The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History
Heikki Pihlajamäki (ed.)
et al.
Published online:
08 August 2018
Published in print:
05 July 2018
Online ISBN:
9780191827426
Print ISBN:
9780198785521
Contents
End Matter
Index
-
Published:July 2018
Annotate
Cite
'Index', in Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber, and Mark Godfrey (eds), The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History, Oxford Handbooks (2018; online edn, Oxford Academic, 8 Aug. 2018), https://doi.org/, accessed 5 May 2025.
Subject
Law
Series
Oxford Handbooks
Collection:
Oxford Handbooks Online
Index
- Abelard, Peter273
- Aberdeen Burgh Court469
- academic law, southern Europe350–5
- Acemoglu, Daron11
- Achaemenid Empire17
- Achenwall, Gottfried979
- Ad reprimenda636
- Adam of Nežetice417
- Adenauer, Konrad Hermann Joseph1011
- adscripticii (free slaves)314
- Aethelred II371
- Ahrens, Heinrich934
- Alan of Walkingham439
- Alaric II287
- Albertsen, Peder392
- Albini, Pietro Luigi69–70
- Aleksandrovitch, Nikolai1008
- Alexander II, King of Scotland458
- Alexander III, King of Scotland459
- Alfonso X, King of Spain786
- Algra, Nikolas E.73
- Altmark, Truce of (1629)700
- Amane, Nishi990
- America See United States
- American Journal of Comparative Law (AJCL)109
- amici curiae (expert witnesses)522
- Amish591
- Ancient Greek law14, 143–61, 165
- archaic and classical145–6
- evidence145
- Gortyn Law Code145
- influence of158–60
- inscriptions145
- Sparta145–6
- Andrew of Duba423
- Andros, Edmund890
- Anglo-American tradition12
- Anglo-Saxon legislative texts251–2
- Anns v Merton London Borough Council (1978)1044
- anti-formalism928, 943 See also formalism, legal
- and anti-democratic thought940–1
- crisis of Kantian systematic ideal (1803–40)929–32
- crisis of private law932–5
- as rejection of legal doctrine and a return to ‘life’936–40
- anti-positivism1082
- anti-Semitism1082
- Apel, Johann814
- Apostolic Nuncio754
- Appleton, Charles176–7
- Ardizone, Jacobus de537
- Argou, Gabriel31
- Ariga, Nagao990
- Arnisaeus, Henning370
- Arumaeus, Dominicus364
- Asser, Carel72
- Assizes of Romania406
- Assmann, Jan166
- Association for the Reform and Codification of International Law976
- Association of American Law Schools1056–7
- assumpsit, action of1030
- Athens, classical146–56 See also Ancient Greek law
- Assembly146
- Council146
- Court of the Areopagus147
- dispute resolution152
- hybris (arrogant assault), law against154
- juries147–8
- magistrates147
- relevance, rule of155
- sykophancy151
- audiencias, sixteenth-century Spain697–8
- Auditors of Causes and Complaints, Scotland691
- Auditors of Falsed Dooms, Scotland691
- Augsburg Confession (1530)583
- Augsburg Interim685–6
- Augustine, St326
- Aunós, Eduardo1008
- Auroux Laws (1982–3)1018
- Austin, J.L.985–6
- Austria
- constitutional issues955
- Court Chancellery696
- paramilitary groups1075
- Penal Code (1787)910
- taxation1006
- authoritarian movements1075
- autolimitation theory994
- Azpilcueta, Martín de629
- Azzone (jurist)707
- Backus, Isaac592
- Bagge, Sverre381
- Bahamonde, Francisco Franco1075
- Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich1005
- Balduin of Henneberg365
- Baldus, jurist See Ubaldis, Baldus de
- Balk, Hermann487–8
- Balsamon, Theodore238
- Baltic Crusades409
- Bancroft, Richard594
- Baptists591
- Barassi, Lodovico1022
- Barbeyrac, Jean573
- Barcelona, Spain539
- Barthélemy, Dominique534
- Bartolistic method307
- Barton, John123
- Basilica287
- Bassianus, Johannes295
- Battle of the People, 181343
- Beattie, J.M.845
- Beaumanoir, Philippe764
- Beaumont, Gustave982
- Becher, Matthias532
- Beckenstein, Johann Simon873
- Becket, Thomas283
- Belarus492
- Belgian Revolution (1830)72
- Bellah, Robert N.111
- Belleperche, Pierre de306
- Bellomo, Manlio122
- Benítez, Benito Carpintero612
- Bergfeld, Christoph626
- Bernard of Pavia272
- Berroyer, Claude765
- Best, Werner1090
- Bethinus, Galvanus417
- Biggar, Nicholas459
- Bilderberg Group1014
- Birks, Peter1049
- Birocchi, Italo623
- Björne, Lars73
- Blanc, Louis1003
- Blondeau, Claude770
- Blum, André Léon1010
- Bobadilla, Castillo de338
- Boehmer, Justus Henning363–4
- Boethius553
- Bohlen, Francis1041
- Bohuslaus of Prague417
- Bolaños, Juan de Hevia801
- Boleslaus II, Duke (the Pious)407
- Boleslaw V, Duke486
- Bologna law school53, 90, 296–8 See also law schools
- emergence of a European legal scholarship288
- and feudal law293
- spreading to other places throughout Europe298
- student corporations (nations)297
- students accommodated297
- studying of canon law and Roman law side by side276
- temporary closure (1274)304
- Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise vicomte de375
- Bonsignori, Bonsignore di415
- Bopp, F.169
- Borgarting province, Norway386
- Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia407
- Bornier, Philippe776
- Boscager, Jean58
- Bosco, Bartholomaeus de313
- Botero, Giovanni707
- Botija, Eugenio Pérez1022
- Bourdot, Charles-Antoine (de Richebourg)765
- Boutillier, Jean764
- Bozen519
- Bozkurt, Mahmut Esat991
- Brandt, Fredrik74
- Braucher, Robert1036
- Brentano, Lujo25
- Breslau Land Law484
- Brethren591
- Brett, Annabel613
- brieves, thirteenth century Scotland457–9
- inquest463
- limitations on access to463–4
- recognition457
- and statutes of 1318465–7
- Brisson, Bernabé771
- British Union of Fascists1075
- Brito, Petrus275
- Brixensis, Bartholomaeus274
- ‘Brno law book’421
- Bronze Age (c.3000–1150 bce)143
- Bruce, Robert459
- Bruges, as ‘world market’ of the Middle Ages517–18
- Brunori, Luisa626
- Bruns, Viktor1090
- Bucard, Marcel1075
- Bulgaria1111
- Buller, Francis580
- Burchard of Worms269
- Burge, William989
- Burgmann, Ludwig240
- Burgrave Burchard IV of Magdeburg488
- Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques573
- Bushnell, Amy Turner785
- Byzantine law229–48
- canon law233
- Code235
- continuity or change234–6
- Corpus iuris civilis (530–3 ce)287
- exclusion from Western narrative230
- as Graeco-Roman law230
- history239–41
- Institutes233
- legal practice237–9
- leges speciales239
- normative sources, history233
- origins230–2
- reception242–6
- teaching232–4
- texts405
- West, reception in243–6
- Caballero, Francisco Largo1008
- Cagapistus, Gerardus537
- Caillaux, Joseph-Marie-Auguste1007
- Calas, Jean777
- Calle, Saravia de la625
- Callistratus713
- Calvo, Carlos990
- Cambridge school880
- canon law101, 133 See also Corpus iuris canonici; See also Gratian (Flavius Gratianus), Roman Emperor
- Byzantine law233
- Corpus Iuris Canonici, formation266–72
- episcopate269
- ius commune doctrine277–8
- later medieval, teaching and interpretation273–8
- Luther’s opposition to362–3
- medieval period678–80
- ‘primitive’ collections272
- reception104
- reform papacy267
- ‘Romano-canonical’ procedure276
- Russia868–71
- study of96
- Ten Commandments281
- Western265–85
- Capdequí, Ots793
- capitalism19, 1016, 1097 See also Marx, Karl; See also Marxism; See also socialism; See also welfare capitalism
- Cappellini, Paolo623
- Carbonnier, Jean769
- Cardona, Pedro de292
- Cardozo, Benjamin938
- Carmichael, Gersom572
- Caron, Louis31
- Casas, Bartolomé de las788–9
- Casimir IV, King of Lithuania424
- Castoriadis, Cornelius1012
- Catherine II, Queen of Russia874
- Catherine of Aragon592
- Catholic University of America, Washington96
- Catholicism See Roman Catholicism
- Ceccarelli, Danilo233
- Ceccarelli, Giovanni626
- Celtis, Konrad37
- Central Office for the Investigation of NS Crimes in Ludwigsburg (1958)1078
- Chalmers, George898
- Chancery689–90
- chancery law344–5
- Charitable Uses Act (1601), England594
- Charles II, King of Spain372
- Charles XI, King of Sweden699
- Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy540
- Charter of Fundamental Rights, EU1017
- Chemnitz, Bogislaw Philipp von370
- Christian III, King of Denmark817
- Christianity
- Catholicism See Roman Catholicism
- conversions in Scandinavia378–9
- east central Europe407–11
- Reformation See Protestant Reformation
- salvation history78
- Christopher, King of Bavaria387
- Church See also Christianity; See also Protestant Reformation; See also Roman Catholicism
- Church–state relations, law of587–98
- civil procedural law656–60
- councils585
- courts See church courts
- jurisdiction of church courts in later medieval England279–84
- Law of Uppland384
- legal scholarship289
- poverty, addressing1000–1
- property of20
- social welfare laws607
- Tudor church supremacy as judicial sovereignty688
- Cinus of Pistoia306
- Cipolla, Bartolomaeus316–17
- cities
- vs surrounding areas475–6
- citizens, identity in nation state101
- civil procedural law655–77 See also procedural law
- alternative dispute resolution657
- and American common law107
- congruity factors670–1
- early modern literature673–5
- English common law heritage660
- German law24
- late medieval heritage656–60
- legal professionals671–3
- lower courts667–70
- in modern period660–2
- New York reform1027
- stability and recurrent patterns660–2
- civiltà della carta349
- clausula rebus sic stantibus326
- Clavero, Bartolomé623–4
- clergy, professionalization of410
- Clitau, Thomas825
- Cocceji, Samuel914
- Code Henri IV (1615)771
- Code Louis XIII (1628)771
- Codex Iuris Canonici133
- codification of law
- Age of Codifications812
- Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis (1756)913
- combining of General Code with Particular Codes908
- and compilation380–5
- constitutional955
- Denmark387–8
- France770–8
- general codes913
- history349–50
- Latin America803
- modernization through920–6
- national legal history, invention30
- natural law576–9
- policies912–19
- private law907–26
- Russia856–7
- Sverikes Rikes Lag (1734)913
- Colden, Cadwallader895
- Colladon, Germain596
- Collatio (Roman work)199
- Collectio Brittanica (compilation of canon law texts)288
- collective bargaining See also welfare state
- vs legislative regulation1017–20
- welfare state resulting from1019–20
- collectivism, legal990
- colonies and empires876–903 See also imperialism
- civilized man vs savage989
- contest892–4
- criminal law1052–72
- European988–9
- indigenous laws, coordinating896–9
- legal cosmopolitanism984–6
- legal recognition/communicability between coexisting legal regimes896–9
- methodologies878–81
- ‘multiple legalities’ and ‘empire of variations’876–83
- native title892–3
- operationalization901–2
- property892–4
- ‘protection’, tropes of889
- shared themes/locally distinctive particularities883–94
- sites of intersecting/interweaving901–2
- territorial rights of the natives892–3
- territorial space, influencing governance of889–91
- texts, reciting and citing895–901
- tracing of traits of transmission and use900–1
- treaty protocols890
- common law See also ius commune doctrine
- civil law split, in Middle Ages166
- formal rationality, absence of in English common law10
- Germany87
- national legal history, invention30
- prerogative writs, common law control by689–90
- Royal Courts (England)838–42
- Scotland450–73
- United States107
- communicative systems, legal332–3
- communism1095–114 See also Soviet Union (USSR
- fall of1012
- law and ideology1096–101
- legacies1111–12
- reform1108–10
- socialist law1101–5
- transplants1105–8
- community of law (Rechtsgemeinschaft)116
- Compagnoni, Giuseppe725
- Company of New France766
- comparative law See also comparative legal history; See also cosmopolitanism, legal; See also international law
- abandonment of nationalist framework100–14
- branches106–7
- catalyst for legal evolution100–3
- comparative method in history and law106–8
- descriptive106
- emancipation from legal modernity106
- esprit d’internationalité975
- future/current position112–13
- legislation/jurisprudence107
- nineteenth century994–7
- non-European world, attitude towards987–91
- pragmatic and functionalist view (1900–1970s)105
- progressive comparativism982
- Subaltern108
- comparative legal history See also comparative law; See also legal histories; See also national legal history, invention
- branches107
- breakthrough of109–10
- methods112
- within constitutional law110–11
- Comte, Auguste982
- Comte, Charles982
- Concordat of Bologna (1516)585
- Condanari-Michler, Slavomir170
- conditions and factors60–1
- conflict management
- alternative dispute resolution657
- among long-distance traders See mercantile conflict management
- Athenian system152
- welfare state1020–1
- Confucianism13–14
- Conrad, Hermann41
- Conrad II, Emperor537
- conscience, court of630
- Conseil de prudhommes1020–1
- Constantine IX Monomachos244
- Constantinesco, Léontin-Jean105
- constitutional issues945–73 See also national legal history, invention
- civil law956
- comparative legal history within constitutional law110–11
- constitution concept949
- constitutional state as nation state965–8
- deconstitutionalization959–60
- feudalism542
- ideal type948–9
- illiberal constitutionalism949
- Jacobin Constitution (1793)954
- laboratory of constitutional state954
- monarchical principle957–64
- principle of political and legal form949–53
- restabilization971–3
- success of, post-1945971–3
- transatlantic revolution as constitutional949–53
- World Wars, period of968–71
- constructive trusts1047
- Continental Legal History Series1057
- Continental peace movement380
- contract law
- argumentation theory (topos)554
- clothed agreements323
- fairness625
- formal contracts1030
- informal agreements324
- innominate contracts226
- lease contracts, Rome219
- limitations of324–5
- mandate contract, Rome218–19
- obligations1029–37
- partnerships626
- property law623–30
- ‘quasi-contractual’ remedies1047
- third parties324–5
- unenforceable agreements323
- contumacy283
- Cook, James901
- Corbin, Arthur1035
- corporal punishment826
- Corpus iuris civilis (530–3 ce)38, 290–3
- adapting of texts301
- and Byzantine law240
- compilation and content200
- harmonizing of texts300–1
- influence of303
- interpreting300–2
- printed editions290
- private and public law, distinction705
- structure of286–7
- study of289
- systematizing of texts302
- text286
- as a title287
- cosmopolitanism, legal See also comparative law; See also international law
- British empires984–6
- civilians984–5
- France981–4
- local traditions976–86
- Council of Flanders518
- Council of Prague411
- Court of Delegates, England594
- Court of High Commission689–90
- Court of the Areopagus147
- courts See also judiciary; See also magistrates
- church See church courts
- Court of Delegates, England594
- Denmark821
- England
- Admiralty846
- church courts, in later medieval period279–84
- county and borough courts842–5
- equity and civilian courts845–7
- High Court of Admiralty665
- initial courts432
- Piepowder courts515
- Queen’s Bench840
- Royal Courts of Common Law838–42
- European supreme courts, early modern See supreme courts, early modern
- Federal Constitutional Court749
- Federal Supreme Court749
- feudal669–70
- higher670
- HRE court practice747–58
- lower667–70
- national parliamentary dimension of EU law1131–4
- Nazi Germany1084–5
- Parliament as highest court of justice688–90
- prerogative, jurisdictional rivalry with688–90
- Spain794
- special interest661
- Sweden821
- transnational113
- Covarrubias, Diego de615
- Coverdale, Miles583
- Cowell, John847
- criminal law632–54 See also Athens, classical; See also justice
- aims of justice640–1
- arbitrium iudicis646–8
- case law635
- colonial1062–3
- European criminal legal history1053–63
- continental1057–60
- defining1063–70
- German1059–61
- liberalism1055–7
- slavery1061–2
- supranational law1054–5
- two criminal legal histories1065–70
- framework laws of the modern age637
- generalia delictorum650–1
- history, field of action in632–4
- Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation744–6
- judge, role of646–8
- juridical thought634
- justice in medieval and modern ages638–9
- methodological approach632–7
- in Middle Ages and modern age632–7
- modern features653
- plea bargaining1057
- and private law744–96
- Protestant Reformation598–9
- regimes of proof651–2
- sanctions regimes648–9
- sources634–7
- state monopoly, towards652–4
- statutory law/norms636
- structuring of criminal law system639–44
- substantive vs procedural650
- taxonomy of the crimes650–1
- Cromwell, Oliver50
- Cromwell, Thomas592
- Crown counsellor’s mandate, Star Chamber688–9
- Cruz-Uribe, Eugene178
- Cujas, Jacques765
- Curtius, Robert94
- Cutter, Charles797
- D’Aguesseau775
- D’Annunzio, Gabriele1074
- Daoyz, Stephanus290
- Daudet, Léon1075
- David, René105
- Davos Forum1014
- De Gaulle, Charles1011
- De Luca, Giovan Battista722
- Débax, Hélène545
- decommodification1016
- decretist doctrine274
- Decretum (collection of canon law), Gratian133, 265–70, 272–6, 278, 326, 394, 410, 415, 417–19, 678 See also canon law; See also Gratian (Flavius Gratianus), Roman Emperor
- internal and external forum279
- papal role279
- ‘vulgate recension’276
- Delamare, Nicolas717
- democracy See also welfare capitalism; See also welfare state
- anti-democratic thought and anti-formalism940–1
- and Calvinism596
- elites1077
- Scandinavia813
- southern Europe341
- Soviet Union (USSR)1107
- Denmark See also Nordic Countries; See also Scandinavia
- archiepiscopal see379
- Articles of Thord387
- canon law400
- Christian missions in378–9
- Code (1683)908
- Copenhagen Recess (1547)821
- courts821
- Crown820
- diversity, town laws388–90
- ecclesiastical laws394–5
- feudalism381
- ius commune doctrine811
- Kolding Recess (1558)821
- law studies391–3
- papal letters398
- Reformation815
- royal codification387–8
- Supreme Court821
- taxation1006
- University of Copenhagen391–2
- ‘desert law’888
- Die Naturgesetze der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft978–80
- Diehl, Karl25
- Diesselhorst, Malte624
- Diet of Roncaglia289
- Dieu d’Olivier, Jean de578
- dihairetic system556
- Dilthey, Friedrich873
- Dios, Salustiano Dios de614
- diplomacy890–1
- Diplovatatius, Thomas295
- Directoire Constitution (1795)954
- divine laws552
- Doctors’ Commons985
- Dollfuss, Engelbert1010
- dominium613
- Donahue, Charles (Jr)629
- Dondorp, Harry619
- Doneau, Hugues707
- Donellus, Hugo556
- Dorothea of Brandenburg, Queen391–2
- Draco (lawgiver)153
- droit de police and policeywissenschaft717–19
- droit française32
- dualism557–8
- Duby, Georges533
- Dumézil, Georges170
- Dunoyver, Charles982
- Duplessis-Mornay, Philippe597
- Duve, Thomas624
- early modern period
- civil justice655–6
- England830–1
- France760–81
- monarchies, supreme jurisdiction680–6
- national legal history, invention29
- natural law566–82
- property616
- Russia854–75
- Scandinavia806–29
- specific European supreme courts686–703
- east central Europe, high and late medieval period404–29 See also Bohemia; See also Croatia; See also Hungary; See also Krakow; See also Lithuania; See also Moravia; See also Poland, Law University of; See also Prague
- Christianization407–11
- customary law, codification422–6
- ecclesiastical laws410–11
- ‘Germanization’ of law411–14
- law studies414–19
- learned legal literature414–19
- reception of Roman law in later medieval period420–2
- regional scope and legal influences404–7
- ecclesiastical laws See also canon law; See also Church; See also Protestant Reformation; See also Roman Catholicism
- courts515–16
- east central Europe410–11
- German legal history43
- Scandinavia393–6
- Ecclesiastical Ordinances of Geneva595
- ECJ See European Court of Justice (ECJ
- Ecumenical Council289
- Edict of Milan (313 ad)196
- Edict of Nantes (1598)584
- Edict of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)776
- education law605–7
- Edward II, King of England438
- Edward III, King of England436
- Edward VI, King of England594
- Egypt
- Byzantine domination237
- Civil Code (1949)990
- denial of contribution to field of law165
- Greek communities in158
- loss of, in seventh century238
- Ehrlich, Eugen938
- Eichhorn, Karl Friedrich25, 28, 32, 40, 42–9, 81
- Deutsche Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte42
- ‘father’ of German legal history42
- Eichmann, Adolf1078
- Einarsson, Jón382
- Ekhardi, Walter492
- elites74, 133, 982
- communal341
- Creole991
- democratic1077
- Magdeburg Law508
- merchant525
- political1131
- Russia858
- scriptural346
- social660
- urban341
- Emilio, Paolo81
- empires See colonies and empires
- Engels, Friedrich1097
- England830–53 See also Anglo-Saxon period; See also colonies and empires; See also Parliament, England; See also United Kingdom
- Act Dissolving the Greater Monasteries (1539)593
- Act for First Fruits and Tenths (1534)593
- Act for the Submission of Clergy and Restraint of Appeals (1534)592
- Acts of Uniformity (1549 and 1552)593
- agrarian property13
- Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)834
- ‘articles of the Eyre’433
- ‘Bloody Code’ (1700–1820)844
- British Labour Law1022
- Calvin’s Case (1606)847
- Charitable Uses Act (1601)594
- City Council of London518–19
- Civil War836
- courts
- Admiralty846
- church, in later medieval period279–84
- county and borough842–5
- equity and civilian845–7
- High Court of Admiralty665
- initial432
- Piepowder515
- Queen’s Bench840
- Royal Courts of Common Law838–42
- criminal procedure1057
- darrein presentment434
- early modern period830–1
- Employment Acts (1980–2)1020
- equity and civilian courts845–7
- expansion of law847–51
- Judicature Acts of 1873–751027
- juries434
- Labour Party1005
- land, rights to444–5
- Law Revision Committee1036
- legal professionals673
- Lloyd George Welfare Acts1005–7
- London Declaration (1910)993
- mortgage law13
- National Insurance Act (1911)1006
- national law31
- natural law579–81
- Norman Conquest431
- ‘pleas of the Crown’443
- Poor Relief Act (1598)594
- prerogative writs, common law control by689–90
- professionalization of justices437–9
- public law719–22
- Septennial Act (1716)837
- Sickness Benefits Act (1912)1006
- superiority and legal professionalization682
- Writ of Right51
- Epitomae Codicis292
- Epitome of Ulpian199
- esprit d’internationalité975
- Esztergom, First Synod of408
- Etruscans205
- EU law
- historical perspective1115–37
- historiography1119–23
- national executive dimension1123–5
- national judicial dimension1126–31
- national parliamentary dimension1131–4
- public law, historical quest for ‘reconciliation’1123–34
- Eucharist601
- European Affairs Committees (EACs)1132
- European Convention for Human Rights104
- European criminal legal history1053–63
- continental1057–60
- defining1063–70
- German1059–61
- liberalism1055–7
- slavery1061–2
- supranational law1054–5
- two criminal legal histories1065–70
- European Economic Community (EEC)376
- European legal history See also EU law; See also historiographies; See also history; See also legal history; See also national legal history, invention
- birth of See origins of European legal history
- concentration on evolution of private law121
- formative conditions118
- growth and expansion94–7
- new dimensions104
- rediscovery–reception–codification91
- world historical significance See world historical significance of European legal history
- European Society of Comparative Legal History (ESCLH)110
- Eurozone crisis1133
- Evald, William110
- ‘exorbitant’ laws555
- expert witnesses522
- extermination camps1082
- familia proprio iure (Roman family group)201–2
- family law See marriage/family law
- Ferdinand VII, King of Spain803
- feudalism528–48
- alternative, still looking for528–30
- courts669–70
- Germany535–6
- heritability545
- institutions542–7
- later540–2
- legacy541–2
- Lombard law293
- old conception, losing528–30
- pioneers, and feudal mutation533–5
- royal judicial sovereignty vs feudal particularism683–4
- Scotland536
- sources539–40
- Spain536
- spread of535–40
- tenure, in Roman law319–20
- ‘tyranny’529
- Feuerbach, Anselm168
- Field, David Dudley1027
- Filmer, Robert595
- Finley, Moses144
- First International1004
- Flavian, Roman Emperor187
- Fleming, Karl816
- Flemish Law490
- Flensburg, town law of388
- Fletcher, George1045
- Fleury, André-Hercule de54
- Fleury, Claude24, 28, 31, 34, 49, 54–60, 62, 80, 81, 82
- Histoire du droit françois55
- Histoire ecclesiastique54
- Florence23
- Foakes v Beer (1884)1034
- Foelix, Jean-Gaspard982
- Folgado, Avelino613
- formalism, legal928–44 See also anti-formalism
- allegation of929–30
- defining928
- dry930
- epistemological problem behind942
- Formalism of Will932–5
- of positive jurisprudence930
- stages of debate929–41
- Forster, Georg82
- Fortescue, Chichester891
- Forty-Two Articles of the Faith593
- Forum, Rome201
- Foundation of the Quebec Council (1663)766
- Fourier, Charles1003
- Fournier, Paul267
- Fragmenta Vaticana (Roman work)199
- France
- accidents at work statute (1898)1018–19
- Action française1075
- Allarde-Le Chapelier Law (1791)1018
- Auroux Laws (1982–83)1018
- case law, role in early modern period767–70
- Code of Criminal Procedure (1808)916
- codification movement911
- Colbert’s reforms775–6
- colonial expansion of custom of Paris766–7
- common law courts682
- Conseil de prudhommes1020–1
- Conseil d’Etat1129
- Crown683
- custom of Paris766
- Declaration of Human and Civil Rights (1789)952–3
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)578
- droit écrit62
- early modern period760–81
- enlightened philosophers776–8
- evolution of law and justice in the eighteenth century776–8
- fifteenth and sixteenth centuries762–70
- Franco-Flemish wars (1297 and 1300)537
- French Section of the Workers’ International1005
- Front Populaire1010
- Gallicanism62
- Grand Coutumier de Normandie764
- Great Ordinances, seventeenth century772–4
- homologation764
- humanism32
- Hundred Years War760
- identity58
- Journal du Palais769–70
- judicial autonomy686–7
- July Revolution (1830)72
- Labour Charter (1941)1019
- legal cosmopolitanism981–4
- maritime law981
- myth of ‘French law’336
- National Assembly946
- National Council62
- national law31
- oral law339
- ordinances
- Paris Commune1005
- Paris Peace Conference (1919)1074
- public law and nation state711–14
- Revue Bibliographique et critique de droit français et étranger983
- Revue générale de droit international public983
- royal legislation770
- seventeenth and eighteenth centuries770–8
- Summa de Legibus Normanniae764
- superiority and legal professionalization681–2
- taxation1006
- Third Republic990
- trade unions1018
- transcripts, private764
- Très Ancienne Coutume764
- work councils1019
- Francis I, Emperor375
- Francis II, Emperor374–5
- Francis-Stephan of Lorraine373
- Franckenau, Gerhard Ernst65
- Frankfurter, Felix1121
- Franks, Salian70
- Frederic I, Holy Roman Emperor366
- Frederick William I, King of Prussia576
- freedom933
- Freising, Otto von360
- Freisler, Roland1060
- French Revolution (1789)375, 541, 578, 687, 747, 915, 986 See also France; See also revolution
- constitutional issues954–5
- French West India Company766
- Freund, Ernst1056
- Freytagh-Loringhoven, Axel von1090
- Friedman, Lawrence109
- Friedrich II, King of Prussia755
- Front Populaire, France1010
- functionalist view of comparative law105
- Gail, A.674
- Galen of Pergamon556
- Galli, Johannes768
- Gans, Eduard168
- Gaudemet, Jean123
- Gaulle, Charles de1124
- General German Workers’ Association (ADAV)1004–5
- General Law577
- generalia delictorum650–1
- Geneva Bible/Academy583–4
- geniza12
- Gentili, Alberico985
- Gény, François938
- George, Susan1014
- George I, King of England838
- George III, King of England838
- Gerbenzon, Pieter73
- German Labour Front1086–7
- Germany See also Göttingen, Germany; See also Historical School; See also Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; See also Magdeburg Law; See also national legal history, invention
- Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch (common commercial code)918
- Begriffsjurisprudenz107
- community of law (Rechtsgemeinschaft)116
- cosmopolitanism, legal978–80
- Deutscher Juristentag (an association of German jurists )918
- Die Naturgesetze der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft978–80
- east central Europe, ‘Germanization’ of law411–14
- European criminal legal history1059–61
- Federal Republic1129
- feudalism535–6
- General German Workers’ Association (ADAV)1004–5
- ‘German’ problem47
- Germanic law85, 249–61, 490
- long shadow of Rome over production of written law255–7
- peace theory252–5
- pure40
- versus Roman169–70
- wrongs, price of258–60
- humanism37
- Imperial Judicial Laws936
- judiciary, crisis of confidence in936–7
- Lasker Law (1873)918
- legal cosmopolitanism978–80
- Lutheran Reformation587
- Mediation Law (1923)1021
- mythology37
- natural law, death of980
- Nazi period See National Socialism
- nineteenth century26
- Pensions Reform (1957)1011
- private law, science of89
- public law980
- Rechtsschule (nineteenth-century)250–4
- rule of law (Rechtsstaat)719
- social democracy, German origins/Bismarck’s reaction1004–5
- Spartacist revolution (1919)1008
- territorial and imperial jurisdiction, interface between692–5
- Teutonic Order See Teutonic Order
- Unemployment Insurance Law (1927)1009
- Upper Appellate Court of the Electorate of Cologne693
- Work Hours Law (1923)1009
- Ghibellines304
- Gibbon, Eduard45
- Gibert, Rafael123
- Gierke, Otto von48
- Gilbert, Jeffrey1029
- Gilbert of Thornton447
- Gillissen, John123
- Gilson, Jean176
- Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry1125
- global financial crisis1014
- global legal history115–39
- commensurability136–7
- Europe and non-Europe124–8
- European salvation of national legal historiographies118–24
- historiographical categories134–5
- international/transnational normative orders132–4
- perspectives128–36
- globalization111
- Gloss of Accursius296
- glossators (scholars)93, 289, 293–302, 416 See also glosses (explanatory notes
- apparatus299
- brocarda299
- dissensiones dominorum299
- and interpretation of Corpus iuris300
- lecturae299
- quaestiones299
- summae299
- Godefroy, Denis287
- Goede, Adrian de72
- Goodman, Christopher596
- Gotha Congress (1875)1005
- Gouron, André123
- Gracchus, Gaius216
- Graeber, David20
- Grágás (Grey Goose) law, Iceland382
- grand narrative, construction of90–3
- Grant, Jeanne420
- Great Depression1120
- ‘Great Divergence’13
- Greece
- Civil Code (1946)911
- Greek law See Ancient Greek law
- Green, Leon1041–2
- Gregory I, Pope678
- Gregory VII, Pope267
- Gressent-Valois, Georges1075
- Grindal, Edmund594
- Gross, Christian Friedrich873
- Grotius, Hugo566, 570–1, 573, 574, 580, 619, 625, 826, 847, 909
- father of international law574
- Pufendorf compared572
- Guelphs304
- Guéret, Gabriel770
- guilds1000–1
- Gürke, Norbert1090
- Gustav III, King of Sweden826–7
- Guzmán-Brito, Alejandro624
- Habsburg, Rudolf von366
- Hagerup, Francis74
- Hagiotheodorites244
- Hague Congress (1872)1005
- Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)104
- Håkon IV of Norway385–6
- Hall, William986
- Halle, Germany23
- Hallstein, Walter120
- Hansa League516
- Harris, Neville S.1017
- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich929–30
- Heimbach, C.G.E.245
- Heinrich III, King476
- Helmholz, Richard278
- Hemming, Nicolaus589
- Henricus de Segusio275
- Henry of Bratton439
- Herder, Johann Gottfried41
- heresy, Roman law of277
- heretics594
- heritability545
- Hermann of Salza487–8
- Hermannus of Prague417
- hermeneutics554
- Hermes, Katherine888
- Hertslett, Edward898
- Hespanha, A.M.121
- High Commission, Court of689
- Hincmar of Reims543
- Hindenburg, Paul von1081
- Hispania347–8
- historians, legal v
- British empires901
- codification of law909
- Dutch84
- France770
- global legal history120
- influential119
- Japan135
- nineteenth century983
- Nordic Countries75
- private law909
- southern Europe356
- Spain801
- traditional171
- twentieth century1079
- historians, world4
- historical significance of European legal history See world historical significance of European legal history
- historicization of doctrine561–2
- historiographies See also history; See also legal history; See also national legal history, invention
- categories134–5
- civil procedural law656
- cultural contexts, in southern Europe335–7
- EU law1119–23
- hegemonies134–6
- modern336
- national, European salvation of118–24
- nineteenth century115
- oral law340
- romantic341
- traditional balance333
- traditional European116
- history See also historiographies; See also world historical significance of European legal history
- Byzantine law239–41
- codification of law349–50
- comparative legal See comparative legal history
- comparative method in106–8
- constitutional See constitutional history
- criminal law632–4
- global legal See global legal history
- legal histories See legal histories
- national legal See national legal history, invention
- Hitler, Adolf17, 939, 1007, 1009, 1010, 1074, 1079–80 See also Holocaust; See also National Socialism/Nazism; See also National-Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP); See also Second World War
- Hobsbawm, Eric968
- Hoetink, Hendrik Richard95
- Hoff, Hans Henning397
- Höhn, Reinhard1090
- Holberg, Ludvig825
- Holocaust1082
- Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation46, 62, 122, 358–77 See also Germany
- Brandenburg-Prussia737
- Carolina (code of criminal law and procedure)738–9
- civil procedural law666
- Constitution732–8
- courts, constitution of (Gerichtsverfassung)734
- criminal law code368
- demise of960
- Federal Constitutional Court749
- Federal Supreme Court749
- imperial circles (Reichskreise)734
- Imperial Diet735–6
- Imperial Ordinance for the public notaries368
- jurisdiction and court practice747–58
- law of731–59
- legal interpretation561
- legal professionals672
- legal sources738–44
- legal structures370
- methodological approach358–9
- municipal jurisdictions516
- princes372
- public law708–11
- and Roman law421
- taxation734
- year 1806 and beyond373–6
- homicide law153
- Honoré, Tony5
- Hooft, P.C.81
- Horborch, Wilhelmus415
- House of Austria and Vienna Aulic Council, exemption of696–7
- Hozumi, Nobushige990
- HRE See Holy Roman Empire (HRE)
- Hug, Walther107
- Hugo (Bolognese doctor)294
- Huguenots683
- Humfress, Caroline190–1
- hunting616
- Hurlstone, E.T.1030
- Hurst, Willard104
- Hus, Johannes418
- Hus, John585
- Hussite period, Bohemia418
- Hutten, Ulrich von37
- Hutterites591
- hyperinflation1022
- Ibbetson, David879
- Ickstatt, Johann Adam von563
- imperialism116, 135, 988 See also colonialism/colonial expansion
- inauguratio (Roman assembly)202
- Incorporated Council of Law Reporting, UK911
- India885–6
- inequality, economics of1014
- inferences doctrine553
- Inge, William438
- Ingemundi, Ragvaldus393
- institutions
- feudalism542–7
- legal institutionalism75
- national histories25
- Roman law201–28
- early legal institutions203–4
- and law of the city205–9
- origins of legal system201–4
- private law214–19
- of socialism1106
- Spain792–8
- International Congress of Comparative Law105
- International Human Rights movement4
- international law974–94
- Ancien Régime981
- cosmopolitanism, legal976–86
- esprit d’internationalité974–6
- France981–4
- Germany978–80
- global legal history133
- international disciplines in 1900992–7
- Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for international law, Berlin105
- national self-determination principle984
- and natural law575
- private997
- transition of the concept foreign law into100–1
- International Law Association (ILA)976
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)4
- International Workingmen’s Association (IWA)1004
- interpreting the law560–2
- invention of national legal history See national legal history, invention
- Ioannovna, Anna871
- Israel, State of1093
- Italy
- cities, statutory legislation636
- codification movement911
- global legal history122
- oral law338–9
- public law722–5
- Socialist Party1005
- statute law425
- taxation1006
- ius civile101
- ius commune doctrine v See also common law
- academic learned law334
- birth of European legal history96
- canon law277–8
- comparative legal history101
- concept337
- Germanic law266
- jurisdiction681
- legal scholarship561
- Lutheranism601
- origins302–4
- Protestant Reformation601
- sources and methods561
- ius naturae et gentium978–9
- ius naturale575
- Ivan IV of Russia858
- Jacobi, Erwin1022
- Jacobin Constitution (1793)954
- Jacobus (Bolognese doctor)294
- Jakobs, Günther1070
- James II, King of England837
- Jämtland province, Norway381
- Jančić, Javor1133
- Janicka, Danuta491
- Járnsíða (Ironside) law, Iceland382
- Jaskier, Nikolaus487
- Jellinek, Georg994
- Jellinek, Walter1084
- Jennings, Ivor1121
- Jewel, John594
- Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania409
- Johannes of Prague417
- John of Leiden591
- John of Tynemouth275
- John XXII, Pope365
- Johnston, David181
- Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation989
- Jousse, Daniel776
- Juan II of Castile307
- judicial torture811
- judiciary See also courts; See also judge; See also jurisdiction; See also sovereignty
- competition of supreme judicatures within a polity664–7
- crisis of confidence in (Germany)936–7
- judicial review661
- judicial revolution in secular continental jurisdictions680
- lower courts667–70
- in modern period660–2
- national judicial dimension of EU law1126–31
- rationalization of system661
- royal judicial sovereignty vs feudal particularism683–4
- statute law670
- Judt, Tony1011
- juridical colonization131
- juries See also trial, criminal
- Athenian147–8
- jurisdiction
- administration of justice, as power680–1
- appellate685
- Castilian supreme697–8
- church courts in later medieval England279–84
- complementarity of procedural and substantive justice679
- German territorial and imperial, interface between692–5
- Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation747–58
- later medieval England279–84
- medieval canon law678–80
- military, in Nazi Germany1089
- ‘priority rule’684
- royal judicial sovereignty vs feudal particularism683–4
- secular continental, judicial revolution in680
- special mercantile518–19
- superiority and legal professionalization681–2
- supreme, as driving force in early modern monarchies680–6
- jurisprudence
- classical224
- comparative107
- comparative law107
- Kantian theory929
- National Socialism1078
- positive930
- practical57
- jurists75, 93, 309, 504, 522, 589 See also ius commune doctrine
- international law984
- ius commune641
- Roman See Roman jurists
- semi-peripheral131
- Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von718
- justice See also criminal law
- aims640–1
- common good, care of640
- complementarity of procedural and substantive679
- demand for638
- determination of in medieval and modern ages638–9
- ‘infra-justices’640
- injustice620
- legal form638
- negotiated640–1
- Parliament as highest court of justice688–90
- private and public, dichotomy between522
- publica utilitas640
- Russian system860–4
- Justinian the Great (Roman Emperor)
- Corpus iuris civilis (530–3 ce) See Corpus iuris civilis (530–3 ce))
- law books325
- reform programme256
- successors234
- testate succession321
- Kadens, Emily512
- Kagan, Henry819
- Kaltenborn, Carl von980
- Kant, Immanuel376–7, 573, 727, 744
- Critique of Pure Reason929
- systematic ideal, anti-formalism as crisis of929–32
- Kantian systematic ideal
- anti-formalism as crisis of929–32
- Kantorowicz, Hermann91
- Kazhdan, Alexander240
- Kejř, Jiři498–9
- Kemal, Mustapha919
- Kennedy, Duncan998
- Kent, James901
- Keynesian welfare state model1014
- Kienast, Walther532
- King James Version583
- Kingsdown, Lord (Thomas Pemberton-Leigh)899
- Kinnaird, William470
- Kling, Melchior33
- Klipping, King Erik V of Denmark398
- Kloot, Claudius824
- Knoll, Paul W.419
- Knox, John597
- Knud VI, King383
- Kolderup-Rosenvinge, Janus L.A.74
- Königgrätz Law498
- Korpiola, Mia819
- Koskenniemi, Martti612–13
- Kötz, Hein105
- Kreittmayr, Wiguläus Xaverius Aloysius744
- Kull, Andrew1049
- Kuneš of Třeboval418
- Kuttner, Stephan96
- La Falange (Spanish fascist party)1009
- La Porta, R.11
- Laboulaye, Édouard983
- Lactantius567
- Ladislaus IV501
- Lambarde, William844
- Landau, Peter475
- Landis, James1121
- Landon, P.A.1039
- Lanfranc of Pavia288
- Languedoc, France534
- Larenz, Karl943
- Lasalle, Ferdinand1004
- Laski, Harold1121
- Latvia1111
- Laud, William836
- Laurière, Eusèbe de765
- law See also law schools; See also law studies, medieval period; See also legal doctrine and history; See also legal histories; See also legal origins; See also legal philosophy; See also legal practice, Byzantine; See also legal professionals; See also legal scholarship; See also legal science; See also legal sociology; See also legal systems
- academic350–5
- Byzantine See Byzantine law
- canon See canon law
- case law See case law
- chancery344–5
- Church–state relations587–98
- of the city205–9
- codification See codification of law
- common See common law
- communism1095–114
- comparative See comparative law
- comparative method in106–8
- contract See contract law
- criminal See criminal law
- deep structures of111
- and dictatorship1073–94
- dualism557–8
- education605–7
- ‘exorbitant’ laws555
- Germanic See Germany
- interior and exterior history24
- interpreting560–2
- intrinsic value551–2
- marriage/family See marriage/family law
- natural See natural law
- praetorian, Roman215
- property See property law
- public See public law
- rational, Roman law as9
- Roman See Roman law
- scriptural341–50
- social welfare607–9
- sources See sources of law
- tort See tort law
- welfare state, role in1015–22
- written See written law
- law journals103
- law schools
- Bologna See Bologna law school
- Italy266
- medieval period351–2
- Pavia288
- United States104
- Laws of Ecclesiastical Policy594
- Laycock, Douglas1049
- Le Crom, Jean Pierre1018
- League of Nations983
- Leake, S.M.1033
- legal history See also historiographies; See also national legal history, invention
- birth of See origins of European legal history
- Germanic120
- global See global legal history
- mainstream method106
- national law30–3
- National Socialism1091
- nationalist framework from nineteenth century up to the 1970s103–4
- nominalism908
- legal philosophy1091
- legal practice, Byzantine237–9
- legal professionals671–3
- civil lawyers672
- England673
- Holy Roman Empire672
- law graduates672–3
- superiority and legal professionalization681–2
- legal proof, system of651
- legal scholarship551–65
- dualism557–8
- emergence, medieval Rome288–90
- Enlightenment557–64
- global legal history123
- intrinsic value of the law551–2
- ‘kulturelle Romidee’ (the attribution of cultural supremacy to Rome)289–90
- natural law, completeness558–9
- positivization560–3
- scientific creation of systems, theory556–7
- legal science77
- Legatine Council of Buda410
- legis actio sacramento (Roman lawsuit)204
- Lehman Brothers, collapse (2008)1014
- Leipzig Institute for Labour Law1022
- Leland, John592
- Lenman, Bruce819
- Leo VI, Emperor287
- Leo XIII, Pope612
- Leopold, Peter724
- Leopold I, Emperor735
- Leunclavius, Joannes246
- Levene, Ricardo784
- lex mercatoria512
- Lex Romana Visigothorum287–8
- Liebknecht, Karl1008
- Lindley, M.F.883
- Lipiavicz, Andreas410
- Lipgens, Walter1134
- Liszt, Franz1060
- Litomerice, Bohemia412
- Livonia412–13
- Löber, Burckhardt626
- Loccenius, Johannes824
- Loisel, Antoine31
- Lokin, Jan233
- Lombard League516
- Lomonaco, Giovanni68
- long-distance traders, conflict management among See mercantile conflict management
- López, Juan785
- López-de-Silanes, F.11
- Loren, Monté ver72–3
- Lorimer, James987
- Lothair II, Emperor37
- Lothar III, Emperor740
- Louis I, King of Hungary417
- Louis IX, King of France761
- Louis XI, King of France760
- Louis XVIII, King of France957–8
- Louis Napoléon, King of France963
- Lower Roman Empire345
- Ludwig the Great, King503
- Luhmann, Niklas613
- Lunge, Vincens392
- Lutheranism587–90, 601–3
- education606
- and Holy Roman Empire of the German nation363–4
- social welfare laws608
- spread of583
- Luxembourg Compromise (1966)1127
- Luxemburg, Rosa1008
- Lyon-Caen, Gérard1022
- Mably, Abbé de981
- Macaulay, Thomas Babington886
- McCloskey, Deidre11
- Macdonald, Alexander465
- Machiavelli, Nicolò707
- McHugh, Paul880
- McKechnie, Hector457
- McNeil, William4
- Mâcon, Burgundy533
- Madden, Frederick881
- Maffei, Domenico123
- Magdeburg Law474–508 See also Saxon Mirror
- archbishops, role in477
- Belarus492
- Bohemia494–6
- Breslau Land Law484
- burghers (inhabitants of towns)475–6
- Collections of494
- customary law476
- dimensions of processes507
- Elbe region475
- expansion in Europe483–506
- Guben, town of478
- interpreting the law481–2
- Königgrätz498
- Leipzig477
- Lithuania492
- Magdeburg-Görlitz Law501
- Mährisch Neustadt496
- Mährisch Weißkirchen497
- markets476
- merger with Saxon Mirror507
- Minsk492
- norms representing481–2
- Ofen town law book500–1
- Ölmütz497
- origins474–82
- Plock, town of478–9
- Přelauč city498
- Prenzlau, town of478
- rural settlements476
- Sächsisches Weichbild (town law record)481
- and Saxon Mirror474–5
- Sillein law book502–3
- Spandau, town of478
- Stettin, town of478
- structures483–504
- trading centres476
- transfer mechanisms504–6
- Troppau498
- vare (fighting parties in court)478
- Weichbild487
- Magnus of Narbonne255–6
- Mährisch Neustadt496
- Mährisch Weißkirchen497
- Maier, C.S.1007
- Maillardière, Viscount de981
- Maistre, Joseph comte de375
- Major, John1020
- Mallet, Paul Henri250
- Malumbra, Ricardus362
- Mamichi, Tsuda990
- mandate contract, Rome218–19
- Manna, Giovanni68
- Marcuse, Herbert1012
- Maria Theresa, Empress915
- Marian Exiles594
- Mariana, Juan de81
- Marpeck, Pilgrim591
- marriage/family law13–14, 599–605
- Byzantine law241
- Calvinism603–5
- canon law281
- divorce924
- Marriage Ordinance, Geneva (1545)603
- property241
- Scandinavia817
- Marshall, T.H.1017
- Marsilius of Padua585
- Martin of Opava417
- Martin of Pattishall439
- Martini, Anton von578
- Mary II, Queen of England837
- Marzower, Mark1007
- Mattheus of Krakow418
- Maurice of Nassau372
- Maurras, Charles1075
- Maximilian I, Emperor684
- Maximilian III Joseph, Duke of Bavaria913
- Mayali, Laurent165
- Mayans, Gregorio65
- Mayno, Jason de307
- Mazel, Florian533–4
- Meade, James1015
- Meccarelli, Massimo613
- medieval period See also Middle Ages
- canon law678–80
- common vision of law334
- criminal trial644–6
- east central Europe404–29
- canon law, influence of407–11
- Christianization407–11
- ‘Germanization’ of law411–14
- law studies414–19
- learned legal literature414–19
- reception of Roman law in later medieval period420–2
- justice, determining638–9
- later
- church courts, jurisdiction in England279–84
- civil procedure656–60
- east central Europe404–29
- Roman law, reception in east central Europe420–2
- Western canon law, teaching and interpretation273–8
- polity, competition of supreme judicatures within664–7
- poverty1000–1
- Roman law
- commentators, writings of304–6
- emergence of a European legal scholarship288–90
- free people and slaves, in the Middle Ages311–12
- Gloss of Accursius296
- glosses See glosses (explanatory notes)
- Orléans, School of306
- slaves312–14
- structure286–308
- substance of the law309–31
- teaching of Roman law in Bologna/elsewhere See Bologna, teaching of Roman law in
- tradition in early Middle Ages286–8
- Scandinavia
- compilation and codification of law380–5
- high and late medieval378–403
- law studies390–3
- learned law and legal practice396–9
- local ecclesiastical laws, making393–6
- nationwide codifications385–8
- provincial laws380–5
- regional scope/focus378–80
- town laws388–90
- Scandinavia, high and late medieval378–403
- southern European medieval law355–6
- Meetings of Nordic Jurists75
- Meijers, Eduard95
- Mennonites591
- mercantile conflict management509–27, see also merchants
- Bruges517
- choice between two/several possibilities513–21
- commercial conflict regulation523–4
- Crusades510
- decision-makers521–6
- ecclesiastical courts515–16
- economic-historical background/research history509–13
- extrajudicial resolution520–1
- force, use of524–6
- foreigners and locals514–15
- jurists522
- legal claims, execution521–6
- legal pluralism, effects on long-distance traders513–21
- mediation and judgment520–1
- privileges as basis for commercial action514–15
- rapid and slow settlement of conflicts523–4
- special mercantile jurisdiction518–19
- structural changes510
- merchants521–2 See also mercantile conflict management
- elites525
- German, in Venice515
- Hanseatic merchants’ privileges514
- peer groups520
- Quedlinburg476
- special mercantile jurisdiction518–19
- as victims and perpetrators524–6
- Merea, Paulo66
- Merriman, John109
- methodology, legal histories23–7
- Middle Ages See also medieval period
- Bruges as ‘world market’ of517–18
- common and civil law split166
- free people and slaves in311–12
- history of law vs history of legislation257
- Second655
- testate succession, Rome321
- Mikkelsen, Knud (Bishop of Viborg)392–3
- Mill, John Stuart1002
- Milsom, S.F.C.536
- Milward, Alan1135
- Minsk492
- Miranda, Flavio514
- Mitchel v United States (1835)900
- Mitterrand, François1018
- mixed councils1020–1
- mixing bowl systems107
- mob rule156
- modern period
- early modern See early modern period
- judiciary660–2
- Moeller, Ernst von48
- Monciaco, Johannes de318
- Mongolians500
- Monnet, Jean1123
- Montenegro
- Civil Code (1888)919
- Montmirat, Bernard de276
- Möser, Justus41
- Mosley, Oswald1075
- Moynier, Gustave984
- Müntzer, Thomas591
- Muratori, Ludovico Antonio722
- Mynsinger, J.674
- Nanz, Klaus-Peter624
- Närke province, Sweden384
- National Council, France62
- national legal history, invention22–34
- comparative See comparative legal history
- conditions and factors60–1
- domestic law35
- folk national representations58
- formal side23
- general histories23
- global See global legal history
- historical significance23
- history and legal doctrine24–5
- Holy Roman Empire62
- identity58
- integration79
- invention22–83
- Italy66–70
- late modern nation state, representing identity of110–11
- legal histories22–34
- methodology23–7
- national See national legal history, invention
- nature of states/sources of law29–30
- Netherlands70–3
- Nordic Countries73–6
- object22–3
- Portugal66
- prelude to descriptions34–60
- presentation33–4
- results, prognosis and retrospective77–82
- scientific-historical study23
- solutions according to their factors62–76
- spirit44
- state national representations58
- terminology27–9
- universal legal history78
- National Socialism/Nazism84, 120, 375 See also National-Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP
- ‘Aryanizations’1082
- civil law1085
- courts1084–5
- German Municipal Code (1935)1084
- jurisprudence1078
- labour law1086
- legal philosophy1091
- military jurisdiction1089
- Nazi law and non-law1076–93
- Nazi leadership1083
- social law1086–7
- totalitarianism970
- ‘Winter Relief of the German People’1086
- National-Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP)85, 87, 88, 1007, 1009, 1088, 1091 See also National Socialism/Nazism
- natural law
- Aquinas, Thomas568–9
- Aristotle566–7
- Cicero567
- completeness558–9
- in continental Europe, codifications576–9
- cosmopolitanism985
- in early modern legal thought566–82
- England579–81
- Germany980
- and international law575
- ius naturale vs ius gentium575
- legal scholarship554
- Pufendorf, Samuel571–4
- Salamanca, scholastic theology of569
- Soto, Domingo de569–70
- Nazi Academy for German Law87
- Nazi Germany See National Socialism/Nazism
- negotiated justice640–1
- neoliberalism1013–15, 1018, 1020 See also liberalism
- neo-oligarchic society1013–14
- ‘New Institutional Economics’4
- ‘New Savigny’ project123
- Nicaean Creed358
- Nicaeus, Constantine244
- Nicolas of Cusa371
- Nicolaus Traba of Gniezno411
- Nidaros, town law of389
- Nielsen, Erik392
- Noonan, John T.625
- Nordic Countries See Scandinavia
- normative orders, international/transnational132–4
- Nørregaard, Lauritz825
- North Atlantic, nation states of1120
- Norway
- Black Death399
- Catholicism815
- diversity, town laws388–90
- feudalism381
- law commissions401
- Law of 1294397
- Law of the Realm828
- papal letters398–9
- royal codification385–6
- taxation1006
- notarial practice, medieval313
- Novels
- Nufer, Günther618
- Nussbaum, Arthur938
- Ober, Josiah4
- object of legal history22–3
- Obolensky, Dimitri242
- Occidentalism, Weberian125
- Oestmann, Peter38
- Ofen town law book500–1
- Offutt, William849
- Olav, St394
- Old Age Pension Act (1908), England1006
- oligarchy1014
- Ölmütz Law497
- Olomouc, Moravia412
- Oppenheim, Lassa986
- oral law, southern Europe337–41
- ordinances775, 777
- ‘Black Code’774
- Civil Ordinance (1667)780
- Criminal Ordinance (1670)773
- Danish Marriage Ordinance (1582)818
- Marriage Ordinance, Geneva (1545)603
- Ordinance for Maritime Trade (1681)774
- Ordinance for Overland Trade (1673)774
- Ordinances of Alfaro (1612)790
- origins of European legal history84–99
- grand narrative, construction of90–3
- salvation of Roman law87–90
- Orléans, school of306
- Örücü, Esin107
- Otter, Sandra den886
- Otto III, King of Germany476
- Ottokar II, King of Bohemia422
- Owen, Robert1003
- Oyta, Heinrich von415
- Padoa-Schioppa, Antonio60
- Pagano, Mario725
- Papinian (Roman jurist)430
- Papon, Jean769
- Paradisi, Bruno123
- Pardessus, Jean-Marie981
- Paris Commune1005
- Paris Peace Conference (1919)1074
- Parker, Geoffrey819
- Parliament, England690 See also England
- dissolving835
- Grand Remonstrance836
- later Stuarts and Hanoverians836–8
- Statute of Proclamations (1539)834
- Parmensis, Bernardus275
- particularism, feudal683–4
- partnerships626
- Pasquier, Etienne
- Les Recherches de la France57
- patriotism74
- Patterson, Orlando1061
- Paulus, Roman jurist223
- Paus, Hans825
- Payne, Thomas1015
- Peace of Westphalia (1648)81
- peace theory, Germanic law252–5
- peasants, vs slaves311
- Peel, Robert887
- Penn, William592
- Percy, Thomas250
- Perth, Treaty of (1266)379
- Peters, Karl1089
- Phelan, John793
- Philip of Macedon156
- Philips, Dirk591
- Picketty, Thomas1014
- Pieler, Peter234
- Piepowder courts515
- Piermont, Friedrich H. Stube de873
- Pihlajamäki, Heikki112
- Pillius of Medecina538
- Piñel, Arias613
- Pinelo, Antonio Rodríguez de León794
- Pirenne, Henri92
- Pitt, William (the Younger)1006
- Plutarch146
- plutocracy1014
- Poland405, 408, 410, 424, 1111
- Enlightenment955
- judicial authority702
- May Constitution (1791)703
- Sejm Court703
- Poland–Lithuania701–3
- Polanyi, Karl1016
- polygamy604
- polygyny14
- Poor Relief Act (1598), England594
- Port-Royal Logic559
- positivization of the law
- dualism558
- interpreting the law560–2
- legal system creation, new theory563–4
- methods of legal scholarship559
- postmodernity106
- Powell, John Joseph
- Essay upon the Law of Contracts and Agreements1029
- power, administration of justice as680–1
- Pownall, Thomas895
- praetorian law, Roman215
- Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438)585
- prejudice doctrine560
- Přelauč city498
- presentment juries, England434
- Prierio, Sylvester Mazzolini da617
- Primo de Rivera, Miguel1075
- Princeps, Roman Emperors220–5
- private law
- anti-formalism as crisis of932–5
- conscience, court of630
- and criminal law744–96
- freedom933
- German science89
- Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation744–6
- international997
- Procheiros Nomos405
- Prodi, Paolo612–13
- Promislow, Janna884
- proof, regimes of651–2
- property611–31 See also chattel slavery; See also land laws
- acquisition by tradition318–19
- agrarian13
- British Empire’s892–4
- church20
- contracts623–30
- hunting rights616
- impact of law629–30
- injustice620
- land, rights to444–5
- matrimonial241
- right, defining614
- scholastics’ view of617
- security of rights18–19
- things of greater value vs other goods204
- torts618–23
- proportionality principle826
- Prosser, William1042
- Protestant Reformation362–3, 583–610 See also Ten Commandments
- branches583
- Church–state relations, law of587–98
- criminal law and procedure598–9
- ecclesiastical laws593–4
- education law605–7
- impact609
- jurisdictional rivalry685–6
- marriage and family law599–605
- origins583
- Pentateuch816
- public law708
- sin, doctrines of597–8
- social welfare laws607–9
- Västerås, Diet of (1527)815
- Prussia41, 577, 958, 1005 See also Germany; See also Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
- Code Frédéric (1751)914
- direct taxation1006
- feudalism541
- General Territorial Law for the Royal and Prussian States (ALR)914–15
- suffrage964
- Przemysl I, Duke486
- public law705–28
- classification712
- conservative-monarchical theory967
- constitution, progress of719–22
- droit de police and policeywissenschaft717–19
- England719–22
- EU law1123–34
- European Union1125
- France711–14
- historical quest for ‘reconciliation’1123–34
- Holy Roman Empire (HRE)708–11
- individual rights and state–society dichotomy725–7
- ius publicum705–8
- lexical gaps, Italian context722–5
- and nation state711–14
- Puchnik (Nicholas) of Prague410
- Puetter, Karl Theodor168
- Pufendorf, Samuel571–4, 578, 847, 909, 977
- De Officio Hominis Civis572
- Elementa Jurisprudentiae Naturalis572
- English translation580
- Grotius compared572
- Professor of the Law of Nature and Nations572
- Pujo, Maurice1075
- puree systems108
- Pütter, Johann Sebastian979
- Qing China13
- Queen v Symonds (1847)901
- Quirinal community, Rome201
- Radbruch, Gustav1069
- Ragnemalm, Hans112
- Rålamb, Claes824
- Ramus, Petrus556
- rational law9
- Reagan, Ronald1012
- rebus sic se habentibus (while things are like this)326
- reception
- Byzantine law242–6
- canon law104
- comparative law106
- of European law in non-European territories108
- full825
- non-European989–91
- non-existent825
- partial825
- Reformation See Protestant Reformation
- ‘Reformation Edict’, Geneva (1536)584
- Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda1081
- Reid, Kenneth107
- Reinkingk, Dietrich370
- relativity of villeinage314
- Renner, Karl1019
- Republican Rome206–7 See also Roman law; See also Roman people
- Aristocratic Republic206–7
- crisis214–19
- establishment (509 bce)205
- full development of legal system218–19
- government206–7
- height of209–10
- ownership and new rights210–12
- slavery212–14
- Restatement of Quasi-Contracts1047
- Restatement of Trusts1047
- Revillout, Victor173
- revolution
- Belgian (1830)72
- feudal533
- ‘Invisible Revolution’ (1945–75)1012
- judicial, in secular continental jurisdictions680
- legal, in seventeenth-century Scandinavia819–26
- transatlantic, as constitutional949–53
- Rheinstein, Max105
- Rhodian Sea-Law160
- Richard II, King of England435
- Richard of Boyland439
- Richelieu, Cardinal766
- Riedman, Peter591
- Riga413
- Ritter, Carl255
- Robert, King of Naples371
- Robertson, Lindsay900
- Robinson, James11
- Robson, William1121
- Rocco, Alfredo1008
- Roger of Thirkleby439
- Roger of Worcester269
- Roman Emperors See Augustus, Roman Emperor; See Constantine the Great, Roman Emperor; See Constantine V, Emperor; See Diocletian, Roman Emperor; See Flavian, Roman Emperor; See Gratian (Flavius Gratianus), Roman Emperor; See Hadrian, Roman Emperor; See Justinian the Great (Roman Emperor); See Leo III, Emperor; See Lothair II, Emperor; See Nerva-Antonine, Roman Emperor; See Princeps, Rome; See Septimius Severus, Roman Emperor; See Tiberius, Roman Emperor
- Roman jurists6, 119, 165, 189, 203, 208–11, 218, 317, 328, 352, 567
- Accursius See Accursius
- classical Roman law193–5
- imperial order222–5
- natural law567
- Odofredus296
- Papinian430
- Paulus223
- and sources of law222–5
- Roman law See also Roman people
- in age of change209–14
- ancient cultures14
- argumentation theory (topos)554
- collapse of Roman Empire in the west658
- consuls205
- early reception302–4
- existence of Empire186
- existential crisis85
- as fixed law38
- vs German169–70
- heresy277
- and Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation421
- institutions201–28
- early Roman203–4
- and law of the city205–9
- origins of legal system201–4
- private law214–19
- ius commune302
- lease contracts219
- long shadow over production of written law255–7
- mandate contract218–19
- medieval period
- commentators, writings of304–6
- early reception of Roman law302–4
- emergence of a European legal scholarship288–90
- free people and slaves, in the Middle Ages311–12
- Gloss of Accursius296
- glosses See glosses (explanatory notes)
- Orléans, School of306
- structure in286–308
- substance of309–31
- teaching of Roman law in Bologna/elsewhere See Bologna, teaching of Roman law in
- tradition in early Middle Ages286–8
- ownership See ownership, in Roman law
- as Papist38
- political compromise220–2
- reception56, 80, 95, 522
- canon law277
- defining303
- early, in medieval period302–4
- in France58
- later medieval east central Europe420–2
- in southern Europe304
- Republican Rome206–7
- crisis214–19
- establishment (509 bce)205
- full development of legal system218–19
- government206–7
- height of209–10
- ownership and new rights210–12
- slavery212–14
- salvation of87–90
- scientific method9
- Spain786
- teaching in Bologna, medieval period See Bologna, teaching of Roman law in
- water208–9
- Roman people310–18 See also Roman jurists
- change of circumstances325–7
- delict, law of327–9
- free people and slaves, in the Middle Ages311–12
- legal persons317–18
- obligations324–9
- persona repraesentata317–18
- Princeps, Rome220–5
- serfs and villains314–15
- testate succession320–3
- unfree311–15
- universitas318
- women315–17
- Romania
- Civil Code (1864)917
- Romanticism356
- Romulus208
- Roskilde, town law of389
- Rossbach, Georg August Wilhelm169
- Rostow, Walt
- ‘Non-Communist Manifesto’15
- Rtishschev, Fedor872
- Runde, Justus Friedrich47
- Russia See also Peter I/Peter the Great of Russia; See also Soviet Union (USSR
- absolutism855–6
- administration of justice859
- autocracy and legal development854–8
- Boyars’ Council867
- canon law868–71
- codification of law856–7
- Collegium of Justice861
- Conciliar Legal Code (1649)856
- early modern period854–75
- elites858
- Estate Collegium862
- Felony Chancellery867
- formulae866
- governors862–3
- House of Criminal Court/House of Civil Court864
- inquisitorial methods865–6
- Instruction (1728)859
- justice system860–4
- Kievan Theological academy, Kiev872
- Kormchaia kniga (Pilot (Leading) Book)856–7
- legal modernity854–8
- legal profession/literacy871–4
- local administration863
- Military Collegium862
- modernity, path to874–5
- moral order, enforcing868–71
- ‘Moscow–Third Rome’ concept855
- October Revolution1095
- prosecutions865
- reform of authoritarian state860–4
- Slavic–Greek–Latin Academy, Moscow872
- Socialist-Revolutionary Party1005
- St Petersburg861
- Statute for the Administration of the Provinces (1775)863
- trials864–8
- Saint Simon, Henri de1003
- Saint-Pierre, Abbé de981
- salad bowl systems107
- salad plate systems108
- Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira1009–10
- Salmond, John1038
- Salten, Oliver531
- Sampson, Pierre276
- Al-Sanhuri, Abdel-Razzak990
- Sánchez, Tomás626
- sanctions regimes648–9
- Sartori, Andrew886
- Savigny, Friedrich Carl von9, 77, 102, 249, 250, 738, 918, 930, 998, 1033
- History of the Roman Law during the Middle Ages119
- legal cosmopolitanism977–8
- legal historicism of167–8
- System727
- Saxoferrato, Bartolus de See Bartolus de Saxoferrato
- Saxon Mirror474–5, 478, 481, 483, 484, 487, 491, 502, 503, 507 See also Magdeburg Law
- merger with Magdeburg Law507
- Saxony503
- Say, Jean-Baptiste982
- Scaevola, Quintus Mucius567
- Scandinavia See also Denmark; See also Finland; See also Iceland; See also Nordic Countries; See also Norway; See also Scandinavia; See also Sweden
- accusatorial procedures811
- democracy813
- Denmark387–8
- early modern period806–29
- global legal history122
- historiography75
- inquisitorial methods811
- legal revolution in seventeenth century819–26
- marriage/family law817
- medieval period
- high and late medieval378–403
- law studies390–3
- learned law of Scandinavian law and legal practice396–9
- local ecclesiastical laws, making393–6
- nationwide codifications385–8
- provincial laws380–5
- regional scope/focus378–80
- town laws388–90
- national legal history, invention73–6
- Norway385–6
- strong welfare states101
- taxation1006
- towns809–10
- Schefold, Bertram625
- Scheidel, Walter14
- Scheltema, H.J.232
- Schlecht, Tileman392
- Schlegel, Johan Friedrich Wilhelm825
- Schleifer, A.11
- Schleitheim Confession (1527)583
- Schlesinger, Walter477
- Schleswig, town law of388
- Schleswig-Holstein, dukes of372
- Schmidt, Georg731–2
- Schmidt, Helmut1125
- Schmoller, Gustav25
- ‘Schöffenbuch’ (‘Brno law book’)421
- scholasticism, Spanish612
- Schulte, Johann Friedrich von427
- Schuman Declaration (1950)1123
- Schuman Plan1123
- Schuschnigg, Arthur1010
- Schweckenfeld, Caspar591
- scientific creation of systems, theory556–7
- sclavi (slaves)312
- Sclopis, Federico69–70
- Scotland448
- brieves, thirteenth-century See brieves, thirteenth-century Scotland
- College of Justice691–2
- common law450–73
- extent of in the thirteenth century460–4
- geographical limitations460–3
- twelfth-century origins451–7
- feudalism536
- formulae455
- Omne Gaderum470
- Piepowder courts515
- political/legal context451–3
- Renaissance, origins of a central court in691–2
- territorialization of power453–7
- Scott, Austin W.1048
- Scott, William985
- scriptural law341–50
- Seavey, Warren A.1048
- Seckel, Emil91
- Second World War See also First World War; See also National Socialism
- legitimation375
- national legal historiographies120
- and Russia1095
- Seelmann, Kurt613
- self-narratives26
- Sellar, David457
- Sententiae of Paul199
- Septimius Severus, Roman Emperor187
- Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés788–9
- Serbia924
- serfs, Roman314–15
- Serov, D.O.865
- Serpillon, François776
- Serres, Claude574
- Severan dynasty188
- Sharafi, Mitra886
- Sickness Benefits Act (1912), England1006
- Siebenlindner, Joannes501
- Sigismund, Emperor372
- Silesia, Polish Duchy of484
- Sillein law book502–3
- Simmel, Georg510
- Simon, Dieter241
- Simon of Southwell275
- sin, Protestant doctrines of597–8
- Single Act106
- Sixtus IV, Pope391
- Skinner, Quentin880
- Skytte, Johan699
- Slovakia
- Sillein law book502–3
- Sobolevskii, A.I.872
- social citizenship1016–17
- social class381
- social contract theory777
- Social Question1001–5, 1006, 1022, 1023
- socialist and conservative answers1003–5
- totalitarian approach to1008–10
- social welfare laws607–9
- socialism
- institutions of1106
- law1101–5
- political parties1005
- ‘socialism in one country’ notion1100
- welfare state1003–5
- Société d’Histoire des Droits de l’Antiquité (Roman law network)95
- sociology, legal8
- Södermanland, Law of385
- Sombart, Werner25
- sources of law
- criminal law634–7
- feudalism539–40
- Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation738–44
- national legal history29–30
- and Roman jurists222–5
- Scandinavia808–14
- Spain798–801
- welfare state1017–20
- southern Europe332–57
- academic law350–5
- codification of law349–50
- concept334–5
- cultural contexts of legal historiography335–7
- democracy341
- Hispania347–8
- local laws339–40
- medieval law355–6
- methodological assumptions332–5
- oral law337–41
- Provence347–8
- scriptural law341–50
- territorial differentiation337–8
- sovereignty
- civil procedural law661
- and colonialism881
- early modern concept664
- vs feudal particularism683–4
- territorial685
- Tudor church supremacy as judicial sovereignty688
- Soviet Union (USSR) See also Russia
- Civil Code (1922)919
- civil procedure1104
- Cold War1113
- collapse of1012
- comrades’ court1109
- Constitution (1936)1101
- Criminal Code (1923)1100
- Gosarbitrazh (state arbitration tribunal)1101
- Great Breakthrough (1928–32)1103
- Great Terror (1937–38)1101
- public, prioritization over private/personal interests1103–4
- transplants1105–8
- Spain782–804 See also Iberian peninsula
- actors801–3
- Americas, expansion into787–9
- Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)834
- Barcelona539
- Castile–Navarre union63
- Civil Code (1889)917
- Council of the Indies793–4
- councils of trade795
- courts794
- derecho patrio32
- derecho vulgar797
- discovery, exploration and conquest784–5
- early modern Castilian supreme jurisdiction697–8
- encomiendas791
- fascism1009
- feudalism536
- global legal history122
- Illness Insurance (1942)1011
- institutions792–8
- justification for conquest788–9
- labour law1021
- Laws of Burgos (1512–13)790
- local law64
- mitas791–2
- Movement Unions1009
- nationalism336
- New Laws (1542)790
- New State1009
- nineteenth century26
- Obligatory Old Age and Invalidity Insurance (1947)1011
- obrajes792
- Penal Code (1822)908
- Política Indiana800
- reducciones792
- religion788–9
- repartimientos791
- Roman law786
- scholasticism612
- Second Republic (1931–36)1010
- slavery789–90
- Social Reform Commission1008
- Socialist Workers’ party1005
- sources798–801
- taxation1006
- Work Magistracy1009
- Spain, William900
- Sparta145–6
- St German, Christopher579
- states See also national legal history, invention; See also welfare state
- authoritarian, reforming860–4
- Church–state relations, law of587–98
- citizens, identity in101
- coercion933
- constitutional state as nation state965–8
- criminal law652–4
- French public law and the nation state711–14
- individual rights and state–society dichotomy725–7
- late modern nation state, representing identity of110–11
- nature of29–30
- North Atlantic, nation states of1120
- political orders with legal form of637
- welfare intervention, financing through taxation1006–7
- Statute of Westminster51
- Staunford, William831
- Stephanus of Prague418
- Stephen, James884
- Stephen, Saint408
- Stephen of Roudnice415
- Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara732
- Struve, Burkhard G.47
- Stuart, James Edward838
- Stutz, Ulrich745
- Suarez, Francisco575
- Sunesen, Andreas392
- supranational law1054–5
- supreme courts, early modern686–703 See also courts
- Castilian supreme jurisdiction697–8
- common law control by prerogative writs689–90
- Crown counsellors’ mandate in Star Chamber688–9
- House of Austria and Vienna Aulic Council, exemption of696–7
- judicial autonomy686–7
- jurisdictional rivalry with prerogative courts688–90
- Parliament as highest court of justice688–90
- Poland–Lithuania701–3
- political dependence of the Court of High Commission689
- Renaissance Scotland, origins of a central court in691–2
- supreme judicial control at interface between German territorial and imperial jurisdiction692–5
- Svea Court of Appeal, as role model698–701
- Tudor church supremacy as judicial sovereignty688
- Svarez, Carl Gottlieb737
- Svea Court of Appeal, as role model698–701
- Sweden379 See also Nordic Countries; See also Scandinavia
- Age of Liberty701
- Altmark, Truce of (1629)700
- Appeal Court, Dorpat698–701
- appellate courts698–701
- ‘Bloodbath of Stockholm’ (1520)399
- ‘central Europeanization’ of legal system700
- Code (1734)908
- conversion to Christianity379
- courts821
- Crown820
- ecclesiastical laws395
- ius commune doctrine811
- kings of372
- law commissions401
- law studies391
- mercantile policy809
- papal letters399
- provincial laws384–5
- Svea Court of Appeal, as role model698–701
- taxation1006
- town laws389–90
- unity, town laws389–90
- welfare policies1011
- Szabolcs, Synod of408
- Szczerbicz, Pawel487
- Tachi, Sakutaro990
- Tafinger, Wilhelm Gottlieb930
- Takahashi, Sakuyé990
- Taranger, Absalon386
- taxation See also fiscal policy
- constitutionalism950
- fiscal revolution targeting the middle class1012
- Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation734
- Nazi Germany1087
- and welfare state1006–7
- Taylorism1101
- Tedeschi, Fondaco de515
- teleological method1126
- territorium et jurisdiction doctrine102
- Terry, Henry T.1040
- testate succession, Rome320–3
- Teubner, Gunther1020
- Textor, Johann575
- Theodoric I255
- Theodoric II255
- Theodosius I196
- Theophilus, Nicolaus824
- Thieme, Hans611
- Thiers, Adolphe961–2
- third parties324–5
- Third Reich1079 See also National Socialism
- Thorp, William438
- Thou, Christophe de766
- Tiberius, Roman Emperor190
- Tomlins, Christopher881
- Tønder, town law of389
- tort law
- duty of care1039–40
- ‘neighbour principle’1039
- obligations1037–45
- reputation and honour, harm to621
- Restatement of Torts1041
- state of the art618–19
- themes/contributions619–23
- United States1041–2
- traders, long-distance (conflict management) See mercantile conflict management
- tradition See also Western legal tradition
- acquisition of ownership by318–19
- Anglo-American tradition12
- early Middle Ages286–8
- as living/regenerating body of conceptions and ideas181–2
- theory and framework182
- transaction cost theory512
- transcripts, private764
- Treaty of Lausanne (1923)991
- Treaty of Lisbon (2009)1132
- Treaty of Maastricht (1993)1130
- Treaty of Paris (1763)897
- Treaty of Rome (1957)1126
- Treaty of Versailles (1919)1090
- Treaty of Waitangi (1840)887
- trial, criminal See also criminal law; See also juries
- circumstantial root, in medieval and modern ages645
- individualization of sanctions645
- judge, role of646–8
- jurisdictional co-extension regime646
- in medieval and modern ages644–6
- Russia864–8
- structure of641–2
- Triennio giacobino (1796–99)724
- Trilateral Commission (1973)1014
- trinoctium device, Rome207
- Troianos, Spyros233
- Troppau498
- Trump, Donald1014
- Tudor and Stuart period, England833–6
- Tuori, Kaarlo111
- Tuori, Kaius188
- Turkey919
- Tyndale, William583
- Union of Kalmar819
- United Kingdom18, 692, 919 See also colonies and empires; See also England; See also Scotland
- Brexit1014
- deregulation policies1012
- Divorce Act (1857)924
- electoral law reform966
- Incorporated Council of Law Reporting911
- United States
- American Law and Development movement109
- Anabaptism592
- anti-formalism938–9
- Catholic University of America, Washington96
- common law107
- Declaration of Human and Civil Rights (1789)952
- Europe as cultural alternative to166
- jurists107
- law schools104
- legal culture107
- New York civil procedure reform1027
- Puritans, New England606
- ‘Restatements’1028
- sociology of law104
- tort law1041–2
- universalism/universal system
- rise and peak of (1945–80)1011–13
- social consequences1012–13
- universal law traditions976–7
- unjust enrichment1046–50
- unwritten laws50
- Urban VI, Pope416
- Urena, Rafael de64
- Utrecht, Union of (1579)584
- Vacarius298
- Valdemar II, King383
- Valin, René-Josue981
- Van Houdt, Toon625
- Värmland province, Sweden384
- Vasa, Gustav819
- Veblen, Thorstein1012
- Velasco, José Antonio Girón de1011
- Velleianum, Senatusconsultum315–16
- Verne, Jules82
- vicarious liability, Roman law329
- Victor Amedee II, King of Sardinia913
- Vienna Treaty (1815)102
- Viglius of Aytta245
- villains, Roman314–15
- Villey, Michel613
- Vio, Tommaso da623
- Virgilio, Polidoro81
- Virginia Assembly (1619)849
- Vishny, R.11
- Vismara, Giulio123
- Visser, Daniel107
- Vissering, Simon990
- Vitriarius, Johann Jacob370
- Vitriarius, Philipp373
- Vives, Juan Luis1001
- Vladislav II, King of Hungary425
- voluntarization of the law See positivization of the law
- Vouglans, Muyart de778
- Vulgate texts291–2
- Wagner, Adolph25
- Wagner, Wolfgang76
- Wakefield, Edward Gibbon901
- Wal, Nicolaas van der233
- Walpole, Robert838
- Walz, Gustav Adolf1090
- War Communism1098
- Ward, Robert985
- Watson, Blake900
- Weigel, Erhard572
- Weiler, Joseph1126
- Weinkauff, Hermann941
- welfare capitalism1010–15 See also welfare state
- ‘deregulation’, fight for (1980–2008)1013–15
- fiscal revolution targeting the middle class1012
- rise and peak of universal system (1945–80)1011–13
- scholarly social law1021–2
- Thirty Glorious Years (1945–75)1012
- welfare state1000–24 See also welfare capitalism
- collective bargaining1017–20
- conflict resolution procedure1020–1
- Conseil de prudhommes1020–1
- constitutional history1000–15
- ‘fourth estate’, rise of1001–3
- intervention of state, financing through taxation1006–7
- Keynesian welfare state model1014
- laissez-faire state model1001–3
- legal sources1017–20
- legislative regulation vs collective bargaining1017–20
- Lloyd George Welfare Acts1005–7
- medieval period1000–1
- mixed councils1020–1
- and National Socialism1087
- negligence, expansion of scope1044
- post-industrial, for a neo-oligarchic society1013–14
- poverty1000–1
- private and public measures1000–1
- reappearance through the ‘basic income’ proposal1015
- ‘role’ of law in1015–22
- Second French Republic as first ‘social republic’1003–4
- social citizenship, fight for1016–17
- social democracy, German origins1004–5
- Social Question1001–5, 1006, 1022, 1023
- socialist and conservative answers1003–5
- totalitarian approach to1008–10
- statute law1018–19
- statute law, imposed by1018–19
- strong welfare states101
- Wenceslaus II, King of Bohemia422
- Wench, Carl Friedrich929
- Werböczy, István425
- Wesel, Uwe25
- Wesenberg, Gerhard94
- Wexionius, Michael824
- Whaley, Joachim358
- White, Stephen546
- Whitman, James Q.109
- Will Theory932–5 See also formalism, legal
- William of Lestkov415
- William of Raleigh439
- William the Conqueror431
- Williams, Roger592
- Willoweit, Dietmar38
- Wimpfeling, Jakob37
- Wolff, Christian559, 563, 573, 577, 813, 873, 909
- Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum575
- Jus Naturale Methodo Scientifica Pertractum575
- Wolgast, Eike1090
- women, in Roman law315–17
- Worcester v Georgia (1831)900
- World Bank4
- world historians4
- world historical significance of European legal history3–21
- assessing grand claims15–20
- ‘legal origins’ school11
- surveying grand claims6–15
- world historical significance of European legal history, role of law in the rise of the West9
- World Wars period968–71 See also First World War; See also Second World War
- Wormald, Patrick251
- Writ of Right51
- written law255–7
- Wycliffe, John585
- Xenophon146
- Xiphilinos, John244
- Yaron, Reuven170
- Zákon súdnyj liúdem (Slavic text)405
- Zasius, Ulrich743
- Zeiller, Franz von578
- Zouche, Richard985
- Zweigert, Konrad105
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