauline Christianity485
- PCEs See pure conscious events
- Pennock, Robert T.289
- perception
- perfections of God15–16, 32–33 See also goodness of God See also knowledge of God See also power of God
- proof of God's existence argued on grounds of See ontological argument
- Persinger, Michael A.160
- personal identity See consciousness See death, afterlife, and personal identity See self
- personhood, divine
- nonpersonal power of being, God conceived as16
- theistic vs. nontheistic conceptions59–61 See also nontheistic conceptions of divine See also theism
- Peterson, Michael434–35
- phallocentrism See feminist critiques of analytic philosophy
- phenomenology5, 473
- icon, phenomenology of482–84
- metaphysics, overcoming484–87
- saturated phenomenon482–84
- Phillips, D. Z.
- biographical informationx
- religious language225–27
- Wittgensteinian philosophy of religion447–71
- Phillips, Stephen8
- Philosophy of Religion3–11
- analytic See analytic philosophy of religion
- continental See continental philosophy of religion
- definition of religion394
- different approaches, importance of studying10
- history of3–7
- neglect and resurgence4–6
- scope of8–9
- subject of3
- topics addressed by modern scholars of6–8
- weaknesses of modern study of8–9
- phronesis357
- Plantinga, Alvin
- action of divine in world283
- logical possibility of being wrong459
- nature of God456
- necessary truth438
- Plato
- creation, Timaeus on37–38
- creator, God's nature as37
- morality and religion359
- nature of God3
- necessary truth438–39
- neo-Platonism23
- Wittgenstein's identification with454
- Plotinus3
- pluralism, religious See religious diversity
- plurality of perspectives and Jantzen's feminist critique of truth valuation499–500
- Pollard, W. G.282
- Popper, Karl503
- Port-Royal Logic presentation of Pascal's wager170
- postmodernism510
- power of God15–21
- actions of divine in world285–86
- actualization, divine power of16–18
- analytic philosophy of religion428
- conservation of creation and40
- death, afterlife, and personal identity387
- deviations from omnipotence in concept of God15–16
- difficulty in fully accounting for20–21
- divine freedom and55–56
- evil as problem for191–92 See also evil, problem of
- human free will and19
- “more powerful than any other being” argument20
- paradox of the stone20–21
- providence, divine436
- practical or moral reason4
- practical wisdom357
- practice of religion See epistemology
- pragmatic arguments for belief in God169, 182, 184–85 See also Pascal, Blaise, and Pascal's wagers
- praise and thanks See worship, things deserving of
- Prajñaparamita Heart Sutra151
- predicates (concepts) applied to God221, 227, 232 et seq. See also religious language
- prime mover (infinite regress) arguments for existence of God118–22
- principle of sufficient reason117
- contingent being and120
- critical evaluation of cosmological arguments123–27
- Kalam cosmological argument121
- prime mover (infinite regress) argument119–20
- proofs of God's existence3–5, 7–8
- analytic philosophy of religion428–31
- cosmological and design arguments See cosmological and design arguments for existence of God
- morality, antiskeptical transcendental argument for existence of God based on354–55
- necessary divine existence428
- ontological See ontological argument
- Pascal's wagers not considered to be169 See also Pascal, Blaise, and Pascal's wagers
- prophecy327–28
- Protestant conception of faith331
- Protestant fundamentalism328
- Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
- metaphysical goodness of God23
- religious language237
- Thomist debt to501
- PSR See principle of sufficient reason
- psychological/neurological explanations for mystical and religious experience159–61
- Putnam, Hilary357–58
- Pyrrhoneanism489
- Pythagoreans457
- quantum mechanics282
- Radhakrishnan, S.151
- Radical Orthodoxy456
- Raphael, Melissa162
- Rashdall, Hastings5
- realism355 See also metaphysical realism
- modal realism439
- reality
- appearance and interpretation of452–53
- being as such, philosophical concern with454–55
- ultimate reality452–53
- reason and rationality See also faith
- epistemological developments and247–49
- moral or practical reason4
- neutral philosophical reason431
- theoretical or speculative reason4
- reductionism, ontological278
- reference to God in religious language227–32
- Reformed epistemology248–49, 262–66
- analytic philosophy431
- faith334
- “proper basicality” of belief in God517
- regulative function of religious language258
- relational vs. absolute space and time42–43
- relationship as philosophical category517
- religion as such rather than religious object, philosophy of religion as attempt to account for8
- religion, philosophy of See Philosophy of Religion
- religious experience See mystical and religious experience
- religious language220–24
- analogical speech about God239–41
- analytic philosophy of religion422–27
- autonomy of225–26
- cognitive import of422–27
- creatures vs. God, differences in predicates applied to232–34
- analogical speech239–41
- metaphorical vs. literal speech236–39
- defined220
- expressive function257–58
- history of5–6
- mystical and religious experience237
- nontheistic conceptions of divine222
- predicates (concepts) applied to God221, 227, 232 et seq.
- radical otherness and divine mystery of God, expressing236–39
- reference to God227–32
- regulative function258
- statements about God, tendency to concentrate on221–22
- resurrection of the body See death, afterlife, and personal identity
- revelation323–30
- analytic philosophy of religion and religious language424
- Heidegger's phenomenology and ontotheology473–74
- inspiration327–28
- Rgveda62
- Roman Catholic conception of faith331
- Romanticism518
- Rosch, E.410
- Rosenkrantz, G.20
- Ross, James427
- Ruether, Rosemary Radford498
- Ruse, Michael288
- sabda63
- sacred texts
- sambhoga-kaya74–75
- Sanders, John437
- Sartre, Jean-Paul509
- saturated phenomenon482–84
- Savage, Leonard J.293
- Schaff, Philip325
- Schellenberg, J. L.299
- Schlesinger, George N.273
- Schlick, Moritz222
- Schoenrade, Patricia160
- scholasticism, modern renewal of interest in6
- science and theology272–303 See also naturalism
- action of divine in world280–88
- analytic philosophy442
- conflicts between276–77
- definition of science288–89
- deism280–83
- demarcation of science from other pursuits289–90
- epistemological naturalism279–80
- goals of science290–95
- isolation of274–75
- justification of claims292–95
- mystical and religious experience, naturalistic explanations for158–62
- nature defined277–79
- nature of science288–90
- plausibility problem293–94
- power, knowledge, and goodness of God285–88
- prescientific naturalism295–96
- success of scientific explanations leading to presumption of naturalism296
- supernatural defined in terms of nature277
- symbiosis of275–76
- truth as goal of291–92
- verificationism and religious language223
- warfare view of relationship between273–74
- scientism279–80
- scripture See texts, sacred
- Searle, John280
- self See also consciousness See also death, afterlife, and personal identity
- feminist critique of analytic philosophy501
- self-understanding, divine
- Buddha's awareness, Indian concepts of76
- shamanism140
- Sheol366
- Sherry, Patrick456
- Shestov, Lev332
- Sidelle, Alan439
- simplicity, divine
- content dependencies52–53
- eternality and divine memory52–54
- structural dependencies50–51
- sin See also evil, problem of See also morality and religion
- faith and reason339–41
- moral wrong distinguished from346–47
- Ricoeur and continental philosophy476
- skepticism
- evil, problem of434
- morality and religion351–55
- negative or apophatic theology489
- trust vs.517
- Smart, J.J.C.135
- Smith, Huston143
- Sober, Elliott289
- sociological explanations for mystical and religious experience159
- solipsism457
- “something than which no greater can be thought,” See ontological argument
- Sorley, W. R.5
- “soul-making theodicy,”435
- space and time See also eternality
- analytic philosophy and divine timelessness428
- aseity or independence of God53
- Buddha's lack of temporal properties76–77
- evil, God's nontemporality and problem of201
- mystical and religious experience156–57
- omniscience of God and temporality28–29
- speculative or theoretical reason4
- Spiegelberg, Herbert473
- Spiro, Melford E.407–9
- Sprague, Elmer454
- steady state theory284–95
- Stoeber, Michael151
- Stoicism359
- Stone, Jim410–11
- Stroud, Barry449
- sub sense-perceptual mystical experience139
- Sufism147
- super sense-perceptual mystical experience139
- Suso, Henry142
- Suzuki, Shunryu140
- Swinburne, Richard
- death, afterlife, and personal identity371
- evil, problem of434
- nature of God456
- necessary truth438–39
- probability calculus430–31
- science and theology294
- synthetic necessary truths439
- Talmud436
- tathata140
- Taylor, A. E.5
- teleological or design arguments See cosmological and design arguments for existence of God
- temporality See space and time
- ten Kate, Laurens488
- Teresa of Avila520
- texts, sacred
- Mimamsa school understanding Veda text as divine61–66
- Thales454
- thanks and praise See worship, things deserving of
- theism See also proofs of God's existence
- actions of divine in world280–83
- concepts of God, theistic vs. nontheistic59–61
- free will theism437–38
- metaphysical naturalism and scientific justification295
- mystical and religious experience, theistic142
- open theism437–38
- philosophy of religion's focus on8–9
- pragmatic rationality of169, 182, 184–85 See also Pascal, Blaise, and Pascal's wagers
- theology, philosophical See Philosophy of Religion
- theoretical or speculative reason4
- Thomas Aquinas and Thomism
- analytic philosophy of religion and Thomism441–42
- apophatic or negative theology519–20
- Mencius compared414–16
- metaphysics and ontotheology487
- modern interest in, reasons for6
- natural law346
- rationally grounded theology250
- religious language
- renewal of Thomism in twentieth century5
- temporality, omniscience of God, and problem of evil201
- theological determinism436
- Tillotson, John171
- time and space See space and time
- timira68
- traducianism370
- transcendence, divine460–64
- trust vs. skepticism517
- truth See also verificationism
- religious beliefs and truth-relevant merits246–47
- science, as goal of291–92
- Turner, Donald132
- Udayana8
- Underhill, Evelyn154
- union with God
- identity with God, mystical experience of143
- mysticism in its unitive sense140
- perennialism145
- type of mystical experience142
- unity of God See also simplicity, divine
- Buddhism76
- universal reason361
- Upadesasahasri68
- Van Buren, John473
- Veda See also Advaita Vedanta
- Buddhism's nonrecognition of authority of72
- Mimamsa school on divinity of61–66
- nature of Brahman3
- relationship between Mimamsa and Advaita Vedanta66
- Sankara's Advaita Vedanta67–72
- Ventis, W. Larry160
- verificationism
- eschatalogical verification, doctrine of425
- violence, religiously inspired See religious diversity
- virtue See morality and religion
- Visistadvaitin concept of God9
- vocables as divine61–66
- Wainwright, William J.
- affectivity518
- analytic philosophy and theism430
- biographical informationx
- faith335
- religious tolerance398
- robust conception of truth453
- wajd147
- Waldron, Jeremy401–2
- Ward, Keith501
- Warnock, J. G.451
- watchmaker, divine285–86
- Wierenga, E.20
- Wilberforce, Samuel274
- William of Ockham31–32
- Williams, C.J.F.454
- Williams, Paul8
- Wisdom, John422
- wisdom, practical357
- Wissenschaft, theology as250
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig, and Wittgensteinians447–71
- analytic philosophy See analytic philosophy of religion
- assertoric meaning255–57
- definition of religion409
- Enlightenment evidentialism as background to253
- fideism, Wittgensteinian466
- grace, concept of460–64
- influence of447–48
- meaningful and meaningless discourse254–56
- metaphysical realism, rejection of See metaphysical realism
- the Mystical, invocation of422
- philosophical investigation, purpose of465–66
- religion as such rather than religious object, attempts to account for8
- science and technology, isolation of275
- transcendence, divine460–64
- Wolff, Christian411–12
- Wolterstorff, Nicholas
- analytic philosophy of religion431
- biographical informationx
- epistemology245–71
- feminist critiques of513
- mystical and religious experience517
- word-meaning relationship in Mimamsa school65
- worship, things deserving of
- good acts, sensibility of praising and thanking God for23–27
- negative or apophatic theology488–92
- polytheistic vs. monotheistic worship94
- Wulff, David M.159
- Yearley, Lee H.414–15
- Zalman, Rabbi Shneur143
- Zimmerman, Dean388
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