List of Figures

Fields near Timai el-Amdid (ancient Thmuis)  23

Front and back of the first tablet of an incised bronze document known as a military diploma, 3 March 179 ce  70

The most important fortified settlement in the stone-quarrying district of Mons Claudianus  71

Mummy portrait of a Roman soldier, c.160–70 ce  78

The temple of Augustus on the island of Philae  88

Architrave fragment from the temple of Augustus on the island of Philae  89

Imperial cult chapel in front of the first pylon of Karnak temple  90

The harbour of Alexandria, as viewed from the Metropole Hotel in 1994  103

Plan of Alexandria in the Roman period  105

Column of Diocletian (‘Pompey's Pillar’), erected in 293 ce  106

Early twentieth-century postcard of the Column of Diocletian (‘Pompey's Pillar’), erected in 293 ce  106

‘Cleopatra's needle’: New Kingdom obelisk of Thutmose II, reinscribed by Ramesses II, from Heliopolis. Erected in Alexandria under Augustus, and now in Central Park, New York City  111

Mosaic emblema of a Medusa head, c.150 ce  115

Moustapha Pasha Tomb 1, doorway to kline and burial rooms, with Egyptianizing sphinxes  116

Kom el-Shuqafa, ‘Hall of Caracalla’, Persephone Tomb 2, late first to early second century ce  117

Tigrane Tomb, painting on the back wall of the left niche above the sarcophagus, second century ce  118

Kom el-Ahmar in the western Delta, an example of a ‘typical’ settlement site continuing from the Ptolemaic to the Roman period  137

Map with ‘Roman’ period sites, mostly as identified on the Egypt Exploration Society Delta Survey, to show the potential abundance of Roman period archaeology  142

Sketch map of Naukratis with areas of Roman sherding indicated after fieldwalking  144

Plan of the Roman villa at Athribis (Tell Atrib)  147

Sketch map of Athribis (Tell Atrib) with Roman find spots and the sites of Polish excavations, to show the possible form of the Roman city against the small areas excavated  148

 Satellite view of the Fayum, with the main sites of the Graeco-Roman period  153

Plan of Philadelphia, drawn in 1924  159

The present state of preservation at Philadelphia  160

Plan of Soknopaiou Nesos, based on fieldwork up to 2009  162

The ruins at Soknopaiou Nesos  165

Map of the Theban region, indicating Roman period sites and settlements  172

The small Serapeum outside Luxor temple, with a statue of Isis set up inside  174

The last dated stela commemorating a Buchis bull, from the Bucheum at Armant  181

The colossi of Memnon  184

Edmé Jomard's map of Antinoopolis, 1799  191

Reconstruction of the centre of Hermopolis Magna in the Roman period  198

Drawings of el-Bahnasa and the site of Oxyrhynchus, 1798, by Vivant Denon  200

Doric peristyle and eastern gateway of Oxyrhynchus  201

Red granite columns at Herakleopolis Magna, photographed in 1996  202

General plan of the site Tuna el-Gebel  206

Plan of the excavated area of the necropolis of Tuna el-Gebel  208

Temple-tombs T 12/SE (left), T 11/SE (behind T 12), and T 14/SE (right) at Tuna el-Gebel  211

Façade of temple-tombs T 4/SS (right) and T 5/SS (left) at Tuna el-Gebel  212

Relief on the tomb enclosure of temple-tomb T 5/SS at Tuna el-Gebel  212

One of the main streets at Tuna el-Gebel, with tombs T 9/SE (pillar) and M 11/SS (building in the foreground)  213

Façade of house-tomb M 12/SS at Tuna el-Gebel  215

House-tomb M 3/SS at Tuna el-Gebel: main burial  216

House-tomb M 5/SE at Tuna el-Gebel: main burial  217

Excavation of Karanis: A view from the east over the central area excavated by the sebakhin  224

Excavation of Karanis: Cross-section of the walls of X100 in the path of the sebakhin  226

Excavation of Karanis: A view looking north along Street CS46  227

Excavation of Karanis: Part of house 5002 after excavation  227

Excavation of Karanis: A view looking west over the roofing covering B109A-D, on top of C57  228

Excavation of Karanis: Part of mummified crocodile in inner sanctuary of Northern Temple  229

Excavation of Karanis: January 2, 1930. A view looking northwest at the gateway to T4  230

 Excavation of Karanis: Rolls of papyrus as found in the threshold of doorway between rooms D and E of 5026  231

Excavation of Karanis: Division of Papyrus. 1927 papyri  232

Excavation of Karanis: Semi-profile view of black statue of priest  233

Excavation of Karanis: Wall fresco in a house on the western side, southeastern corner  234

Excavation of Karanis: Pots in a cross wall between the passage and room A2 of house 100  235

Excavation of Karanis: Pot in situ in the northeastern corner of C37K  235

Excavation of Karanis: Five pots as found  236

Excavation of Karanis: Division of Toys 1929–30  237

Excavation of Karanis: Wooden toy horses, D, as found in BC72K  238

Excavation of Karanis: Group of bronze bells as found in CS48  239

Excavation of Karanis: Division of Natural objects, 1935  239

Excavation of Karanis: Skeleton in Tomb 100  240

Excavation of Karanis: Division of Baskets, 1935  241

Ground-plan of a house, in P Oxy. XXIV 2406  296

Wooden toy horse on wheels from Karanis  299

Distribution of ages recorded in census documents from Roman Egypt  306

Smoothed age distribution of the adult urban metropolitan census population of Roman Egypt (excluding lodgers and slaves) compared with model life tables  307

Smoothed age distribution of the female census population of villages in Roman Egypt compared with model life tables  307

Seasonal mortality in Upper Egypt and Nubia according to Greek and Coptic funerary inscriptions and adjusted dates on Greek mummy labels  308

Terracotta figurine of Harpocrates as a nude infant with hand in pot and extended phallus, from Karanis  323

Painted wall-niche altar from a domestic structure at Karanis, House C119E  323

Watercolour reproduction of a mural of Isis lactans, from a domestic structure at Karanis, House B50  324

Haematite gem (obverse), with two-headed god (snake and ibis heads) holding an Egyptian was sceptre and ankh symbol, standing over a crocodile with a solar disk  329

Painted wooden cippus of Harpocrates standing on crocodiles, surmounted by a large Bes head, dated to the Late or Ptolemaic period  330

Gem of heliotrope (bloodstone) showing the rooster-headed anguipede and the sun-child, second century ce  340

 Gem of quartz showing Chnoubis as a lion-headed snake with, on the reverse side, the Jewish name IAŌ, second century ce  341

Recipe to mollify an angry overseer. The incantation is given in Greek first and then in Demotic Egyptian, late second to third century ce  347

Greek papyrus amulet inscribed for a certain Artemidora, from Oxyrhynchus, third century ce  348

Protective design to be inscribed on amulet, from Thebes, third century ce  349

Assemblage of a female figurine of clay pierced with thirteen needles, lead tablet inscribed with Greek curse, and clay vessel in which the former two were found, from Middle Egypt, second to third century ce  351

Design to be inscribed on a gold or silver lamella and worn as a wrath-restraining amulet, as explained in its recipe, fourth century ce  352

Plan of the temple complex at Dendara  365

Temple of Hathor and north gateway, Dendara  366

Temples of Hathor and Isis at Dendara, from the south-east  367

Naos on the rear wall of the temple of Hathor at Dendara: Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XV Caesarion offer to the deities of Dendara at both ends of the wall  368

Wabet and open court at the temple of Hathor, Dendara  369

Plan of the temple of Sobek and Haroeris at Kom Ombo  372

The Emperors’ Corridor at the temple of Sobek and Haroeris, Kom Ombo  377

Mummy breastplate inscribed for a man named Hor, late Ptolemaic to early Roman period  384

Icosahedron (twenty-sided die) used in oracular practice  402

The Book of the Sortes Astrampsychi, third century ce  404

Oracular statue of Horus, second to third century ce  406

Stela of the oracular god Tutu with the griffin of Petbe-Nemesis. From the Fayum, Roman period  410

Faience figure of Isis and the infant Horus, dated to the Late or Ptolemaic period  420

Bronze figure of Osiris, dated to the Late or Ptolemaic period  421

Dedication mentioning a priest of Osiris, island of Delos, Greece  425

Sanctuary for Egyptian gods at Dion, Greece, early third century ce  429

Framed wooden panel depicting Heron and the god with the double axe  445

Wall paintings of the god with the double axe and the god Heron, from Theadelphia  447

Bronze figure of Zeus Helios Megas Serapis  448

Terracotta figure of the solar child  450

Stone relief representing the god Sobek in human form, with solar rays  451

 The wall of a schoolroom painted by a teacher with short epigrams addressed to his students, first half of the fourth century ce  529

Portrait on the mummy of a woman from the Fayum, identifying her as ‘Hermione grammatike’, first century ce  531

List of quarries and mountains, written in hieratic with Demotic and Old Coptic supralinear glosses  544

A Demotic papyrus with one of the Inaros and Petubastis tales (‘The Contest for the Armour of Inaros’)  544

Relief of Trajan, from the birth house at Dendara568

Detail of a hymn to Amun from Karnak, from the reign of Domitian  569

Framed portrait of a woman, found leaning against a mummy in a burial at Hawara  598

A sketch on a wooden panel with annotations by the artist, from Tebtunis  602

Set of paint pots found in a grave at Hawara  603

Honorific marble statue of a woman, from Oxyrhynchus, first quarter of the second century ce  616

Marble funerary monument of a reclining man, from Abusir el-Meleq, second century ce?  617

Marble grave stela of Aurelius Sabius, a Roman soldier from legio II Germanica, which used the cemetery at Alexandria where the stela was found between 213 and 235 ce  619

Mummy mask from Tuna el-Gebel (?) with a hairstyle typical of the second half of the third century ce  622

Painted mummy portrait from the Severan era  623

Terracotta figure of a child-god with a pot  633

Terracotta figure of a child-god with goose, pot, and round loaf  634

Terracotta figure of Isis nursing (Isis lactans)  636

Terracotta figure of a dancer with a boy  639

Terracotta figure of cult servant with features of dwarfism, with an altar for incense and a round loaf of bread  640

Terracotta figure of a musician with syrinx and bagpipes  642

Imported early Roman sigillatas and their Egyptian imitations  654

Examples of Egyptian early Roman finewares, tablewares, and cooking and storage vessels  656

Common imported and Egyptian amphora types of the early Roman period  658

Mummy of a boy aged 4 to 6 years, in a six-layered rhomboid-patterned wrapping, second half of the first century ce  665

Gold foil eye and tongue plates from a mummy  676

The Nile Mosaic (reconstructed), Palestrina, last quarter of the second century bce to first quarter of the first century bce  686

 Montecitorio Obelisk, 26th dynasty, brought to Rome in 10 bce690

The Vatican Nile, front view, second century ce  691

The Vatican Nile, rear detail with pygmies  692

Inscriptions on the foot and ankle of one of the Memnon colossi  706

Graffiti near the first pylon of the Temple of Isis at Philae  708

Reconstruction drawing of a relief at Ain Birbiya from the time of Augustus, depicting the local god Amunnakht  723

The mammisi of Kellis (Ismant el-Kharab), west wall, showing a decorative scheme with classical and Egyptian paintings  724

A clay tablet from Trimithis (Amheida), inscribed in Greek  726

A wooden ba bird found at Kellis (Ismant el-Kharab), North Tomb 2727

Large pyramid superstructure over a tomb at Trimithis (Amheida)  728

The Wadi Sikait  737

Early Roman ostraca and reed pen from Berenike  740

The early Roman praesidium near ad-Dweig (ancient Phalacro)  743

Lantern slide view of Philae in the nineteenth century, with the remains of mud-brick structures around the Isis temple  752

Detail of a screen wall from the pronaos of the Temple of Mandulis and Isis at Talmis (Kalabsha), early first century ce  757

Kiosk with Hathor head capitals at Kertassi, dating to the early first century ce  758