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Conclusion: Revolutions, Settlements and Scotland’s Political Development
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Published:February 2018
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The revolution settlement of 1689–90 repudiated many of the principles and policies of royal government in the Restoration period. But while their responses were different, James VII and the makers of the settlement sought solutions to the same fundamental problems. By studying the upheavals of the 1685–90 period, we have focused on two sets of challenges confronting the rulers of seventeenth-century Scotland. The first concerned the character of the established Church. How was it to be constituted and what was the appropriate role for the monarch in its government? How should the civil magistrate deal with religious dissent? A second cluster of problems involved the crown’s power and authority. Was the king ‘absolute’ and what did this mean in practice? To what extent was local government in Scotland autonomous, and how far was it amenable to central direction?
These questions had been answered in various ways by seventeenth-century Scotland’s earlier ‘settlements’. The Covenanting revolution of 1638–41 addressed the country’s religious disagreements by imposing a rigorous presbyterianism, founded on a national oath in defence of protestant principles. The Covenanters reduced the crown’s power over parliament and conciliar institutions within Scotland, while setting out to exercise greater central control in the localities.1Close The Restoration settlement of 1661–2 re-established episcopacy, but endorsed the Covenanters’ belief that the Kirk should be a uniform institution comprehending all Scots. The settlement gave rise to the problems of nonconformity that King James, in his most experimental policy, attempted to resolve. Moreover, we saw in Chapter 1 that the royalist statutes and rhetoric of the Restoration enabled the king’s absolutist approach.
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