... on “encastellation” (the development of extensive internal fortifications) as a form of military security in early medieval Western Europe. It then considers how barbarian invasions and the wreckage they caused reshaped the political order and resulted in the fragmentation of Europe into smaller polities. It also...

...This chapter concludes the significance of indirect rule and its implications for the International Relations Theory. The United States has employed indirect rule in the Arab Middle East, Caribbean and Central America, and Western Europe. The chapter also looks into the consequences of indirect...

...This chapter explores the correlation between the culture of song in western Europe in the decades around 1300 and the intimate lives of medieval aristocrats. Manuscript D308's overlap with the more central cultural productions of the French-speaking west of Europe is complicated by its significant...

... influence. Russia has framed itself as a defender of traditional values, which has resonated among conservative groups in Western Europe and the United States. This led some of them to call for closer ties with Russia and oppose harsh Western reactions to Russian aggression. Yet, Western states have...

...This chapter cites Michael Cherniavsky's imaginative and original but unconvincing attempt to align the image of Ivan the Terrible with literary ruler images and actual rulers in contemporary, sixteenth-century Western Europe. It aligns Muscovy with European history and suggests that the most...

... 1450 to 1650 and discusses the changes wrought in that culture by massive influences from Western Europe under Peter the Great and his immediate predecessors. It considers the accounts of Western European visitors to Russia from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, which was responsible...

...This chapter discusses the connections between arms control and public diplomacy as the United States and the Soviet Union both tried to win hearts and minds in Western Europe. The zero option offered to cancel the Gryphon and Pershing II deployments and allowed the Soviet Union to remove its own...

... and revulsion in European literature during the high and later Middle Ages. The chapter argues, however, that history has omitted the more positive treatment of lepers and leprosy in the Byzantine Empire during this period, especially in comparison to the attitudes maintained by Western Europe. In the late...

...This chapter explores the nature of Western leprosariums during the High Middle Ages. While it has long been accepted that leprosariums became common in Western Europe during this period, when, and why, Latin Christians founded so many of them has become the subject of controversy. Further...

...This book contextualizes reactions to leprosy in medieval Western Europe by tracing its history in Late Antique Byzantium, which had been confronting leprosy and its effects for centuries. Integrating developments in both the Latin West and the Greek East, the book challenges a number...

...This book illuminates how the floor surface shaped the ways in which people in medieval western Europe and beyond experienced sacred spaces. The ground beneath our feet plays a crucial, yet often overlooked, role in our relationship with the environments we inhabit and the spaces with which we...

...This book explores the emergence of conflicting concepts of peace in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. Ever since the early Church, Christian thinkers had conceived of their peace separate from the peace of the world, guarded by the sacraments and shared only grudgingly with powers...

... Disease Baldwin IV King William of Tyr Bishop Leper Massacre of 1321 France Byzantium Western Europe Christian ideas about leprosy leper laws Latin medical treatises On a visit to southern France in June 1321, King Philip V first heard about the leper plot, probably from the mayor of Periguieux...

...This chapter explores the indirect rule within Western Europe and its domestic political consequences. It explains that Pax Americana is normally understood as an exceptional regional order in which benevolent hegemony or US leadership produced extensive international cooperation despite...

...This chapter looks into the international politics of opportunism, hierarchy, and resistance in Western Europe. It covers the formation and workings of international hierarchy and resistance to the United States. The Pax Americana was structured around a set of international regimes, especially...

... States had supported the development of Western Europe and Japan since the early Cold War and their long-term successes vindicated US strategy. budget deficits dollar US foreign investment interest rates noninflationary growth recession trade deficits Volcker Paul wages globalization military...

... reinterpretations by historians like William B. Pickett, that reveals Eisenhower's active involvement in his candidacy. Motivated by his duty and concerns over U.S. leadership, Eisenhower believed that Robert Taft's presidency could jeopardize Western Europe's security and that continued Democratic control might...

... Emerson Michael Fréville Yves Harmonisation of monetary policy instruments group Jenkins Roy MacDougall Report 1977 Mathews Russell O’Donoghue Martin Oates Wallace Peeters Theo Van den Bempt Paul economic policies Western Europe European Economic Community Werner Plan exchange rate system...

... system Parsons Craig United Europe Committee International Committee of the Movements for European Unity Milward Alan unification communities western Europe France European Coal and Steel Community ECSC Germany UK interstate cooperation On May 9, 1950, Foreign Minister Robert Schuman...

...This book explores how magic was perceived, practiced, and prohibited in western Europe during the first millennium CE. Through the overlapping frameworks of religion, ritual, and gender, the book connects early Christian reckonings with pagan magic to later doctrines and dogmas. Challenging...