...The central theme of Scottish history in the Roman Iron Age and the Early Historic centuries, taken together, has been regarded as the forging of new peoples and nations, alongside the waning of what we have been calling ‘fully civil’ society and the replacement of ‘farmer republics’ by kings...

...The Roman Iron Age was surely a full act in the drama of Scottish history, not an interlude. Substantial social, cultural and ethnic change took place in outer Brigantia, inner Caledonia and parts of Atlantic Scotland, which gave shape to the Early Historic period. In fact, despite scholars...

... the Flavian conquest and the flourishing of Northumbria and Pictavia. The northern reaches of Britain were penetrated by Roman soldiers, sailors and others during the Roman Iron Age, almost certainly more times than is recorded in our thin textual record. In the fifth, sixth and seventh centuries, the Roman...