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Empires of Faith and their Finances Empires of Faith and their Finances
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Coinage and ‘Commonwealth’ (Eighth to Thirteenth Century): the Ummah and the Oikoumene Coinage and ‘Commonwealth’ (Eighth to Thirteenth Century): the Ummah and the Oikoumene
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Coins of the ummah dynasties Coins of the ummah dynasties
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Coins of the oikoumene dynasties Coins of the oikoumene dynasties
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Hidden communities and coins across ‘Islamo-Christian civilisation’ Hidden communities and coins across ‘Islamo-Christian civilisation’
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Cite
Abstract
This chapter discusses comparative coin reforms and ecumenical empires. In 837/838 CE, the Khazar khagan initiated a coin reform meant to affirm his religion on the coinage to be circulated throughout his realm. Though in Arabic script and consciously copying the contemporary Islamic dirham, it read “Moses is messenger of God,” alongside the common Arabic script reading, “Mohammed is the messenger of God,” at the time, Khazaria was a considerable power which the Byzantine emperors and Islamic Caliphs regarded as roughly equals in projecting and protecting a third ecumenical faith: Judaism. While Judaism failed to take enduring root in Khazaria and the coin reform discontinued, the coins themselves survived, namely in the famous Spillings Hoard found in 1999 on the Swedish Island of Gotland. When contextualised along with ‘Abd al-Malik’s Islamic coin reforms (ca. 696-705) and Justinian II’s Christian Roman coin reforms (ca. 705-711), this chapter uses numismatic evidence to demonstrate that nationality and/or sovereignty projected backwards as early as possible (exemplified by the 11-13th-c. Piast and Árpád dynasties which ruled what later became Poland and Hungary respectively) is frequently anachronistic.
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