
Contents
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1. Introduction 1. Introduction
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2. Background: Models of World Englishes 2. Background: Models of World Englishes
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3. Case Study 3. Case Study
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4. Discussion of and Implications for Both Models 4. Discussion of and Implications for Both Models
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4.1 The Dynamic Model and Standard English in Trinidad 4.1 The Dynamic Model and Standard English in Trinidad
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4.1.1 Applying the Dynamic Model 4.1.1 Applying the Dynamic Model
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4.1.2 Implications for the Dynamic Model 4.1.2 Implications for the Dynamic Model
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4.2 The Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces Model and Standard English in Trinidad 4.2 The Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces Model and Standard English in Trinidad
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4.2.1 Applying the Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces Model 4.2.1 Applying the Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces Model
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4.2.2 Implications for the Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces Model 4.2.2 Implications for the Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces Model
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5. Conclusion 5. Conclusion
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References References
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13 Standard English in Trinidad: Multinormativity, Translocality, and Implications for the Dynamic Model and the EIF Model
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Published:September 2020
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Abstract
This article applies the Dynamic Model and the Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces (EIF) Model to Standard English in Trinidad based on the findings of a large-scale attitude study. The results suggest that, in the educational domain in Trinidad, a multidimensional norm orientation with coexisting standards that incorporates exo- and endonormative tendencies is prevalent. The Dynamic Model is not fully able to explain the findings, but the EIF Model can account for this norm complexity. However, the assumption underlying both models that postcolonial Englishes prototypically achieve (full) endonormativity unless their development is stalled at an earlier stage or even reversed is unlikely to fully capture the norm developmental processes in Trinidad and other complex postcolonial speech communities. We therefore propose an extension of the EIF Model that, depending on the constellation, directionality, and continuity of different sets of forces, allows for multinormative stabilization as an alternative development. We also introduce translocality as an alternative theoretical framework for the conceptualization of forces and argue for a more comprehensive understanding of intra-varietal heterogeneity. An extended and modified version of the EIF Model that takes these further complexities into account can help explain the norm developments in highly complex postcolonial speech communities.
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