... and the chivalric codes of the High to Late Middle Ages (eleventh to fifteenth centuries). By rereading the original works of Thomas Aquinas and Augustine, and of Christine de Pisan and Honoré Bonet, the chapter deconstructs the paradigmatic history of the laws of war put forth by contemporary writers...

...—ratified it. Figure 1.1 The laws of war since 1816 Figure 1.2 Military representation at IHL conventions Figure 1.3 Military delegation heads at IHL conventions Figure 1.4 Word cloud for commentary to fourth 1949 Geneva Convention showing the most frequently appearing words. Produced using...

...Table 4.1 Ordered probit analysis of noncompliance with the laws of war (1900–2000) Downes strategy variables Valentino strategy variables Declaration of war .13 .14 (.09) (.10) p=.16 p=.13 European v. non-European...

...) and the elaboration of civilian is ignored in conventional histories of the laws of war, and in the disciplines of international relations and international law. The chapter thus examines the effects of this relationship—that is, the laws of war as a function of the Christendom of Europe before...

..., the international community finally considered creating definite provisions for the protection of civilians. Until this juncture the formal laws of war said very little about the definition, much less protection, of the civilian because the protections and standards of civilization were said to be sufficient...

...This chapter analyzes the constitutive role of the discourses during the civil wars of Guatemala and El Salvador. It highlights the pivotal years 1980–1983, in which the majority of deaths occurred. Notably, the diffusion and acceptance of the laws of war in El Salvador was a marked contrast...

...This chapter introduces the argument of the book: that the proliferation of the laws of war over the past 150 years has incentivized states to evade the laws of war, and secessionist rebel groups to engage with the laws of war. This argument will be developed via investigation of four main...

...Figure 2.2 Secessionism in civil war, 1900–2007 Figure 2.1 The rate of secessionism. From Fazal and Griffiths 2014 . This chapter develops the main arguments of the book, focusing on how belligerents in interstate and civil war have reacted to the development of the laws of war detailed...

...Table 5.1 Logistic regressions on peace treaties, by war-dyad 1 2 3 4 5 6 (UNSC) 7 Laws of war –.34 –.25 –1.34 –1.14 –.26 –.33 (.10) (.11) (.38) (.71) (.08) (.10) p=.00 p...

... likely to target civilians once there are laws of war explicitly applicable to civil wars. In some specifications, post-AP is interacted with secessionist to test for the possibility that secessionists became especially unlikely to target civilians in the post-AP era...

... the rising use of peace treaties in civil wars has been driven by good intentions, it may mask significant longer-term negative effects. I discuss these and other unintended consequences of the development of the laws of war in the book’s conclusion. The Treaty of Velasco was also unpopular in Texas...

.... However appealing they might seem, peace treaties may not always be the answer. Wars of law occur when wars are fought lawfully, but also when legal regimes are in tension with one another. Both phenomena are evident in the domain of the laws of war. Thanks to the efforts of humanitarians over the past...

...=.01 p=.03 p=.49 Laws of war –.05 (.03) p=.05 UN –3.38 –3.06 –3.04 (1.00) (1.19) (1.17) p=.00 p=.01...

...Since at least the Middle Ages, the laws of war have distinguished between combatants and civilians under the principle of distinction. The principle of distinction is invoked in contemporary conflicts as if there were an unmistakable and sure distinction to be made between combatant and civilian...

...This book assesses the unintended consequences of the proliferation of the laws of war. In 1856 there was one codified law of war. In 2018, there are over 70 such laws, and they place increasing constraints on belligerents. This increase has generated significant consequences for the commencement...