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Athens on The Eve of the Thirty Athens on The Eve of the Thirty
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The Subversion of Democracy at Athens in Autumn 404 The Subversion of Democracy at Athens in Autumn 404
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The Reign of Terror The Reign of Terror
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The Victory of Thrasybulus and the Democrats The Victory of Thrasybulus and the Democrats
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2 Civil Strife at Athens, 404–403
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Published:October 2022
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Abstract
Democracy at Athens fell in autumn 404 after the defeat of the city at the hands of Sparta and her allies in the Peloponnesian War. Democracy was replaced with an oligarchic junta of thirty men, known in tradition simply as ‘The Thirty’. The oligarchic interlude lasted eight months and was replaced by democracy in late summer 403. The explanation of democracy’s fall and subsequent restoration lies in the question of authority: should authority lie with the magistrate or with the lawcourt? Because the courts had discredited themselves under Cleon, the Thirty argued for their suppression and the rise of unaccountable government. The abuse of power by the Thirty, in turn, led to the restoration of the rule of law through the authority of the courts and the accountability of magistrates. This was only possible if mechanisms were put in place to ensure that the courts would adhere to legal principle and would not be abused as venues for political feuding.
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