...This book examines the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) conditional lending, and particularly why each of the three core elements of its lending arrangements—the amount of credit granted to borrowing governments, the number of conditions attached to the loans, and the rigor with which...

...This chapter examines how the economic beliefs held by the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) decision makers and the beliefs of the officials at the helm of the borrowing governments shape loan size, conditionality, and enforcement decisions. It first considers two theoretically and empirically...

...This chapter highlights the idea that the intended audience for quasi-compliance is not necessarily the Western governments and non-governmental organizations who are pushing for accountability. Using a detailed case study of postwar Sri Lanka, the chapter shows that post-atrocity governments can...

...This chapter examines attempts by the Qing dynasty, the Beiyang governments, and the Nationalist government to create a territorial, national money and the role of silver. It addresses debates in Chinese history, U.S. history, economic, and world history. It also focuses on silver in the context...

.... Indonesia's revamped image of “moderate Islam” plays better with Western governments worried about terror than those leaders in the Middle East. pluralism revival Bali Hassan J Wirajuda Megawati Sukarnoputri Muhammadiyah Nahdlatul Ulama NU Renaissance of the Ulama New Order reformasi Soeharto...

...This chapter considers each state-level legal factor—constitutions, statutes, and judicial interpretations—within the Marcellus region. It also takes a look at their impacts on local governments' shale oil- and gas-related decision-making. Local governments may be limited by their state...

... the constitution-making process to ordinary people, and by granting its citizens political and socioeconomic rights. But what did ordinary officials and people say about their constitutions and rights? Did constitutions contribute to state legitimacy? Over the course of four decades, the PRC government encouraged...

...This chapter looks at how the Black Power pioneers of the early 1960s discovered that relations between minority groups in the United States and the foreign governments or international organizations to which they appealed were seldom conducted on equal terms. While the mushrooming growth...

...This chapter focuses on how the German government, in the post-war years, sought to provide firms with assurances about their access to international markets by supporting a set of multilateral institutions that protected free trade. In matters concerning the economy, Germany's support is informed...

... are treated as open systems of governance in which the actions of governments and economic groups are shaped by the joint constraints of national and multilateral designs. The broader implication of the design problem is that the extent to which both national and multilateral institutions are incentive...

...This introductory chapter describes the U.S. federal government's Empowerment Zones (EZ) and Enterprise Communities (EC) initiative—a multibillion-dollar community revitalization effort to create economic opportunity. The program—one of the first federal urban policies to endorse regionalism...

...This concluding chapter argues that citizens play an important role in multilevel governance decision making on the inclusion of foreign residents. How this role contributes to national policies, however, varies significantly from country to country. In some cases, issue-oriented humanitarian...

...This introductory chapter discusses the shifting ambitions and positions of city governments. Once considered the purveyors of street repairs and sewer mains, city governments are now being heralded as innovative, entrepreneurial, and dynamic actors ready to take on societal challenges that other...

...This chapter distinguishes between commitment and equivocation in the design of governance strategies. For the last thirty years, “credible commitment” has been a stock phrase in scholarly writing about government. Governments are said to have a credibility problem, because citizens and businesses...

.... The chapter describes that the French state's lack of engagement with Terre Adélie in the immediate postwar years reflected political instability of the Fourth Republic, whose revolving-door governments allowed only the most urgent tasks to be tackled. Although the United States planned to claim a big share...

...This chapter discusses how the China Development Bank (CDB) has nurtured a domestic infrastructure-financing market against the backdrop of China's public finance reforms when the Chinese government lacked sufficient tax revenue to finance projects vital for economic growth. The CDB assisted...

... contract farming resulted in historic poverty reduction. After 1984, however, central government investment and growth rates in agriculture started to decline. As was the case during the Maoist period, local governments were expected to be self-reliant and raise their own funds for development. Under...

....” It considers the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland, which defined the scope of Congress's power and the relationship between the federal government and the states. It laid out a framework for federalism that has been followed ever since. Although the specific issue posed...

...City governments are rapidly becoming society's problem solvers. As this book shows, nowhere is this more evident than in New York City, Los Angeles, and Toronto, where the cities' governments are taking on the challenge of addressing climate change. This book focuses on the specific issue...

...This chapter highlights corruption. Maintaining the integrity of government is integral to societal functioning. But what causes governments to become corrupt? It is not a matter of simple morality; it is not the case that evil people take bribes and good people do not take bribes. Nor...