...Discusses the conversion of Qur’anic writing from ambiguously majestic Kufic scripts to the elegantly legible scripts developed by Ibn Muqla (d. 940) and Ibn al-Bawwab (d. 1022), focusing on a substantial group of Qur’an manuscripts made between the 10^th and 11^th centuries...

...Expands on the social status of early calligraphers and their increasing dependence on the royal patronage of the Abbasids and later sovereigns. ʿAbbasids ʿAli Imam Bibliothèque Nationale BN Paris Buyids Ibn al Bawwab Ibn Muqla Qurʾanic calligraphy cont ʿUthmān Caliph artisans Ashʾaris...