The Image of Christ in Russian Literature: Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Bulgakov, Pasternak
The Image of Christ in Russian Literature: Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Bulgakov, Pasternak
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Abstract
Vladimir Nabokov complained about the number of Dostoevsky's characters “sinning their way to Jesus.” In truth, Christ is an elusive figure not only in Dostoevsky's novels, but in Russian literature as a whole. The rise of the historical critical method of biblical criticism in the nineteenth century and the growth of secularism it stimulated made an earnest affirmation of Jesus in literature highly problematic. The writers at the heart of this book understood that to reimage Christ for their age, they had to make him known through indirect, even negative ways, lest what they say about him be mistaken for cliché, doctrine, or naïve apologetics. The Christology of Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Boris Pasternak is thus apophatic because they deploy negative formulations (saying what God is not) in their writings about Jesus. Professions of atheism in Dostoevsky and Tolstoy's non-divine Jesus are but separate negative paths toward truer discernment of Christ. This first study in English of the image of Christ in Russian literature highlights the importance of apophaticism as a theological practice and a literary method in understanding the Russian Christ. It also emphasizes the importance of skepticism in Russian literary attitudes toward Jesus on the part of writers whose private crucibles of doubt produced some of the most provocative and enduring images of Christ in world literature. This important study will appeal to scholars and students of Orthodox Christianity and Russian literature, as well as educated general readers interested in religion and nineteenth-century Russian novels.
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Front Matter
- Introduction The Image of Christ and Russian Literature
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One
The Century of Unbelief: Christ in Nineteenth-Century Russian Literature
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Two
Christ Outside the Truth: Negative Christology in Demons and Brothers Karamazov
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Three
A Narrow Escape into Faith: Dostoevsky’s Idiot and the Christology of Comedy
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Four
Loving Those who Hate you: Toward a Tolstoyan Christology
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Five
“Can This be Faith?”: Tolstoy’s Resurrection
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Six
The Century of Belief: Christ in Twentieth-Century Russian Literature
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Seven
“Keep in Mind That Jesus did Exist”: Mikhail Bulgakov’s Image of Christ
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Eight
“Emphatically Human, Deliberately Provincial”: The Christ of Boris Pasternak
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Conclusion
Post-Stalin and Postmodern Christs
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End Matter
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